Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Role of Nano-photocatalysis in Heavy Metal Detoxification -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Heavy Metals and Their Toxicological Effects -- 1.2.1 Cadmium -- 1.2.2 Chromium -- 1.2.3 Copper -- 1.2.4 Lead -- 1.2.5 Mercury -- 1.2.6 Nickel -- 1.2.7 Zinc -- 1.3 Overview of Photocatalysis -- 1.4 Mechanism of Photocatalysis -- 1.5 Types of Photocatalysis -- 1.5.1 Homogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.5.2 Heterogeneous Photocatalysis -- 1.6 Overview and Mechanism of Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.7 Photocatalytic Nanoparticle Synthesis -- 1.7.1 Organic Synthesis -- 1.7.1.1 Plant Extracts Aqueous Solutions -- 1.7.1.2 Microorganisms -- 1.7.2 Chemical Synthesis -- 1.7.2.1 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.7.2.2 Hydrothermal Method -- 1.7.2.3 Polyol Synthesis -- 1.7.2.4 Precipitation Method -- 1.7.3 Physical Synthesis -- 1.7.3.1 Ball Milling -- 1.7.3.2 Melt Mixing -- 1.7.3.3 Physical Vapour Deposition (PVD) -- 1.7.3.4 Laser Ablation -- 1.7.3.5 Sputter Deposition -- 1.8 Mode of Operation on Nano-photocatalysis -- 1.9 Parameters Affecting the Photocatalytic Efficiency -- 1.9.1 Effect of pH of the Reaction Solution -- 1.9.2 Effect of Photocatalyst Concentration -- 1.9.3 Effect of Substrate Adsorption -- 1.9.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen -- 1.10 Application -- 1.10.1 Chromium -- 1.10.1.1 pH -- 1.10.1.2 Light Intensity -- 1.10.1.3 Photocatalyst Dosage -- 1.10.1.4 Presence of Organic Compounds -- 1.10.2 Mercury -- 1.10.3 Arsenic -- 1.10.4 Uranium -- 1.11 Disadvantages of Photocatalysis -- 1.12 Photocatalyst Modifications -- 1.12.1 Dye Sensitization -- 1.12.2 Ion Doping -- 1.12.3 Composite Semiconductor -- 1.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Solar Photocatalysis Applications to Antibiotic Degradation in Aquatic Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Solar Photocatalysis Process. , 2.3 Solar Photocatalysis Treatment for Antibiotic Degradation -- 2.3.1 Trimethoprim -- 2.3.2 Sulfamethoxazole -- 2.3.3 Erythromycin -- 2.3.4 Ciprofloxacin -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3: Biomass-Based Photocatalysts for Environmental Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.2.1 Biochar -- 3.2.2 Activated Carbon (AC) -- 3.3 Synthesis Methods of Biomass-Derived Carbon -- 3.3.1 Pyrolysis -- 3.3.2 Hydrothermal Carbonization -- 3.3.3 Physical and Chemical Activation -- 3.4 Photocatalysts and Photocatalysis Reactions -- 3.5 Functionalized AC and Applications -- 3.5.1 Types of Functionalized AC -- 3.5.2 Functionalized AC Photocatalysts and Its Application -- 3.6 Future Challenges and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Application of Bismuth-Based Photocatalysts in Environmental Protection -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Pharmaceuticals in Water -- 4.2.1 Tetracycline -- 4.2.2 Ciprofloxacin and Other Antibiotics -- 4.2.3 Carbamazepine -- 4.2.4 Ibuprofen and Diclofenac -- 4.2.5 Other Pharmaceuticals -- 4.3 Photocatalytic Oxidation of Industrial Micropollutants -- 4.3.1 Bisphenol A -- 4.3.2 Oxidation of Other Industrial Pollutants -- 4.4 Oxidation of the Indoor Air Pollutant NOx -- 4.5 Photocatalytic Reduction of Pollutants in Water and Air -- 4.5.1 Reduction of Cr(VI) in Water -- 4.5.2 Reduction of CO2 in Air -- 4.6 Water Splitting -- 4.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phosphors-Based Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Phosphor Materials: A Historical Background -- 5.3 Inorganic Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.1 Types of Inorganic Phosphor Materials -- 5.3.2 Down-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.3 Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- 5.3.4 Long-Persistent Phosphors in Photocatalysis. , 5.4 Organic Up-Conversion Phosphors in Photocatalysis -- References -- Chapter 6: Nanocarbons-Supported and Polymers-Supported Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures as Efficient Photocatalysts for Remedi... -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Heterogeneous Semiconductor Photocatalysis -- 6.1.2 Potential TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3 Limitations of the Fine Powder Form of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.1.3.1 Comparison of Synthesis Methods -- 6.1.3.2 Improvements in TiO2 Performance by Structural Change, Doping, and Hybridization -- 6.2 TiO2 Photocatalysts with Polymer-Based Hybrid Photocatalysts for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.1 Need for Immobilization of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.2.1.1 Features of a Stable Substrate, and Available Substrates -- 6.2.1.2 Comparison of Polymeric Supports for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3 TiO2 Photocatalysts Supported with