Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Introduction -- 1 An Overview on Environmental Degradation and Mitigation -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Types of Environmental Degradation -- 1.3 Causes of Environmental Degradation -- 1.4 Impacts of Environmental Degradation -- 1.5 Treatment or Remediation Technologies -- 1.5.1 Prevention of Deforestation -- 1.5.2 Governmental Regulations -- 1.5.3 Sustainable Consumption and Production Regulations -- 1.5.4 Adoption of the Principle of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle (3R) -- 1.5.5 Adoption of Environment-Friendly Education -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Causes of Degradation -- 2 Deforestation and Forests Degradation Impacts on the Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Factors Responsible for Deforestation and Forests Degradation -- 2.2.1 Direct Cause -- 2.2.2 Natural Causes -- 2.2.3 Underlying Causes -- 2.3 Environmental Implications of Deforestation and Forests Degradation -- 2.3.1 Deforestation Impacts on Climate Change -- 2.3.2 Deforestation Impacts on Soil Erosion -- 2.3.3 Deforestation Impacts on Disrupted Livelihood -- 2.3.4 Deforestation Impacts on Water Cycles -- 2.3.5 Deforestation Impacts on Social Consequences -- 2.3.6 Deforestation Impacts on Food Security -- 2.3.7 Health Associated with Forest Threats -- 2.4 Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR): An Initiative Towards Degradation Prevention -- 2.4.1 FLR Principles -- 2.4.2 Characteristics of FLR Initiatives (Maginnis et al. 2007) -- 2.4.3 Few Best Practices for Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR) -- 2.5 Policy Interventions -- 2.5.1 UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 2.5.2 Aichi Targets -- 2.5.3 Bonn Challenge -- 2.5.4 REDD and REDD + strategies -- 2.5.5 Recommendations and Future Research Prospects -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References. , 3 Measuring Environmental Impact of Agricultural, Manufacturing, and Energy Sectors in Bangladesh Through Life Cycle Assessment -- 3.1 The State of Bangladesh's Economically Important Sectors and Environmental Footprint -- 3.2 Approach for Identifying Literature -- 3.3 Assessment of Environmental Impact/Degradation Based on the Findings of Available LCA Studies for Bangladesh -- 3.3.1 Agricultural Sector -- 3.3.2 Manufacturing Sectors -- 3.3.3 Energy Sector -- 3.4 Environmental Policy Recommendations for Impact Decoupling -- 3.4.1 Policy Interventions for Agricultural Sector -- 3.4.2 Policy Interventions for Manufacturing Sector -- 3.4.3 Policy Interventions for Energy Sector -- 3.5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides: Impacts on Soil Degradation, Groundwater, and Human Health in Bangladesh -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Types of Agrochemicals -- 4.2.1 Fertilizers -- 4.2.2 Pesticides -- 4.3 Global Use of Agrochemicals -- 4.4 Impacts of Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides -- 4.4.1 Impacts on Soil -- 4.4.2 Impacts on Groundwater Resources -- 4.4.3 Impacts on Human Health -- 4.5 Alternatives to Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides -- 4.5.1 Organic Farming: A Sustainable Alternative -- 4.5.2 Integrated Pest Management -- 4.5.3 Biocontrol Agents for Reducing Pesticide Consumption -- 4.5.4 Other Approaches -- 4.5.5 Green Chemistry -- 4.6 Conclusions -- 4.7 Recommendations -- References -- Part III Treatment or Remediation Technologies -- 5 Environmental Impacts and Necessity of Removal of Emerging Contaminants to Facilitate Safe Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewaters -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Types of Emerging Contaminants of Persistence -- 5.2.1 Pesticides and Herbicides -- 5.2.2 Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products -- 5.2.3 Dyes -- 5.2.4 Industrial Chemicals -- 5.3 Occurrence of ECs in Wastewater and Environment. , 5.3.1 Occurrence of ECs in Effluent Treatment Plant -- 5.3.2 Occurrence of ECs in Environment -- 5.4 Advanced Oxidation Strategies for Removal of ECs -- 5.4.1 Application of Physical Techniques -- 5.4.2 Application of Chemicals Techniques -- 5.5 Hybrid Systems for Augmentation of Performance -- 5.5.1 O3-UV Advanced Oxidation Systems -- 5.5.2 O3-H2O2 Advanced Oxidation Systems -- 5.5.3 UV and Cl2 Integrated Advanced Oxidation Systems -- 5.6 General Discussion -- 5.7 Recommendation -- 5.8 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Emerging Biotechnological Processes in Controlling Nitrogen Pollution to Minimize Eutrophication of Surface Waters in Asia -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Emerging Biotechnological Processes in Controlling Nitrogen Pollution -- 6.2.1 Partial Nitritation-Denitrification -- 6.2.2 ANAMMOX -- 6.2.3 SHARON -- 6.2.4 SHARON-ANAMMOX -- 6.2.5 CANON -- 6.2.6 NOx -- 6.2.7 OLAND -- 6.2.8 DEMON -- 6.2.9 DEAMOX -- 6.2.10 SNAD -- 6.2.11 BABE -- 6.2.12 FeOx/MnOx-Mediated Nitrification and Denitrification -- 6.2.13 Feammox/Mnammox -- 6.3 Recommendations -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Hybrid Anaerobic Baffled Reactor and Upflow Anaerobic Filter for Domestic Wastewater Purification -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Anaerobic Baffled Reactor -- 7.3 Anaerobic Filter for Wastewater Treatment -- 7.4 Experimental Study of the Hybrid System (ABR and AF) -- 7.4.1 Lab-Scale Hybrid System -- 7.4.2 Sampling and Parameter Analysis -- 7.5 Results and Discussion -- 7.5.1 Wastewater Characteristic -- 7.5.2 Performance of the Hybrid System -- 7.6 Conclusion -- 7.7 Recommendation -- References -- 8 Remediation of Heavy Metal Pollutants of Industrial Effluents and Environmental Impacts -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Materials and Methods -- 8.2.1 Adsorbent (Nano CaSPT) -- 8.2.2 Adsorbate [Zn(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), and Cr(III)] -- 8.2.3 Adsorption Experiments. , 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Microscopic Study -- 8.3.2 Surface Property Investigation -- 8.3.3 Batch Adsorption Experiments -- 8.3.4 Adsorption Screening of HM Ions with CaSPT -- 8.3.5 Metal Ion Adsorption on Nano CaSPT -- 8.4 Recommendation and Future Research Prospects -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Textile Dye Removal from Industrial Wastewater by Biological Methods and Impact on Environment -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Textile Wastewater Characteristics -- 9.3 Textile Dyes -- 9.3.1 Dye Structure and Properties -- 9.4 Environmental Impacts of Textile Dyes -- 9.4.1 Impact on Aquatic Environment -- 9.4.2 Impact on Vegetation -- 9.4.3 Impact on Human Health -- 9.5 Textile Dye Decolourization Techniques -- 9.5.1 Physical Treatment Techniques -- 9.5.2 Chemical Treatment Techniques -- 9.5.3 Biological Treatments -- 9.5.4 Decolourization of Textile Dyes in Reactors -- 9.5.5 Biofilms -- 9.5.6 Decolourization of Textile Dyes in Fixed (Packed) Bed Biofilm Reactors -- 9.6 Conclusions -- 9.7 Recommendations -- References -- 10 Environmental Remediation Technologies -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Remediation Technologies and Their Application -- 10.2.1 NanoRemediation Technology -- 10.2.2 Solidification and Stabilization -- 10.2.3 Thermal Desorption -- 10.2.4 Gas-Based Techniques -- 10.2.5 Phytoremediation -- 10.3 Selection of Relevant Remediation Technology -- 10.4 Conclusions -- 10.5 Recommendations -- References -- 11 Wastewater Remediation: Emerging Technologies and Future Prospects -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Conventional Effluent Treatment Techniques -- 11.2.1 Physico-chemical Treatment Processes -- 11.2.2 Biological Treatments -- 11.3 Advanced Effluent Treatment Techniques -- 11.3.1 Membrane Distillation (MD) -- 11.3.2 Forward Osmosis -- 11.3.3 Photocatalysis -- 11.3.4 Nanomaterial and Nanotechnology. , 11.4 Sustainability and Value Addition in WWT -- 11.4.1 Recovery of Value Added Products from Effluent Streams -- 11.4.2 Process Intensification -- 11.5 Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Part IV Impacts of Degradation -- 12 Microbial Diversity and Physio-Chemical Characterization and Treatment of Textiles Effluents -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Pollutants and Aquatic Environment -- 12.3 Effects of Industrial Effluents in Aquatic Environment -- 12.4 Textile Colorants -- 12.5 Study of Textile Effluents -- 12.