Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Groundwater -- 1 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Jaisamand Basin of Udaipur District -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of Study Area -- Data acquisition -- Software Used -- Determination of Aquifer Parameters by Pumping Test -- Analyzing Pumping Test Data by Curve-matching Technique -- Groundwater Potential Assessment by Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- Selection of Thematic Layers -- Generation of Thematic Layers -- Groundwater Recharge Map -- Transmissivity Map -- Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- Suitable Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- Results and Discussion -- Aquifer Parameters -- Estimation of Aquifer Parameters -- Groundwater Recharge -- Features of Different Thematic Maps -- Groundwater Potential Zoning -- Weights for thematic maps -- Groundwater Potential Zones -- Groundwater Resources Management -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level: A Case Study of Wainganga Sub-basin, Nagpur, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Ordinary Kriging -- Results and Discussion -- Temporal Analysis -- Spatial Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatio-Temporal Variation and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Spatiotemporal Relationship Linking Land Use/Land Cover with Groundwater Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data -- Methodology -- Base Map Creation -- Groundwater Level Kriging -- Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Classification -- Grid Generation. , Overlay Analysis -- Results -- Geostatistical Analysis of Groundwater Level -- LU/LC Classification -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Groundwater System Modelling and Sensitivity of Groundwater Level Prediction in Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Groundwater System Simulation -- Study Area -- Geology of Study Area -- MODFLOW Model Design and Software -- Model Calibration and Validation -- Steady-State Calibration -- Transient State Calibration -- Model Validation -- Results and Discussion -- Groundwater Level Prediction -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model Coupling with Hydrochemical Parameters in Hard Rock Area from Southern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Collection -- DRASTIC Model -- Results and Discussion -- DRASTIC Model Parameters -- Depth to Groundwater Table -- Recharge -- Aquifer Yields -- Soil Media -- Topography -- Impact of Vadose Zone -- Conductivity -- Vulnerable Map Using the DRASTIC Model -- Validation Aquifer Vulnerability -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Recharge -- 7 Development of Groundwater Recharge Plan for Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh Using GIS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Paleochannel Recharge Sources in the Central Godavari Delta, A.P., India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Irrigation Canal Network -- Hydrogeology -- Identified Paleochannel -- Sampling and Analysis -- Stable Isotope Characterization -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Change of Land Use/Land Cover on Groundwater Recharge in Malaprabha Catchment, Belagavi, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Study Area -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Rainfall Analysis -- Infiltration and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using Empirical Methods -- Modelling -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Quality -- 10 Causes and Sources of Groundwater Pollution: A Case Study of Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Modeling Leachate Migration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Experimental Study -- Leachate Quality Analysis -- Soil Column Test to Determine the Parameters -- Analytical Model -- Assumptions -- Initial Conditions -- Boundary Conditions -- Numerical Model -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Identification of Hydrogeochemical Process in Hard Rock Terrain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Geology of the Study Area -- Sample Collection -- Analytical Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogeochemical Process -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Major Ion Chemistry -- Water Quality Assessment -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Cations -- Anions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Spatial and Temporal Nitrate Transport in Deep Heterogeneous Vadose Zone of India's Alluvial Plain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Governing Equations for Flow -- Governing Equations for Solute Transport -- Model Domain and Boundary Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Riverbank Filtration as a Sustainable Solution for Drinking Water Quality and Quantity Problems in Haridwar, Uttarakhand -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area Description -- Hydrogeological Settings -- Materials and Method -- Water Sampling and Detailed Methodology. , Water Quality Analysis of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters -- Results of Water Quality Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 A Study of the Characteristics of Groundwater Solute Transport Parameters -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Present Study and Objectives -- Mathematical Background -- Case Studies -- Injection/Pumping Well Problem -- 3-D Waste Dump Problem -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Prioritization for Management of Groundwater Quality-Related Problems of Rajsamand District of Rajasthan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Location -- Geomorphology and Drainage -- Rainfall and Climate -- Soil, Land Use and Irrigation Practices -- Physiography and Geology -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Groundwater Samples -- Results -- Well Depth -- Water Level -- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- PH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Cationic Composition -- Anionic Composition -- Classification of Groundwater for Irrigation Suitability -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Effect of Biochar Amendment on Nitrate Leaching in Two Soil Types of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Details -- Preparation of Soil Columns -- Biochar Amendment -- Soil Columns Incubation and Leaching -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Vertisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Vertisol -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in and Around Laharpur Reservoir, Bhopal -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Frequency -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion. , References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Reduction of GHGs in Buildings-Indian Affordable Houses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussions and Future Work -- References -- Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Fluid Viscous Dampers -- 2.2 Base Isolators -- 2.3 Elastomeric Polymer Bearings -- 2.4 Dampers -- 2.5 Self-righting and Aluminum Shear Links -- 2.6 Composite Materials -- 2.7 Moment Resisting Connections -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Review of Modern Techniques and Automation in the Construction Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Conventional Methods Used in Construction -- 2.2 Modern Construction Methods -- 3 Automation in Construction Sector -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- COVID 19 and Urban Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Analysis of Future Urban Areas -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Future Work -- References -- A Case Study on Flyover in Urban Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives and Methodology -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Planning for Pedestrian-Friendly Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Problem Statement and Study Objectives -- 1.2 Research Objectives and Expected Goal -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Most Advanced Pedestrian-Friendly Cities in Different Continents -- 2.2 Based on Terrain -- 2.3 Based on Regions -- 2.4 Based Upon Psychological Factors -- 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4 Proposed Suggestions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Spatiotemporal Variation in Surface Velocity of Glaciers, Namely, Mount Kolahoi in the Lidder Basin Between 2016 and 2019 Using Landsat 8 Imagery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Dataset -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Glacier Velocity Estimation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3D Reconstruction of Heritage Site Using Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (Tls): A Case Study of a Section of Gulistan-E-Iram, Lucknow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) -- 3 Components of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (TLS) -- 4 Architecture Inspection -- 5 Study Area -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Result of the Study -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Efficient Bus Transport System, Case Study of Dehradun -- 1 Background -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Pre-fieldwork -- 3.2 Fieldwork -- 3.3 Post-fieldwork -- 4 Road Characteristics -- 4.1 Road Network -- 4.2 Vehicular Growth -- 5 Current Posture of Public Transport -- 5.1 Condition of Public Transport in Dehradun -- 5.2 Existing Bus Transport Network -- 5.3 Existing Vikram Routes -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendation -- References -- Snow Cover Mapping Over the Region of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) for 2008-2018 Using Cloud Mitigated Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Cover Data -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Datasets Used -- 3.1 MODIS Snow Cover Data Products -- 3.2 Landsat Data Products -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Methods for Vehicle Detection Using Roadside Sensors in Complex Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Importance of Vehicle Count in Traffic Engineering -- 2.2 Intrusive and Non-intrusive Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Model-Based Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Biological Nutrient Removal Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 WWTP -- 2.2 Mathematical Model -- 2.3 Activated Sludge Model-1 -- 2.4 Activated Sludge Model -2 -- 2.5 Activated Sludge Model-3 -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Qualitative and Comparative Assessment of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents in Selaqui Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Studies on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents -- 2.2 Past Studies in Pharma City, Selaqui -- 2.3 Study Area -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 PH -- 3.2 Conductivity -- 3.3 COD -- 3.4 BOD -- 4 Compliance Check with CPCB Standards -- 5 Comparative Study -- 5.1 Effluent Comparison -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Binary Counter Using Xilinx IP Cores -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Proposed Work -- 4 Comparison of Proposed and Existing Work -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Non-standardized Trucks on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Cost in Indian FMCG Sector: A Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Methodology -- 3.1 Case Description -- 3.2 Case Selection -- 3.3 Data