Nanocarbons for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.3.1 TiO2-Functionalized Nanocarbon-Based Photocatalysts -- 6.3.1.1 Potential Photocatalytic Improvements with Carbon Nanostructures for Wastewater Treatment -- 6.4 Conclusions and Future Outlook -- References -- Chapter 7: Investigation in Sono-photocatalysis Process Using Doped Catalyst and Ferrite Nanoparticles for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Dependency of Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.1 Size-Dependent Catalytic Activity -- 7.2.2 Shape-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.3 Interparticle Distance-Dependent Catalytic Effect -- 7.2.4 Support Interaction and Charge Transfer-Dependent Reactivity -- 7.3 Type of Nanoparticles -- 7.3.1 Non-metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.2 Metallic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.3 Semiconductor Nanoparticles -- 7.3.4 Ceramic Nanoparticles -- 7.3.5 Polymer Nanoparticles -- 7.3.6 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles -- 7.4 Types of Nanoparticles Based on Structure -- 7.5 Synthesis and Applications -- 7.5.1 Discussions -- 7.6 Synergetic Effect. , 7.7 Conclusion and Overview -- References -- Chapter 8: Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst for Antibacterial Application and Catalytic Performance -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Magnetic-Based Photocatalysts in Inactivation of the Microorganism -- 8.3 Factors Affecting the Photocatalytic Bacterial Inactivation -- 8.3.1 Effect of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Concentration and Light Intensity -- 8.3.2 Nature of Microorganism -- 8.3.3 Solution pH of Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst Suspension -- 8.3.4 Initial Bacterial Concentration -- 8.3.5 Physiological State of Bacteria -- 8.4 Proposed Mechanism for Bacteria Disinfection by the Magnetic-Based Photocatalyst -- 8.5 Using Magnetic-Based Catalyst in Photocatalytic Abatement of Organics -- 8.6 Photocatalysis for the Simultaneous Treatment of Bacteria and Organics -- 8.7 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Activities of Photocatalysts for Water Disinfection -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Mechanisms of Photocatalytic Disinfection -- 9.3 Pure and Modified Photocatalysts -- 9.4 Photocatalytic Films and Biofilms -- 9.5 Photocatalytic Composites and Nanocomposites -- 9.6 Materials with Antimicrobial Activity in the Absence of Light -- 9.7 Case Study: Application of Supported Photocatalysts in Disinfection of Whey-Processing Water -- 9.8 Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 10: Medicinal Applications of Photocatalysts -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Background -- 10.2 Antifungal Activity -- 10.3 Virucidal Activity -- 10.4 Antimicrobial Activity -- 10.5 Anticancer Activity -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Green Approach: Microbes for Removal of Dyes and Metals via Ion Binding -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Pollutants in the Environment -- 1.2.1 Toxic Metals -- 1.2.2 Triphenylmethane Dyes -- 1.3 Bioremediation Approaches in Removing Pollutants -- 1.3.1 Non-microbial Strategies -- 1.3.2 Microbial-Based Strategies -- 1.4 Mechanisms for Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.4.1 Mechanisms for Removal of Metal Ions -- 1.4.2 Mechanisms for Removal of Dyes -- 1.5 Innovations in the Removal of Pollutant Ions -- 1.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Removal of Heavy Metal from Wastewater Using Ion Exchange Membranes -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metal -- 2.2.1 Chromium -- 2.2.2 Nickel -- 2.2.3 Copper -- 2.2.4 Zinc -- 2.2.5 Cadmium -- 2.2.6 Mercury -- 2.2.7 Lead -- 2.3 Physical Treatment Methods -- 2.3.1 Ultrafiltration -- 2.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 2.3.3 Reverse Osmosis -- 2.3.4 Forward Osmosis -- 2.3.5 Adsorption -- 2.4 Chemical Treatment Methods -- 2.4.1 Electrodialysis Method -- 2.4.2 Fuel Cell Method -- 2.5 Remaining Challenges and Perspectives -- 2.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Molecules -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Separation and Purification of Vitamin B12 -- 3.2.1 Downstream Processing of Vitamin B12 for Measurement -- 3.3 Separation and Purification of Haemoglobin -- 3.4 Separation and Purification of Uncharged Dyes -- 3.4.1 Purification and Separation of Dyes -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Aluminosilicate Inorganic Polymers (Geopolymers): Emerging Ion Exchangers for Removal of Metal Ions -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Methodology and Calculations -- 4.2.1 Terminology: Ion Exchange or Adsorption -- 4.2.2 Evidence for Ion Exchange. , 4.2.3 Modeling of Adsorption of Metal Ions on Geopolymers -- 4.2.4 Geopolymer Preparation -- 4.2.5 Washing of the Geopolymeric Adsorbent -- 4.2.6 Comparison Between Geopolymers and Zeolites -- 4.2.7 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers -- 4.2.7.1 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkali Metal Ions -- 4.2.7.2 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Ammonium Ion -- 4.2.7.3 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Alkaline Earth Metals -- 4.2.7.4 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers for Heavy Metals -- Metakaolin-Based Geopolymers -- Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers -- Zeolite-Based Geopolymers -- 4.2.7.5 Geopolymers as Ion Exchangers/Adsorbents for Cationic Organic Dyes -- 4.2.8 Comparison of Geopolymers with Zeolites -- 4.2.8.1 Synthesis Conditions -- 4.2.8.2 Crystallinity -- 4.2.8.3 Surface Area and Porosity -- 4.2.8.4 Cation Exchange Capacity -- 4.2.8.5 Selectivity for Metal Ions -- 4.2.8.6 Stability in Acidic Solutions -- 4.2.8.7 Thermal Stability -- 4.2.8.8 Mechanical Strength -- 4.2.8.9 Regeneration -- 4.2.9 Stabilization/Solidification/Encapsulation of Ion Exchangers in Geopolymers -- 4.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Synthesis of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate for Removal of Cs+ and Sr2+ Ions from Aqueous System -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methods -- 5.2.1 Preparation of Agglomerated Spherical Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.2.2 Characterization -- 5.2.3 Ion Exchange Properties -- 5.2.4 Elution Behaviour -- 5.2.5 Distribution Studies -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Characterization -- 5.3.2 Powder X-ray Diffraction Studies -- 5.3.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive (EDS) Characterization -- 5.3.4 Zeta and Surface Area Analysis -- 5.3.5 Ion Exchange Characteristics -- 5.3.6 Mechanism of Sr2+ Interaction with Zirconium Phosphate -- 5.4 Conclusion. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Metal Hexacyanoferrates: Ion Insertion (or Exchange) Capabilities -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Ion Exchange -- 6.2.1 Ion Exchange in MHCF at Work: Potentiometric Ion Sensors -- 6.2.2 An Ion Exchange-Based Approach for the Recovery of Metal Ions: The Case of Cesium and Thallium -- 6.2.3 Electrochemically Driven Ion Exchange -- 6.2.4 Reversible Ion Insertion in Battery Systems -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Biosorbents and Composite Cation Exchanger for the Treatment of Heavy Metals -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Agro-Based Biosorbents for Heavy Metal Removal -- 7.3 Biopolymers -- 7.3.1 Functional Groups -- 7.3.2 Cellulose -- 7.3.3 Chitosan -- 7.3.4 Nanofiber Membranes and Packed-Bed Adsorbers -- 7.4 Composite Ion Exchangers -- 7.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook -- References -- 8 Rare Earth Elements-Separation Methods Yesterday and Today -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.1 General Characteristics -- 8.2.2 The Occurrence of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.3 Physicochemical Properties of Rare Earth Elements -- 8.2.4 Application of Rare Earth Metals -- 8.2.5 Production and Consumption of Rare Earth Elements in the World -- 8.3 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries -- 8.4 Rare Earth Element Recovery from Permanent Magnets -- 8.5 Separation of High-Purity Rare Earth Elements -- 8.5.1 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Cation Exchangers -- 8.5.2 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Anion Exchangers -- 8.5.3 Separations of Rare Earth Elements of High Purity Using Chelating Ion Exchangers -- 8.6 Current Technologies -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Sequestration of Heavy Metals from Industrial Wastewater Using Composite Ion Exchangers -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ion-Exchange Materials. , 9.2.1 Organic Materials -- 9.2.2 Inorganic Materials -- 9.2.3 Composite Materials -- 9.2.3.1 Hybrid Materials -- 9.2.3.2 Nanocomposite -- 9.3 Mechanism of Ion-Exchange Process -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Applications of Organic Ion Exchange Resins in Water Treatment -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Removal of Heavy Metals -- 10.3 Removal of Organics -- 10.3.1 Natural Organic Matter (NOM) -- 10.3.2 Disinfection by-Products (DBPs) -- 10.3.3 Surfactants -- 10.3.4 Pharmaceuticals -- 10.3.5 Dyes -- 10.3.6 Small Organic Matter -- 10.4 Desalination -- 10.5 Boron Removal -- 10.6 Removal of Anions -- 10.7 Removal of Cations -- 10.7.1 Hardness -- 10.7.2 Ammonium -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter-1 -- Saving Solvents in Chromatographic Purifications: The Counter-Current Chromatography Technique -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 CCC Theory -- 1.2.1 High Loadability -- 1.2.2 