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Effluent -- 12.7 Bioremediation -- 12.7.1 Oscillatoria -- 12.8 Materials and Methods -- 12.8.1 Collection of Samples -- 12.8.2 Study of Microbial Diversity -- 12.9 Results and Discussion -- 12.9.1 Swimming Activity -- 12.9.2 Opercular Beats -- 12.9.3 Rate of Oxygen Consumption -- 12.9.4 Haematological Parameters -- 12.9.5 Biochemical Studies -- 12.9.6 Enzymes Studies -- 12.10 Conclusion -- 12.11 Recommendations -- References -- 13 A Sustainable Solution for the Rehabilitation of Surface Water Quality Degradation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Best Management Practice (BMP) to Mitigate Diffuse Pollution -- 13.1.2 Vegetated Ditch -- 13.2 Case Studies of Vegetated Ditch -- 13.2.1 Nitrogen Removal -- 13.2.2 Phosphorus Removal -- 13.2.3 Pesticides Removal -- 13.2.4 Organic Matter Removal -- 13.2.5 Solids Removal -- 13.2.6 Pathogen Removal -- 13.2.7 Heavy Metals Removal -- 13.2.8 Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) Removal -- 13.3 Challenges Faced by the VD and Recommendations for the Enhancement of VD Systems -- 13.3.1 Contaminant Removal Efficiencies -- 13.3.2 Operational and Maintenance Issues -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Recovery from Natural Disasters and Environmental Destruction in East Japan -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Characteristics of the East Japan Area. , 14.3 The Impact of the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Hydrological Monitoring -- 1 Wireless Sensor Networks for Hydrological Monitoring, Helpful Tools for Accurate Models -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methods -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Automatic Extraction of Surface Water Bodies from High-Resolution Multispectral Remote Sensing Imagery Using GIS and Deep Learning Techniques in Dubai -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Area -- 2.2.2 Input Data -- 2.2.3 Training Data of the Deep Learning Model -- 2.2.4 Load Model Architecture -- 2.2.5 Train the Model Through Learning Rate Tuning and Transfer Learning -- 2.2.6 Test Time Augmentation -- 2.2.7 Accuracy Assessment -- 2.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.3.1 Confidence Threshold and Accuracy of Water Bodies Dataset -- 2.3.2 Confusion Matrix -- 2.3.3 False Positives -- 2.3.4 Cartography Enhancement -- 2.3.5 Validate the Extracted Water Body Layer Against Reference Layers -- 2.3.6 Water Bodies Layer Dissemination -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part II Rainfall and Floods -- 3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs to Model Water Balance Components in Sandy Soils -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Methods -- 3.2.1 Assumption of Gravity-Driven Infiltration (GD) -- 3.2.2 One Non-linear Reservoir -- 3.2.3 Multiple Non-linear Reservoirs -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Water Content Profiles for Constant Rainfall Intensity -- 3.3.2 Mass Water Balance -- 3.3.3 Effect of Number of Reservoirs -- 3.3.4 Comparison Between the GD Solution and the Richards Equation -- 3.3.5 Water Content Profiles for Variable Rainfall Intensity -- 3.4 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- 4 Flood Mapping and Assessment During Typhoon Ulysses (Vamco) in Cagayan, Philippines Using Synthetic Aperture Radar Images -- 4.1 Introduction. , 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Description of Study Area -- 4.2.2 Satellite Data -- 4.2.3 Flooded Area Determination -- 4.2.4 Standing Crops Analysis -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Quantification of Flooded Area -- 4.3.2 Affected Rice Area Analysis -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Trends in Annual Maximum Flood Data in New South Wales Australia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods -- 5.2.1 Selection of AMF Data for Trend Analysis -- 5.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 The Impact of Flash Floods on the Extreme Functioning of Undeveloped Basins: Case of the Srou Catchment (March 2010 Flood) (Oum Er-Rbia Basin, Morocco) -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Presentation Du Domaine D'etude -- 6.3 Climatic and Hydrological Framework -- 6.3.1 Development of Rainfall Characteristics -- 6.3.2 Monthly Flow Coefficient of Wadi Srou (1975-2016) -- 6.4 Material and Methodology -- 6.4.1 Extraction of Floods from Instantaneous References -- 6.5 Results and Discussion -- 6.5.1 Extraction of Floods Form Instantaneous References of the Srou Catchment (1975-2015) -- 6.5.2 Instantaneous Flood Recorded in 2010 -- 6.5.3 2010 Spring Flood Analysis -- 6.5.4 Flood Survey 2010 in Chacha Namalleh and Aval Lahri Station in m3/s -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Analysis of Non-stationary Return Levels Using Extreme Daily Rainfall for Surat City, India -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methods -- 7.2.1 Study Area and Data Collection -- 7.2.2 Methodology -- 7.3 Result and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Trend Analysis -- 7.3.2 Detection of Non-stationarity in the Time Series -- 7.3.3 The Selection of Best Non-stationary Model -- 7.3.4 Model Diagnosis of the Selected GEV Models -- 7.4 Stationary and Non-stationary Return Levels -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- Part III Droughts. , 8 Analysis of Hydrological Drought in the Eastern Part of Slovakia Using Standardized Precipitation Index -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Material and Methods -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.4 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Low Flow in the Oued El Abid Basin (Morocco): Better Understand It to Better Manage It (Oum Errbia Basin-Morocco) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Methods -- 9.3 Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 The Appearance of Low Water Levels in the Oued El Abid Basin -- 9.3.2 Analysis of the Variability of CNds in the Watershed of Oued El Abid Upstream of the Bin El Ouidane Dam -- 9.3.3 Frequency Analysis of CNds in the Oued El Abid Watershed -- 9.3.4 Usefulness of VCNds for Managers -- 9.4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part IV Groundwater -- 10 Development of Long Short-Term Memory Model for Prediction of Water Table Depth in United Arab Emirates -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methodology -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment and Management of Seawater Intrusion in Gaza Aquifer Due to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area and Boundary Conditions -- 11.2.2 Numerical Model -- 11.3 Results -- 11.3.1 Current Situation of SWI in Gaza Aquifer -- 11.3.2 Numerical Model Verification -- 11.3.3 Seawater Intrusion in Wadi Gaza in Response to Over Pumping and Sea Level Rise -- 11.3.4 Management of SWI in Wadi Gaza -- 11.4 Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Analysis of a Joint Impact of Climate Change and Anthropogenic Interventions on Groundwater Depletion in Arid and Semi-Arid Areas -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Aim -- 12.2 Aim -- 12.2.1 Methods -- 12.