Gathering -- 3.4 Data Analysis -- 4 Variability and Impact Analysis (In Terms of Vfr and Cost) -- 4.1 CASE 1: Study of Minimum Variation in Vehicle Dimension for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Variable Distribution Cost Vehicle Direct Cost (VDC) -- 4.2 CASE 2: Study of Minimum Variation Loading Capacity for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Variable Distribution Cost  (VDC) -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Impact of Variabilty of Truck Size and Truck Carrying Capacity on Decision-Making -- 6 Real-Life Implication -- 7 Limitation and Scope of Further Research -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- A Characteristic Study on the Factors Influencing Dust Explosion in Different Industrial Sectors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Conducted to Understand the Dust Movement -- 3 Combustible Property of Textile Dust -- 3.1 Case Study 1 -- 3.2 Case Study 2 -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Piezoelectric Materials for Sustainable Energy and Fitness Monitoring of Civil Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Technology Development -- 1.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 1.3 Piezoelectric Constant -- 2 Experiment -- 2.1 Electromechanical Properties -- 2.2 Fabrication Technique -- 2.3 Building Fitness Monitoring -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Study on Effectiveness of Parkinsonia Aculeate for Water Treatment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Turbid Water Purification Using Parkinsonia Seeds [9] -- 3 Water Purification Using Purified Proteins [10] -- 4 Test for the Purification on Large Scale [13] -- 5 Comparison of Coagulating Properties of Crude Seed Extracts and Eluted Proteins [12] -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Floating Green Buildings and Towns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Floating Cities and Residential Plots Overview -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Discussion and Future Scope of Work -- References -- Integrating Vastu Shastra for Green and Energy Efficient Building Under Byelaws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of Development Control and Promotion Regulations for Regional Plans in Maharashtra -- 3 Identification of Deficiencies and Gap Analysis -- 3.1 Part 2-General Planning and Building Requirements -- 3.2 Part 3-General Guidelines for Residential Land-Use -- 3.3 Part3-General Guidelines for Commercial Complexes -- 3.4 Part 4-Guidelines for the Construction of Spiritual Places -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Efficient Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Processing -- 3.1 Existing Situation Analysis -- 4 Result and Conclusion -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- A Study on Alternative Strategies for Public Transportation in Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Objectives -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Literature Review. , 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3.1 Boarding and Alighting Data Collected on Field -- 4 Results and Discussion-Alternate Strategies -- 4.1 Bus Transportation Completely Operated By Government -- 4.2 Both Transit and Paratransit Help the City to Turn Out Into a Smart City -- 4.3 Both Bus Transit and Paratransit Serve the City of Dehradun Simultaneously Under the Government Supervision -- 4.4 Privatisation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainability Assessment Need for Construction Phase in Construction Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Construction  Site & -- Pollution -- 3 Construction Site Sustainability -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Suitable Urban Land Development Model for Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Land Acquisition -- 2.2 Land Pooling -- 2.3 Town Planning Schemes (TPS) -- 2.4 Transferable Development Rights (TDR) -- 2.5 Accommodation and Reservation Principle -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Assessment of Urban Land Development Mechanism in Different States of India -- 4.1 Maharashtra -- 4.2 Gujarat -- 4.3 Delhi -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Recommended Framework -- 6.1 Land Pooling -- 6.2 TPS Mechanism -- 6.3 Transferrable Development Rights and Accommodation Reservation -- References -- Evacuation Methods During Fire in High-Rise Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Limitations -- 5 Outline -- 6 Behavioral Problems Regarding the Building Using -- 6.1 Office Building -- 6.2 Residential Building -- 6.3 Health Care Building -- 6.4 Egress Components -- 6.5 Stairs -- 6.6 Elevators -- 6.7 Sky Bridges -- 6.8 Refugee Floor -- 6.9 Egress Methods -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Identification of the Parameters to Estimate the Capillary Rise from Shallow Groundwater Table Using Field Crop Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Models Used for the Investigation -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Field Crop Experiments -- 1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicator for Models -- 1.6 Results and Discussions -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Study of Groundwater Table Fluctuations in the Command Area of Bhagwanpur Distributary of the Eastern Gandak Project -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- 3 Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Exploratory Wells for Riverbank Filtration Sites Impacted by Extreme Environmental Conditions Using Principal Component Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Soil and Sediment Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.4 Principal Component Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.2 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.4 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.5 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well in Agra -- 3.3.6 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.7 Synthesis of PCA and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Exploratory Well Sediments -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Simulation of Re-Aeration Coefficient Using Anfis and Arima Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Database -- 4.2.1 Study Area. , 4.