Scale up Capability -- 1.3 Instrumentation -- 1.3.1 Hydrostatic and Hydrodynamic Instruments -- 1.3.2 Liquid Systems -- 1.4 Counter Current Chromatography, a Green Process -- 1.4.1 Saving Solvents -- 1.4.2 Improving Process Parameters -- 1.4.3 Injecting Crude Samples -- 1.4.4 Greener Solvents -- 1.5 Counter Current Chromatography, a Tool for Green Chemistry Development -- 1.5.1 Natural Products -- 1.5.2 Solute Partition Coefficient Determination -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-2 -- Ion Size Exclusion Chromatohtaphy on Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene Sorbents as a Green Technology of Separating Mineral Elecyrolites -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nanoporous Hypercrosslinked Polystyrene Sorbents -- 2.3 Brief Description of Chromatographic Experiments -- 2.4 Dimensions of Hydrated Ions -- 2.5 Separation of Electrolytes on Nanoporous Hypercrosslinked Sorbents -- 2.6 Basic Features of Size Exclusion Chromatography -- 2.7 Conception of "Ideal Separation Process" -- 2.8 Selectivity of Electrolyte Separation Process -- 2.9 Influence of the Electrolyte Concentration on the Selectivity of Separat -- 2.10 "Acid Retardation", "Base Retardation" and "Salt Retardation" Phenomena -- 2.11 Other Convincing Proofs of Separating Electrolytes via Exclusion Mechanism -- 2.12 Do we Really Need Sorbent Functional Groups to Separate Electrolytes? -- 2.13 Productivity of the Ion Size Exclusion Process -- 2.14 Ion Size Exclusion-Green Technology -- 2.15 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-3 -- Supercritical Fluid Chromatography: A Green Approach for Separation and Purification of Organic and Inorganic Analytes. , 3.1 Introduction to Green Chemistry and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.2 Super Critical Fluids -- 3.2.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 3.3 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (SFC): An Overview -- 3.3.1 History of Development of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.3.2 Instrumentation -- 3.3.2.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography -- 3.3.3 Properties of SFC compared to GC and HPLC -- 3.4 Industrial Applications of SCFs and SFCs -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-4 -- High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 High Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography -- 4.3 Sample Preparation in HPTLC -- 4.4 Green Separation Modalities in HPTLC -- 4.4.1 "Three R" Philosophy-Replacement of Toxic Solvents with Environmental Friendly Mobi -- 4.4.1.1 Reversed-Phase Chromatography -- 4.4.1.2 Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography (HILIC) in HPTLC -- 4.4.1.3 Salting-Out Chromatography in HPTLC -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-5 -- Green Techniques in Gas Chromatography -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Sample Preparation -- 5.2.1 Direct Methods Without Sample Preparation -- 5.2.2 Solventless Sample Preparation Techniques -- 5.2.2.1 Solid Phase Extraction -- 5.2.2.2 Vapor-Phase Extraction -- 5.2.2.3 Thermal Desorption (TD)/Thermal Extraction (TE) -- 5.2.2.4 Membrane Extraction -- 5.2.3 Sample Preparation Using Environmentally Friendly Solvents -- 5.2.3.1 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) -- 5.2.3.2 Subcritical Water Extraction (SWE) -- 5.2.3.3 Ionic Liquids (ILs) -- 5.2.3.4 Cloud-Point Extraction -- 5.2.4 Assisted Solvent Extraction -- 5.3 Column Considerations for Green Gas Chromatography -- 5.4 Carrier Gas Considerations for Green Gas Chromatography -- 5.5 Coupling GC with Other Analytical Tools -- 5.6 On-Site Analysis. , 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter-6 -- Preparation and Purification of Garlic-Derived Organosulfur Compound Allicin by Green Methodologies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Green RP-HPLC Purification of the Allicin -- 6.3 Characterization of the Allicin by Green Methodologies -- 6.4 Allicin in Different Garlic Extract by Green RP-HPLC -- 6.5 Allicin Green Chemical Synthesis -- 6.6 Stability of Allicin -- 6.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-7 -- Green Sample Preparation Focusing on Organic Analytes in Complex Matrices -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Trends in Green Analytical Chemistry -- 7.1.2 Green Techniques for Sample Preparation -- 7.1.2.1 Reduction and Solvent Replacement -- Supercritical Fluid Extraction -- Membranes -- 7.1.2.2 Solvent Elimination -- Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) -- Matrix Solid-Phase Dispersion (MSPD) -- Sorptive Extraction Techniques -- Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) -- Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction -- 7.2 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-8 -- Studies Regarding the Optimization of the Solvent