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Characteristics of Climate Parameters -- 12.3.2 Climate Condition. , 12.3.3 Results Related to Groundwater -- 12.3.4 Regulatory Framework -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 Modeling and Prediction of Groundwater Level Fluctuations Using Geoinformatics and Artificial Neural Networks in Al Ain City, UAE -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Data Processing -- 13.2.2 Artificial Neural Networks -- 13.2.3 Mapping and Visualization -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.4 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Factors Influencing the Site Selection Criteria for Efficient Aquifer Storage and Recovery (ASR) System in Saline Regions -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methods -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Aquifer Hydraulic Conductivity and Hydraulic Gradient -- 14.3.2 Aquifer Thickness -- 14.3.3 Longitudinal and Transverse Dispersivity -- 14.3.4 Density Difference -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Estimation of Groundwater Resources According to Watershed and Groundwater Divide -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methods -- 15.2.1 Selected MASCH -- 15.2.2 Fundamentals RENATA Code -- 15.3 Results and Discussion -- 15.3.1 RENATA Code Application -- 15.3.2 Recharge Distribution According to the Watershed and the Groundwater Divides -- 15.4 Conclusions -- References -- 16 CFD Analysis of a Microchannel Heat Exchanger Based 3-D Printed Solar Receiver -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Mathematical Modelling -- 16.3 Results and Discussion -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Mapping Groundwater Potential Zones in UAE Using GIS-Based Hydrogeological Modeling -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Hydrogeological Setting -- 17.3 Materials and Methods -- 17.4 Results and Discussion -- 17.5 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Trihalomethane Species Development in Drinking Water -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Methods -- 18.2.1 Sources of Water Samples -- 18.2.2 Experimental Procedure -- 18.2.3 Analytical Methods -- 18.3 Results and Discussion. , 18.4 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Rainwater Harvesting Systems in the Semi-arid Regions of India -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Methods -- 19.3 Results and Discussion -- 19.3.1 Rainwater Harvesting -- 19.3.2 Rooftop and Storm Water Harvesting in Urban Area -- 19.3.3 Sustainable Environmental Technology to Harvest Rainwater in Rural Area -- 19.4 Conclusions -- References -- Part V Water Quality -- 20 Soil Erosion Prioritization of Yarmouk River Basin, Jordan Using Multiple Approaches in a GIS Environment -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Study Area -- 20.3 Data and Methods -- 20.3.1 Morphometric Analysis -- 20.3.2 Prioritization by Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.4.1 Prioritization Based on Morphometric Analysis -- 20.4.2 Prioritization Based on Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) -- 20.5 Conclusions -- Appendix 1: Methodology Adopted for Computation of Morphometric Parameters -- Appendix 2: Morphometric Parameters of YRB -- Appendix 3: The Morphometric Parameters of Sub-watersheds in YRB -- References -- 21 Effects of Leachate from Osisioma Open Dumpsite in Aba, Abia State, Nigeria on Surrounding Borehole Water Quality -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.1.1 Description of the Study Area -- 21.2 Methods -- 21.2.1 Sample and Sampling Techniques -- 21.2.2 Groundwater and Leachate Sample Collection and Analysis -- 21.2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 21.3 Results and Discussion -- 21.3.1 Physiochemical and Microbiological Parameters Concentration with Distance from the Dumpsite -- 21.3.2 Concentration Variation in Physiochemical Parameters of Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.3 Concentration Variation in Chemical (Heavy Metals) Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate -- 21.3.4 Concentration Variation in Microbiological Variables in Sampled Boreholes and Leachate. , 21.3.5 Relationship Between Sampled Borehole Water and W.H.O. Water Quality Standard.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.2.1 Targets -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective -- 1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation -- 1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation -- 1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5.1 Application of Big Data -- 1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things -- 1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance -- 1.7 Gaps or Challenges -- 1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges -- 1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure -- 1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower -- 1.7.4 Lack of Awareness -- 1.7.5 Others -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 Preprocessing -- 2.3.2 Classification Algorithms -- 2.3.3 Image Classification -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies -- 2.4.2 Comparison of Producer's and User's Accuracies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD) -- 3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD -- 3.4 Applications of CSD -- 3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD -- 3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management -- 3.6.1 CSD Location Availability. , 3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics -- 4.3 Big Earth Data Sources -- 4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management -- 4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics -- 4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies -- 4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0 -- 4.8 Challenges and Way Forward -- References -- 5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 5.3.2 Drought Calculation -- 5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI -- 5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI -- 5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes -- 5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index -- 5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach -- 5.4.4 Drought Tracking -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 Recommendations -- References -- 6 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data -- 7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran -- 7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting -- 7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method -- 7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices -- 7.4 Leaf Area Index -- 7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method -- 7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 7.5.2 Supervised Classification -- 7.6 Determining Rice Yield -- 7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- 8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE -- 8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model -- 8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 8.3.4 Model Validation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model -- 8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems -- 9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context -- 9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation -- 9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.3.1 Data and Tools -- 9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method -- 9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed -- 9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach -- 9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns -- 9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation -- 9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Recommendation -- References -- 10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Case Study -- 10.2.2 WEAP Model -- 10.2.3 GLEAM Data -- 10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI) -- 10.2.5 Experimental Setup -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation -- 10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References. , 11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry? -- 11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry -- 11.3 Material and Methods -- 11.3.1 Study Area-General Description -- 11.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface -- 11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a) -- 11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax) -- 11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB) -- 11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD) -- 11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd) -- 11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions -- 12.2.1 Ramsar Classification -- 12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India -- 12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India -- 12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions -- 12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques -- 12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA) -- 12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM) -- 12.4.3 CA-MCE -- 12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India -- 12.6 Results -- 12.7 Discussions -- 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data and Methodology -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Lithology. , 13.4.2 Geomorphological Features -- 13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) -- 13.4.4 Soil Texture -- 13.4.5 Lineament Density -- 13.4.6 Slope Angle -- 13.4.7 Drainage Density -- 13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 13.4.9 Rainfall -- 13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors -- 13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) -- 13.4.12 Discussions -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion -- 14.1.2 Sheet Erosion -- 14.1.3 Rill Erosion -- 14.1.4 Gully Erosion -- 14.1.5 Bank Erosion -- 14.2 Soil Erosion in India -- 14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion -- 14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures -- 14.5 Application of GIS -- 14.6 Case Study -- 14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization -- 14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures -- 14.7 Study Area and Data Used -- 14.8 Results and Discussion -- 14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Methodology -- 15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards -- 15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI) -- 15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment -- 15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Future Directions -- References. , 16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Results -- 1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objective -- 2.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 2.3.1 Data Used -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) -- 3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.4 Analysis of Results -- 3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall -- 3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Review -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart -- 4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling -- 4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique -- 4.6 Efficiency Parameters -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia -- 5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission -- 5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia -- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Calibration Period -- 8.4.2 Validation Period -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Use-Land Cover -- 9.1.2 Climate Change -- 9.1.3 Water Quality Index -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data -- 9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Dataset -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Defining the Tail -- 10.3.2 Fitting Method -- 10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach -- 11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source -- 11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM) -- 13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT) -- 13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG) -- 13.2.4 Turc's Method (TC) -- 13.3 Study Area -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods -- 13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area and Data -- 14.3 Methodology. , 14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days -- 14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature -- 14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time -- 14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area and Description -- 15.3 Data and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps -- 15.3.3 Rainfall Trend -- 15.4 Results and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation -- 15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Argo Floats -- 16.1.2 Drifter Program -- 16.1.3 Soop/XBT -- 16.1.4 Moored Buoy -- 16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography -- 16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) -- 16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Support Vector Regression -- 17.2.2 Regression Tree -- 17.3 Data Collection -- 17.4 Identification of Predictors -- 17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area and Database Development -- 18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08 -- 18.4 Results and Discussion. , 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Site Description -- 19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature -- 19.4 Data and Methodology -- 19.5 Results and Discussion -- 19.6 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Description -- 20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data -- 20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman's Rank Correlation Method -- 20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall's Tau Test -- 20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean -- 20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher's Test -- 20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test -- 20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test -- 20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald-Wolfowitz Test -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- 21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Motivation and Objective -- 21.3 Methodology -- 21.4 Basic Governing Equations -- 21.5 Results and Discussion -- 21.6 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area -- 22.3 Datasets -- 22.3.1 Evapotranspiration -- 22.3.2 Rainfall -- 22.3.3 Temperature -- 22.4 Methods -- 22.4.