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 4.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average -- 4.3.3 Evaluation of ANFIS and ARIMA Models -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Model Input -- 4.4.2 Selection of Best ANFIS Model -- 4.4.3 Hybrid ANFIS-ARIMA -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Identification of Unknown Number of Clandestine Groundwater Contamination Source Locations and Their Release Flux History -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology Development -- 5.2.1 Illustration of the Study Area -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Development of Multiple Linear Regression Model for Heavy Metal Prediction Around Eklahare Thermal Power Plant, Nashik, Maharashtra -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Analysis and Model Development -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Correlation Analysis -- 6.4.2 MLR Model -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Integrated Approach for Groundwater Recharge Assessment-A Review -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methodology -- 7.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Recharge -- 7.3.1 Lithology/Geology -- 7.3.2 Slope -- 7.3.3 Geomorphology -- 7.3.4 Land Use/land Cover -- 7.3.5 Groundwater Contour -- 7.3.6 Soil Type -- 7.3.7 Drainage -- 7.3.8 Lineaments -- 7.3.9 Rainfall -- 7.3.10 Iso Resistivity -- 7.4 Suitability Map for Groundwater Recharge and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Decision Support System -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Effect of Indira Sagar Dam on the Health Assessment of Narmada River -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Flood Frequency Analysis -- 8.2.2 Base Flow Separation -- 8.2.3 Median Flow Duration Curve -- 8.2.4 Colwell Indices -- 8.2.5 Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions -- 8.2.6 Persistently Higher Flow (PH) -- 8.3 Persistently Lower Flow (PL). , 8.3.1 Persistently Very Low Flow (PVL) -- 8.3.2 Seasonality Flow Shift (SFS) -- 8.3.3 Small Floods -- 8.3.4 Rate of Water Condition Change -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Effect of Water Regulation in Low-Flow Season -- 8.5 Effect of Flood Control -- 8.5.1 Predictability of Flow -- 8.5.2 Storage Affecting Base Flow -- 8.5.3 Persistent Change in River Condition -- 8.5.4 Seasonality of Water Flow Conditions -- 8.5.5 Rate of Water Change Condition -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Study and Modelling of Trace Contaminant Transport Under Drowned Condition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Description on MIM Model of Cr(VI) Transport -- 9.4 Experimental Methodology -- 9.4.1 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Effect of Resin Dosage -- 9.5.2 Effect of Solution pH -- 9.5.3 Isotherm Study -- 9.5.4 Kinetic Study -- 9.5.5 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 ANN Modeling of Groundwater Development for Irrigation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Present Study -- 10.3 Zonal Cropping Pattern -- 10.4 Study Area -- 10.5 Data -- 10.6 Artificial Neural Network -- 10.7 Development of ANN Models -- 10.8 Results and Discussion -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Arsenic in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 11.3.2 Water Type and Hydro-chemical Facies -- 11.3.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.4 Arsenic Occurrence and Its Suitability for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.5 Suitability for Irrigation Uses -- 11.3.6 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References. , 12 Assessment of Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters of the Aquifers and Their Relationship Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Gurpur Watershed, West Coast of India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.2.1 Geology -- 12.3 Materials and Methods -- 12.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 12.3.2 Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative VES Analysis -- 12.4.2 Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Performance Monitoring and Re-design of a Traditional Household Filter Unit for Simultaneous Removal of Iron and Fluoride from Groundwater of Assam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.2.1 Monitoring of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.2.2 Wooden Charcoal -- 13.2.3 River Sand -- 13.2.4 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.2.5 Analytical Methods Used -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Performance of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.3.3 Proposed Design Modification of a Field Filter Unit -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- 14 Applications of Cascade Feed Forward Neural Network for Modelling of Coagulant Dose in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Comparative Study -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Material and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Levels Using Data-Driven Model-A Case Study in Hyderabad, India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Data and Methods -- 15.3.1 Data Used -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results and Discussions. , 15.4.1 Lateral Flow Estimation -- 15.