Consumption in the Determination of Organochlor -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Materials -- 8.2.2 Methods -- 8.3 Results -- 8.4 Discussions -- 8.4.1 TRM1 -- 8.4.2 TRM2 -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter-9 -- Size Exclusion Chromatography a Useful Technique For Speciation Analysis of Polydimethylsiloxanes -- 9.1 Introduction to SEC -- 9.2 SEC Retention Mechanisms -- 9.2.1 Ideal Size Exclusion Mechanism -- 9.2.2 Non-Ideal Size Exclusion Mechanism -- 9.3 The Stationary Phase in SEC -- 9.4 The Mobile Phase in SEC -- 9.5 Analytical Problems -- 9.6 Methods for Column Calibration -- 9.7 Applications of SEC Biomedical and Pharmaceutical -- 9.7.1 SEC as a Useful Technique for Linear Polydimethylsiloxanes Speciation Analysis. , 9.8 Methodology for Linear Polydimethylsiloxanes Speciation Analysis -- 9.8.1 Mobile Phase Selection -- 9.8.2 Stationary Phase Selection -- 9.8.3 Column Conditions -- 9.8.4 Column Calibration -- 9.8.5 Separation of Polydimethylsiloxanes -- 9.9 Conclusions -- References -- Erratum -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1.1 Food Additives -- 1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives -- 1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents -- 1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents -- 1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents -- 1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents -- 1.1.3 Industrial Prospects -- References -- 2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Food Contamination -- 2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing -- 2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing -- 2.2.1 Glycolipids -- 2.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing -- 2.3.1 Biofilm Control -- 2.3.2 Food Preservatives -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1.1 Saponins -- Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins -- Saponins as a Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants -- Glycolipids -- Rhamnolipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Succinoyl Trehalolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipids -- Xylolipids -- Mannose Lipids -- Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein -- Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides -- Surfactin -- Fengycin -- Iturin -- Kurstakins -- Lichenysins -- Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides -- Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides -- Fungal-Related Lipopeptides -- Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids -- Polymeric Surfactants -- Particulate Surfactants -- 3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production -- 3.3.1 pH and Temperature -- 3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation -- 3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity -- 3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium -- 3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source -- 3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source. , 3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay -- 3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay -- 3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay -- 3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar -- 3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay -- 3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay -- 3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method -- 3.4.8 Microplate Assay -- 3.4.9 Penetration Assay -- 3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity -- 3.4.11 Emulsification Activity -- 3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4.2 Types of Biosurfactants -- 4.2.1 Glycolipids -- 4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides -- 4.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 4.2.4 Phospholipids -- 4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity -- 4.3.1 Nutritional Factors -- 4.3.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates -- 4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.1.4 Minerals -- 4.3.2 Environmental Factors -- 4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy -- 4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) -- 4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF) -- References -- 5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants -- 5.2.1 Glycolipids -- 5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- 5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins -- 5.2.4 Phospholipids -- 5.