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.5 Results and Discussion -- 22.6 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Data and Methodology -- 23.3 Results and Discussion -- 23.4 Conclusions -- References. , 24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Part I Water Resources Management -- 1 Water: How Secure Are We Under Climate Change? -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Water Security -- 1.3 Water Supply and Demand -- 1.3.1 Water Availability -- 1.3.2 Water Demand and Use -- 1.4 Global Water Situation -- 1.5 Causes of Water Scarcity -- 1.5.1 Demography -- 1.5.2 Climate Change -- 1.6 Ameliorating Water Scarcity -- 1.7 Key Issues and Challenges -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Influence of Stemflow Measurement on Interception Estimation Under Eucalyptus Plantations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Description of the Study Area and Plantations Characteristics -- 2.2.2 Throughfall Measurements -- 2.2.3 Stemflow Measurement -- 2.2.4 Estimation of Interception Loss -- 2.2.5 Results and Discussion -- 2.2.6 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and SF: Rainfall Partitioning in Relation to Incident Rainfall (R) -- 2.2.7 Estimation of Interception Loss Using Measured TF and a Fixed Value of SF (i.e., I5, I7.5 and I10 for 5, 7.5 and 10% of Incident Rainfall Respectively) -- 2.2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Strategic Human Resources in Water Sources Development -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Water Budget Monitoring of the Ganga River Basin Using Remote Sensing Data and GIS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Methodology -- 4.2.1 Study Area -- 4.2.2 Data Sources -- 4.2.3 Methodology -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.4 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Evaluation of SWAT Model for Simulating the Water Balance Components for the Dudh Koshi River Basin in Nepal -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Materials and Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 5.2.3 SWAT Model Setup -- 5.3 Results and Discussions. , 5.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis -- 5.3.2 Model Calibration and Validation -- 5.3.3 Simulated and Observed Discharge at Rabuwa Bazaar Outlet -- 5.3.4 Water Balance Study of the Basin -- 5.4 Conclusion -- 5.5 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Rejuvenating Water Wisdom: A Route to Resilience -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Rainfall Variability -- 6.3 Water Resources Potential in the River Basins of India -- 6.4 Per Capita Water Availability in India -- 6.5 Challenges in Water Sector -- 6.6 Causes of the Water Crisis in India -- 6.7 Climate Resilient Water Resources: Challenges and Opportunities -- 6.8 Traditional Water Conservation: The Promising Potential -- 6.9 Cooperation Continuum a Solution -- 6.10 Cessation Remarks -- References -- 7 Reliability Analysis of Water Distribution Network: A Case Study of Bole and Yeka Sub-city of Addis Ababa, Ethiopia -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Reliability Parameters and Assessment Methods -- 7.2.1 Mechanical Reliability -- 7.2.2 Hydraulic Reliability -- 7.2.3 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.3 Reliability Analysis of Case Study Network -- 7.3.1 Case Study -- 7.3.2 Modeling and Simulation of WDN -- 7.3.3 Reliability Assessment -- 7.3.4 Water Quality Reliability -- 7.4 Results and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Water Source and Demand -- 7.4.2 Water Distribution Network Modeling -- 7.4.3 Simulation of Water Distribution Network -- 7.4.4 Reliability Assessment -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 HEC-HMS and Geo-HMS Based Flood Hazard Modeling of an Industrial Complex -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Method -- 8.4 Model Inputs -- 8.5 Calibration of HEC-HMS Model Parameters -- 8.6 Result and Discussion -- 8.7 Sensitivity Analysis of the Calibrated Parameters -- 8.8 Sensitivity Analysis of Lag Time -- 8.9 Sensitivity Analysis of Imperviousness -- 8.10 Sensitivity Analysis of Curve Number -- 8.11 Conclusion. , References -- 9 A Stochastic Model-Based Monthly Rainfall Prediction Over a Large River Basin -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Data -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Study of Meteorological Drought Using Standardized Precipitation Index in Chaliyar River Basin, Southwest India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Study Area -- 10.3 Materials and Methods -- 10.3.1 Description of Data Used -- 10.3.2 Drought Characterization -- 10.3.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 10.3.4 SPI Computation Algorithm -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Estimation of the Function of a Paddy Field for Reduction of Flood Risk -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Method and Materials -- 11.2.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.2.2 Basin Scale Modeling -- 11.2.3 Data Obtained for Simulation -- 11.3 Result and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Field Scale Study -- 11.3.2 Basin Scale Study -- 11.