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifer Adjacent to River Bharalu in Guwahati City, Assam, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.4 Results and Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Groundwater Modelling Using Coupled Model SWAT-MODFLOW in the Hiranyakeshi Sub-Watershed -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area -- 17.3 Methods and Methodology's -- 17.3.1 Data Required for SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.3.2 SWAT Model -- 17.3.3 Description of SWAT Model -- 17.3.4 HRU Analysis -- 17.3.5 Weather Stations Data -- 17.4 Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model -- 17.4.1 SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.4.2 SWAT-MODFLOW Model Set-Up & -- Execution -- 17.5 Result and Discussion -- 17.5.1 SWAT Model Results -- 17.5.2 Results of SWAT Calibration and Validation -- 17.5.3 Modflow Head -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Effect of Rainfall on Groundwater Levels in Sina Basin, Maharashtra -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methodology -- 18.3.1 Steps Involved in the Analysis -- 18.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 18.3.3 ArcGIS 10.3 -- 18.3.4 Moving Average -- 18.3.5 Water Level Residual -- 18.4 Data Used -- 18.5 Results and Discussions -- 18.5.1 Thiessen Polygon of Study Area -- 18.5.2 Contours of Ground-Water Level -- 18.5.3 Trend Detection -- 18.5.4 Groundwater Water Level Residuals and Rainfall Patterns -- 18.6 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Management of Arsenic Sludge Using Solidification -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Materials and Methods -- 19.2.1 Preparation of Arsenic Residual Sludge -- 19.2.2 Preparation of Solidified Matrices -- 19.2.3 Semi Dynamic Leachability Test -- 19.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient (De) and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory -- 19.2.5 Analytical Method. , 19.3 Results and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.2.1 Targets -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective -- 1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation -- 1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation -- 1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5.1 Application of Big Data -- 1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things -- 1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance -- 1.7 Gaps or Challenges -- 1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges -- 1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure -- 1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower -- 1.7.4 Lack of Awareness -- 1.7.5 Others -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 Preprocessing -- 2.3.2 Classification Algorithms -- 2.3.3 Image Classification -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies -- 2.4.2 Comparison of Producer's and User's Accuracies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD) -- 3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD -- 3.4 Applications of CSD -- 3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD -- 3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management -- 3.6.1 CSD Location Availability. , 3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics -- 4.3 Big Earth Data Sources -- 4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management -- 4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics -- 4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies -- 4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0 -- 4.8 Challenges and Way Forward -- References -- 5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 5.3.2 Drought Calculation -- 5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI -- 5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI -- 5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes -- 5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index -- 5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach -- 5.4.4 Drought Tracking -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 Recommendations -- References -- 6 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data -- 7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran -- 7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting -- 7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method -- 7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices -- 7.4 Leaf Area Index -- 7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method -- 7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 7.5.2 Supervised Classification -- 7.6 Determining Rice Yield -- 7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- 8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE -- 8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model -- 8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 8.3.4 Model Validation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model -- 8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems -- 9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context -- 9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation -- 9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.3.1 Data and Tools -- 9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method -- 9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed -- 9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach -- 9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns -- 9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation -- 9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Recommendation -- References -- 10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Case Study -- 10.2.2 WEAP Model -- 10.2.3 GLEAM Data -- 10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI) -- 10.2.5 Experimental Setup -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation -- 10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References. , 11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry? -- 11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry -- 11.3 Material and Methods -- 11.3.1 Study Area-General Description -- 11.