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants -- 5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry -- 5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation -- 5.5.3 In Food Industry -- 5.5.4 In Agriculture. , 5.5.5 In Cosmetics -- 5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology -- 5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants -- 5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent -- 5.5.10 In Fabric Washing -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Health Related to PAHs -- 6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human -- 6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450 -- 6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs -- 6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water -- 6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs -- 6.3.2.1 Naphthalene -- 6.3.2.2 Pyrene -- 6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene -- 6.4 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1.1 Glycolipid -- Rhamnolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipid -- 6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides -- 6.4.1.3 Phospholipids -- 6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant -- 6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles -- 6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types -- 7.2.1 Glycolipids -- 7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 7.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 7.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 7.2.4 Phospholipids -- 7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant -- 7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation -- 7.3.1 Structure -- 7.3.2 Membrane Interaction -- 7.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 7.3.4 Regulation -- 7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure -- 8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) -- 8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs) -- 8.2.3 Sophorolipids. , 8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs) -- 8.2.5 Myrmekiosides -- 8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) -- 8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP -- 8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins -- 8.2.8 Serrawettins -- 8.2.9 Monoolein -- 8.2.10 Fellutamides -- 8.3 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon -- 8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen -- 8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions -- 8.3.1.4 Physical Factors -- 8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants -- 8.4.1 Breast Cancer -- 8.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 8.4.3 Leukemia -- 8.4.4 Melanoma -- 8.4.5 Colon Cancer -- 8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS) -- 8.5.1 Liposomes -- 8.5.2 Niosomes -- 8.5.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- References -- 9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation -- 9.2.1 Oil Pollution -- 9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments -- 9.3 Biosurfactants -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants -- 9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation -- 9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation -- 9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination -- 9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity -- 10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects -- 10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents -- 10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces -- 10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions -- References. , 11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS -- 11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS -- 11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS -- 11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination -- 11.4.2 Dye Decontamination -- 11.4.3 PCB Decontamination -- 11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering -- 11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS -- 11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS -- 11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment -- 11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems -- 11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants -- 12.3 Physiochemical Properties -- 12.3.1 Surface Tension -- 12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly -- 12.3.3 Emulsification Activity -- 12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent -- 12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications -- 12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application -- 12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field -- 12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Glycolipids -- 13.2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 13.2.2 Sophorolipids -- 13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids -- 13.3 Lipopeptides -- 13.4 Phospholipids -- 13.5 Antibacterial Activity -- 13.6 Polymeric Surfactants -- 13.7 Fatty Acids -- 13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids. , 13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.