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part II Water Quality Management -- 12 Environmental Tracers in the Identification of the Groundwater Salinity-Case Studies from Northwest India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Materials and Methods -- 12.2.1 Study Area -- 12.2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 12.3 Results and Discussion -- 12.3.1 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) -- 12.3.2 Environmental Tracers -- 12.4 Conclusion -- References -- 13 A Regional Case Study for Flow of Lead (Pb) and Chromium (Cr) Through Solid Waste Management System -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Objective and Scope -- 13.2 Literature Review -- 13.2.1 Material Flow Analysis -- 13.2.2 Material Flow Analysis on Lead -- 13.2.3 Material Flow Analysis on Chromium -- 13.3 Material and Methods -- 13.3.1 Study Area -- 13.3.2 Data Collection -- 13.3.3 Scenarios for Analysis -- 13.3.4 Estimations for Material Flow Analysis -- 13.4 Results and Discussion. , 13.5 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 14 Performance Analysis of Constructed Wetland Treating Secondary Effluent Under Cold Climatic Conditions in Hamirpur (H.P.), India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Materials and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Selection of Macrophytes -- 14.2.3 Selection of Substrate Material -- 14.2.4 Design and Construction of the Experimental Set-Up -- 14.2.5 Operation of the Experimental System -- 14.2.6 Sampling and Analytical Analysis -- 14.2.7 Plant Growth -- 14.2.8 Modelling and Statistical Analyses -- 14.3 Results and Discussion -- 14.3.1 Plant Growth -- 14.3.2 Measurement of pH, DO, TDS and EC -- 14.3.3 Removal of Pollutants -- 14.3.4 Result of Modelling and Statistical Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 15 Exploring Challenges in Effective Wastewater Treatment for Dairy Industries -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Methodology -- 15.2.1 Sources of Wastewater in Dairy Industry -- 15.2.2 Literature Review -- 15.3 Results -- 15.3.1 Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Bioreactor (UASB)/Upflow Anaerobic Packed Bed Bioreactor (UAPB) -- 15.3.2 Use of Antibiotics in Animals and Its Impact on Human Health -- 15.4 Discussion -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Impacts of Agriculture-Based Contaminants on Groundwater Quality -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Agro-Chemicals Used in Crop Cultivation -- 16.3 Fertilizers Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.4 Pesticide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.5 Herbicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.6 Insecticides Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.7 Fungicide Used for Crop Cultivation -- 16.8 Agrochemicals and Their Impacts on Groundwater -- 16.9 Remedial Measures -- 16.10 Conclusion -- References -- Part III Irrigation Management -- 17 Assessment of Productivity Based Efficiencies for Optimal Utilization of Water Resources in a Command -- 17.1 Introduction. , 17.2 Materials and Methodology -- 17.2.1 Crop Water Use Index (CWUI) -- 17.2.2 Irrigation Water Use Index (IWUI) -- 17.2.3 Economic Water Use Index (EWUI) -- 17.2.4 Gross Production Water Use Index (GPWUI) -- 17.2.5 Irrigation Economic Water Use Index (IEWUI) -- 17.2.6 Estimation of Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.2.7 Factors Affecting Seepage Rates from Canals -- 17.2.8 Estimation of Seepage Losses from the Canal -- 17.2.9 Estimation of Irrigation Water Applied -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.3.1 Yield and Its Components -- 17.3.2 Irrigation Water Delivered to the Field (IWDF) -- 17.3.3 Water Use Efficiencies -- 17.4 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Two-Components Flow Regulating Drip Emitter-Design, Simulation and Optimization -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Materials and Methodology -- 18.2.1 Theoretical Considerations -- 18.2.2 Hydraulic Design of Emitter -- 18.2.3 Parameters for Emitter Design -- 18.2.4 Mathematical Models -- 18.3 Results -- 18.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 19 An Automated Wireless Irrigation System: Without Internet Connectivity -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 HAM Radio -- 19.2.1 HAM Radio for Data Communication -- 19.2.2 Advantages and Limitations of HAM Radio Data Communication -- 19.2.3 HAM Radio for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.2.4 Working Principle -- 19.2.5 WiMax -- 19.2.6 Working Principle -- 19.3 Advantages and Limitations of WiMAX -- 19.4 WiMAX for Agriculture-IoT Data Communication -- 19.5 Working Principle -- 19.6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 IoT Based Automated Irrigation Management Technique for Climate Smart Agriculture -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 The Importance of Water in Agriculture -- 20.3 Irrigation Techniques -- 20.4 Background of IoT Technology in the Field of Agriculture and Recent Developments -- 20.5 Methodology. , 20.5.1 Different Sensors Used in Irrigation Systems.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Identification of the Parameters to Estimate the Capillary Rise from Shallow Groundwater Table Using Field Crop Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Models Used for the Investigation -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Field Crop Experiments -- 1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicator for Models -- 1.6 Results and Discussions -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Study of Groundwater Table Fluctuations in the Command Area of Bhagwanpur Distributary of the Eastern Gandak Project -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- 3 Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Exploratory Wells for Riverbank Filtration Sites Impacted by Extreme Environmental Conditions Using Principal Component Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Soil and Sediment Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.4 Principal Component Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.2 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.4 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.5 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well in Agra -- 3.3.6 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.7 Synthesis of PCA and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Exploratory Well Sediments -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Simulation of Re-Aeration Coefficient Using Anfis and Arima Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Database -- 4.2.1 Study Area. , 4.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 4.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average -- 4.3.3 Evaluation of ANFIS and ARIMA Models -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Model Input -- 4.4.2 Selection of Best ANFIS Model -- 4.4.3 Hybrid ANFIS-ARIMA -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Identification of Unknown Number of Clandestine Groundwater Contamination Source Locations and Their Release Flux History -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology Development -- 5.2.1 Illustration of the Study Area -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Development of Multiple Linear Regression Model for Heavy Metal Prediction Around Eklahare Thermal Power Plant, Nashik, Maharashtra -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Analysis and Model Development -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Correlation Analysis -- 6.4.2 MLR Model -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Integrated Approach for Groundwater Recharge Assessment-A Review -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methodology -- 7.