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface -- 11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a) -- 11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax) -- 11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB) -- 11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD) -- 11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd) -- 11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions -- 12.2.1 Ramsar Classification -- 12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India -- 12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India -- 12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions -- 12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques -- 12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA) -- 12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM) -- 12.4.3 CA-MCE -- 12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India -- 12.6 Results -- 12.7 Discussions -- 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data and Methodology -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Lithology. , 13.4.2 Geomorphological Features -- 13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) -- 13.4.4 Soil Texture -- 13.4.5 Lineament Density -- 13.4.6 Slope Angle -- 13.4.7 Drainage Density -- 13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 13.4.9 Rainfall -- 13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors -- 13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) -- 13.4.12 Discussions -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion -- 14.1.2 Sheet Erosion -- 14.1.3 Rill Erosion -- 14.1.4 Gully Erosion -- 14.1.5 Bank Erosion -- 14.2 Soil Erosion in India -- 14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion -- 14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures -- 14.5 Application of GIS -- 14.6 Case Study -- 14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization -- 14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures -- 14.7 Study Area and Data Used -- 14.8 Results and Discussion -- 14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Methodology -- 15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards -- 15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI) -- 15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment -- 15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Future Directions -- References. , 16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Investigation on the Treatment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plant Wastewater and Its Safe Use in Agriculture-A Green Technology Concept -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparation of Biocarbon -- Collection and Analysis Grey Water -- Treatment of Grey Water: Biosorption Process -- Evaluation of Capacity of Biocarbon -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Biocarbon (BC) -- Surface Analysis -- Characteristics of Grey Water and Treated Water -- Effect of Biocarbon Dose on Heavy Metals Removal -- Removal of Colour from a Grey Water -- Water Reuse in Agriculture Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Arsenic-Free Drinking Water Supply, Disposal of Backwash Water and Exhausted Media in Bihar, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arsenic Pollution in Bihar -- Mitigation Techniques Adopted -- Probable Waste Disposal Strategies -- Status of Waste Disposal in Bihar -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Nitrate in Anaerobic Batch Reactors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Setup -- Inoculum and Starting up -- Analytical Methods -- Results -- Nitrate and Arsenic Removal -- Characterization of Precipitates -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Oxyanions Removal by Biological Processes: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Sources of Oxyanions -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Conventional Treatment Strategies for Oxyanions -- Overview of Biological Oxyanion Removal -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Factors Affecting Oxyanion Removal -- Temperature -- PH. , Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- COD/Oxyanion Ratio -- COD/Sulfate -- COD/Nitrate -- COD/Perchlorate -- Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Oxyanion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Factors Influencing Electrocoagulation Treatment of UASB Reactor Effluent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental -- Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Model Development and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Performance Evaluation of Filters for Sedimentation Particle Filtration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Particle Size Distribution -- Particles Filtration Efficiency -- Results -- Particle Size Distribution -- Different Particle Sizes -- Particle Volume Distribution -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Magnetic Extracellular Polymer Composite for the Effective Removal of Microcystin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Chemical and Reagent -- Screening and Culturing of Polymer-Producing Microorganisms -- Preparation of Magnetic-Induced ECP -- Removal of Microcystin-LR -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Matrices -- Separation of Microcystin-LR by ECP-Fe2O3 -- Characterization of MC-LR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Bioremediation of Chromium Complex Dye by Growing Aspergillus flavus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Bioremediation Study in Batch Mode -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Response Surface Optimization -- Combined Effect of Different Parameters on Color Removal -- Confirmatory Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosorption as a Novel Approach for Removing Aluminium from Water Treatment Plant Residual-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biosorption as a Promising Alternative -- Aluminium Removal Through Biosorption -- Conclusion -- References. , 10 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulphide Laden Tannery Wastewater Without Sludge Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Presence of Sulphide in Effluent -- Treatment of Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Materials and Methods -- Source and Collection of Lime Sulphide Liquor and Methods -- Materials -- Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Activated Carbon (NPAC) -- Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Wastewater -- Treatment Methods for Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of NPAC -- Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) -- Optimization of pH -- Optimization of H2O2 -- Optimization of NPAC (Nanoporous Activated Carbon) -- Overall Processes -- Instrumental Analyses -- Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies -- FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Textile Industry by Electrocoagulation and Fenton Oxidation: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes -- Classification of Dyes -- Classification Based on the Source of Materials -- Classification Based on Industrial Use of the Dyes -- Usage of Various Dyes in Textile Industries -- Dyeing Wastewater from Textile Industry -- Electrocoagulation -- Mechanism of Electrocoagulation -- Application of Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Fenton Oxidation Process (H2O2/Fe2+) -- Application of Fenton and Electro-Fenton Methods in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Kitchen Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland Microcosm Using Aquatic Macrophytes -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Experimental Plants -- Experimental Set-up for Greywater Treatment -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Greywater Quality in FWS Microcosm -- Greywater Quality in VSF Microcosm -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Assessment of Aerobic Biodegradability for Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater Generated from Leather Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Analytical Methods -- Characterization of Vegetable Tannin Wastewater -- Aerobic Biodegradation of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis -- Results -- Characterization of Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater -- Aerobic Treatment of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- FTIR Analysis of VTW Before and After Aerobic Treatment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Biodegradability of Syntans Using Ozonation as a Pretreatment Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Ozonation Studies -- Experiment Setup for Biodegradation of Syntans Under Aerobic Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater-Sulfone and Phenol Based -- Ozonation Studies -- Optimization of Contact Time for Phenol-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Optimization of Contact Time for Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Assessment of Biological Treatment of Phenol- and Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater Before and After Ozonation -- Assessment of Biodegradability Before and After Ozonation of Sulfone-Based Syntan -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in Anoxic Reactors at Varied Feed Phenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials. , Chemicals and Reagents -- Biomass Support Material -- Experimental Methodologies -- Seed Sludge -- Synthetic Feed -- Acclimatization of the Anoxic Reactors -- Reactor Operations with Varying Phenol -- Kinetics Study -- Analytical Methods -- Microscopic Images -- Results and Discussion -- Steady-State Performance of the Anoxic Reactors During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Removal Kinetics of Phenol, Sulphide, Nitrate, Organic COD During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fluoride Pollution Abatement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Fluoride -- Effects of Fluoride -- Effects on Humans -- Effects on Teeth -- Skeletal Effects -- Cancer -- Status of Fluoride Contamination Around the Globe -- The World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal -- Water Supply Scheme by PHED, West Bengal -- Objective of the Study -- Remedial Material -- Alumina and Aluminum -- Activated Alumina -- Various Removal Methods of Fluoride -- Alternate Water Sources -- Better Nutrition -- De-fluoridation of Water -- Adsorption -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Ion Exchange -- Limitations -- Coagulation-Precipitation -- Advantages -- Limitations -- A Special Case of Co-precipitation is Nalgonda Technique Which is Briefly Described Below -- Nalgonda Technique -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Membrane Process -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Electro-Coagulation Process -- An Experimental Data Collection From Some Fluoride-Affected Area of Birbhum -- Background -- The Study Area -- Primary Data Collection -- Methodology -- Aim -- Methodology -- Sample Preparation and Collection -- Measurement of Fluoride -- De-fluoridation -- Mechanism -- Apparatus Required -- Solution Required -- Development of De-fluoridation Filtration Unit -- Preparation of the Filter Bed. , Details of the Process Are Described Below.

Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.