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Recharge -- 7.3.1 Lithology/Geology -- 7.3.2 Slope -- 7.3.3 Geomorphology -- 7.3.4 Land Use/land Cover -- 7.3.5 Groundwater Contour -- 7.3.6 Soil Type -- 7.3.7 Drainage -- 7.3.8 Lineaments -- 7.3.9 Rainfall -- 7.3.10 Iso Resistivity -- 7.4 Suitability Map for Groundwater Recharge and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Decision Support System -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Effect of Indira Sagar Dam on the Health Assessment of Narmada River -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Flood Frequency Analysis -- 8.2.2 Base Flow Separation -- 8.2.3 Median Flow Duration Curve -- 8.2.4 Colwell Indices -- 8.2.5 Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions -- 8.2.6 Persistently Higher Flow (PH) -- 8.3 Persistently Lower Flow (PL). , 8.3.1 Persistently Very Low Flow (PVL) -- 8.3.2 Seasonality Flow Shift (SFS) -- 8.3.3 Small Floods -- 8.3.4 Rate of Water Condition Change -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Effect of Water Regulation in Low-Flow Season -- 8.5 Effect of Flood Control -- 8.5.1 Predictability of Flow -- 8.5.2 Storage Affecting Base Flow -- 8.5.3 Persistent Change in River Condition -- 8.5.4 Seasonality of Water Flow Conditions -- 8.5.5 Rate of Water Change Condition -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Study and Modelling of Trace Contaminant Transport Under Drowned Condition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Description on MIM Model of Cr(VI) Transport -- 9.4 Experimental Methodology -- 9.4.1 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Effect of Resin Dosage -- 9.5.2 Effect of Solution pH -- 9.5.3 Isotherm Study -- 9.5.4 Kinetic Study -- 9.5.5 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 ANN Modeling of Groundwater Development for Irrigation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Present Study -- 10.3 Zonal Cropping Pattern -- 10.4 Study Area -- 10.5 Data -- 10.6 Artificial Neural Network -- 10.7 Development of ANN Models -- 10.8 Results and Discussion -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Arsenic in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 11.3.2 Water Type and Hydro-chemical Facies -- 11.3.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.4 Arsenic Occurrence and Its Suitability for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.5 Suitability for Irrigation Uses -- 11.3.6 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References. , 12 Assessment of Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters of the Aquifers and Their Relationship Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Gurpur Watershed, West Coast of India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.2.1 Geology -- 12.3 Materials and Methods -- 12.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 12.3.2 Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative VES Analysis -- 12.4.2 Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Performance Monitoring and Re-design of a Traditional Household Filter Unit for Simultaneous Removal of Iron and Fluoride from Groundwater of Assam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.2.1 Monitoring of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.2.2 Wooden Charcoal -- 13.2.3 River Sand -- 13.2.4 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.2.5 Analytical Methods Used -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Performance of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.3.3 Proposed Design Modification of a Field Filter Unit -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- 14 Applications of Cascade Feed Forward Neural Network for Modelling of Coagulant Dose in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Comparative Study -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Material and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Levels Using Data-Driven Model-A Case Study in Hyderabad, India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Data and Methods -- 15.3.1 Data Used -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results and Discussions. , 15.4.1 Lateral Flow Estimation -- 15.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifer Adjacent to River Bharalu in Guwahati City, Assam, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.4 Results and Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Groundwater Modelling Using Coupled Model SWAT-MODFLOW in the Hiranyakeshi Sub-Watershed -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area -- 17.3 Methods and Methodology's -- 17.3.1 Data Required for SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.3.2 SWAT Model -- 17.3.3 Description of SWAT Model -- 17.3.4 HRU Analysis -- 17.3.5 Weather Stations Data -- 17.4 Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model -- 17.4.1 SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.4.2 SWAT-MODFLOW Model Set-Up & -- Execution -- 17.5 Result and Discussion -- 17.5.1 SWAT Model Results -- 17.5.2 Results of SWAT Calibration and Validation -- 17.5.3 Modflow Head -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Effect of Rainfall on Groundwater Levels in Sina Basin, Maharashtra -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methodology -- 18.3.1 Steps Involved in the Analysis -- 18.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 18.3.3 ArcGIS 10.3 -- 18.3.4 Moving Average -- 18.3.5 Water Level Residual -- 18.4 Data Used -- 18.5 Results and Discussions -- 18.5.1 Thiessen Polygon of Study Area -- 18.5.2 Contours of Ground-Water Level -- 18.5.3 Trend Detection -- 18.5.4 Groundwater Water Level Residuals and Rainfall Patterns -- 18.6 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Management of Arsenic Sludge Using Solidification -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Materials and Methods -- 19.2.1 Preparation of Arsenic Residual Sludge -- 19.2.2 Preparation of Solidified Matrices -- 19.2.3 Semi Dynamic Leachability Test -- 19.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient (De) and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory -- 19.2.5 Analytical Method. , 19.3 Results and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Water Resource Planning Management -- 1 Hydrological Planning of Watershed of RGSC, Mirzapur, UP, Using GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 5 Data Used -- 5.1 Satellite Data -- 5.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Gabion Weirs -- 6.2 Check Dams -- 6.3 Farm Pond -- 6.4 Bund -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Hydrological Simulation of a Large Catchment Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Case Study Area and Database -- 4 Establishing the VIC Model for the Tekra Catchment -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Rainfall Assessment Through Space and Time from 1999 to 2014 in Salem District, South India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Mean Annual Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall -- 4.2.1 Winter Season -- 4.2.2 Summer Season -- 4.2.3 Southwest Monsoon (SW) -- 4.2.4 Northeast Monsoon (NE) -- 4.2.5 Precipitation Ratio (PR) -- 4.2.6 Winter Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.7 Summer Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.8 Southwest (SW) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.9 Northeast (NE) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessing Stormwater Harvesting Potential in Dehradun City Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Geography of the Area -- 2.2 Drainage -- 2.3 Climate and Rainfall -- 2.4 Soil Types -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Spatial Data Collection -- 3.1.1 Land-Use Map -- 3.1.2 Soil Depth and Soil Texture -- 3.1.3 Runoff Coefficient -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Derivation of Geomorphology-based IUH Using GIS-supported GIUH Model for the Barak River Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Database and Drainage Network Development -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Computation of Horton's Ratios -- 2.2 Derivation of IUH Using GIUH Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 3.2 Derivation of IUH from Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Flow Analysis in a Meandering River Using HEC-RAS Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 2.1 Methodology -- 2.2 Model Application -- 2.3 Performance Evaluation Criteria -- 3 Results and Conclusion -- 3.1 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Study of Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport in Gulf of Khambhat, Western Coast India-A Numerical Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Field Data Analysis -- 2.2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Model Studies Conducted -- 3.2 Simulation of Flow Field for Non-monsoon -- 3.3 Simulation of Flow Field for Monsoon -- 3.4 Sedimentation Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Recommendation for Further Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Assessment of Sedimentation in Barak River Reach Using HEC-RAS -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of HEC-RAS Model -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Hydraulic Calibration of Model -- 3.2 Selection of Sediment Transport Function -- 3.3 Prediction of Invert Changes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Neuro Fuzzy Application in Capacity Prediction and Forecasting Model for Ukai Reservoir -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Literature Review -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) -- 3.1 Methodology -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Calibration. , 6 Validation -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Use of Mathematical Techniques for Determining the Reliability of Springs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time-Lag -- 3 Rainfall Versus Spring Yield -- 4 Discharge Rate Prediction of Spring -- 5 Spring Yield -- 6 Optimization of the Size of Water Storage Structure -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Impact of Rainwater on Bituminous Road Surfacing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanism of Stripping -- 2.1 Detachment -- 2.2 Displacement -- 2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification -- 2.4 Pore Pressure -- 2.5 Hydraulic Scouring -- 3 Experimental Details -- 4 Test Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stripping of Aggregate Due to Extended Contact Time -- 4.2 Stripping Value of Aggregate Under Acidic/Alkaline Water Condition -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in the Upper Ganga River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change & -- Global Warming -- 13 Transport of Contaminants During Groundwater Surface water Interaction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminant Transport During GW-SW Interaction -- 2.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Hydrologic Exchange Between GW and SW -- 2.2 Contaminant Characteristics -- 2.3 Transport Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Advection -- 2.3.2 Diffusion -- 2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- 2.3.4 Adsorption -- 2.4 Reactions -- 3 Numerical Methods for Contaminant Transport Modelling -- 3.1 Modelling Approach -- 3.2 Solution Methods for Numerical Model -- 3.2.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) -- 3.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) -- 3.2.3 Meshfree Method (MM). , 3.3 Contaminant Transport Models -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Spatiotemporal Variations in the Precipitation Deficit and Groundwater Recharge Deficit of Mula-Mutha Watershed, Maharashtra, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 3.3 Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Patterns of Rainfall in the Study Area -- 5.2 Variations in the Precipitation Deficit -- 5.3 Variations in the Groundwater Recharge Deficit -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Drawdown Minimization by EMPSO in a Heterogenous Aquifer System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Governing Equations -- 2.2 Finite Element Formulation -- 2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 2.4 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 3 Simulation-Optimization Model Formulation -- 3.1 Minimization of Drawdown for 10 Proposed Wells at Given Location -- 4 Tuning of PSO Parameters -- 5 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Downscaling Precipitation in Hemavathy River Basin by Three Different Approaches -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Downscaling Using LARS Weather Generator -- 3.2 Linear Scaling -- 3.3 Quantile Mapping -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Model Calibration -- 4.2 Downscaling -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Quality of Rooftop Harvested Rainwater Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Container -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area of Study -- 3 Locations for Sample Collection -- 4 Methodology and Data Presentation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Comparison of Turbulent Hydrodynamics with and without Emergent and Sparse Vegetation Patch in Free Surface Flow -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Experimental Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Time-Averaged Velocity of Flow -- 3.2 Normal Stresses -- 3.3 Reynolds Shear Stresses -- 3.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Spectrum -- 3.5 Secondary Current -- 3.6 Strength of Vortex -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Pan Evaporation Model Developed Using ANN -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Artificial Neural Networks -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Input Selection -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Estimation of Pan Evaporation and Actual Evapotranspiration Using GIS and Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area Description -- 3 Data Collection -- 4 Research Method -- 4.1 Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration -- 4.2 Estimation of Evaporation from Water Bodies -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Image Classification -- 5.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration for Vegetation from the NDVI and Kc Model -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Context of Climate Change for Central India (Madhya Pradesh) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test -- 3.2 Sen's Slope Estimation Test -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Runoff Curve Number for 36 Small Agricultural Plots at Two Different Climatic Conditions in India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 SCS-CN Method -- 2.3 Estimation of CN from Observed P-Q Data -- 2.4 Goodness of Fit -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Curve Number Estimation -- 3.2 Effect of Land Use, Soil Type and Plot Slope on Runoff Coefficient (Rc) and Curve Number (CN) -- 3.3 Performance Evaluation -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 23 Comparison of Various Functional Forms for Wheat Crop Yield in Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh).