Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Challenges and Opportunities for Peri-urban Futures -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Urbanisation Process and Impacts -- 1.3…The Complex Nature of Peri-urban Areas -- 1.4…Sustainable Urbanisation and Future Challenges -- 1.5…Water Resources -- 1.6…Infrastructure Development -- 1.7…Urbanisation and Biodiversity -- References -- 2 Integrated Water Cycle Modelling of the Urban/Peri-urban Continuum -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Urban/Peri-urban Land Use Continuum -- 2.3…Urban/Peri-urban Water Cycle -- 2.4…Water Cycle Modelling -- 2.5…Resource Assessment and Allocation -- 2.6…Urban/Peri-urban Subsystems Modelling -- 2.6.1 Integrated Modelling Challenges -- 2.7…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIUrbanisation -- 3 Geo-Social Aspects of Developments in Peri-urban Regions -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.1.1 Peri-urban Development in India -- 3.2…Geo-Social Land Suitability -- 3.3…Challenges of Urban Development -- 3.4…Case Study of Udaipur -- 3.4.1 Recent Trends of City Developments -- 3.5…Conclusions -- References -- 4 Urbanisation of Peri-urban Regions: Is It a Boon or Threat to the Liveability of Future Cities in India? -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Land Mafia and Land Use Change -- 4.3…Good Practice Urban Agriculture -- 4.4…Open Spaces Within Built Environment -- 4.5…Benefits to Slums and Peri-urban Zones -- 4.6…Urban Forestry -- 4.7…Closing Ecological Loops -- 4.8…Liveability -- 4.9…Migration in Indian Cities -- 4.10…Stimulating the Role of Governance -- 4.10.1 Decentralized Government at the City-Level -- 4.10.2 Policy Initiatives and Funding to Cities -- 4.10.3 Effective Land Use and City Planning -- 4.10.4 Role of Civil Society Groups/NGOs -- 4.10.5 Role of Private Players and Technology. , 4.10.6 Role of the Public -- 4.11…Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Expanding Urban Fringe: Impacts on Peri-urban Areas, Melbourne, Australia -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Melbourne's Peri-urban Zones -- 5.3…Urban Encroachment into Peri-urban Areas -- 5.4…Development Impacts on Inner Peri-urban Resources -- 5.5…Melbourne's Outer Peri-urban Region -- 5.6…Cross-Sectoral Policy and Neoliberal Governance -- 5.7…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Challenges in the Urban and Peri-urban Transition Zones and Strategies for Sustainable Cities: Experiences from Selected Cities -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.1 Type of Towns -- 6.2.2 Volume and Trend of Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.3 Trends in Rural and Urban Population -- 6.2.4 Causal Factors Behind Urbanization in India -- 6.3…Peri-urban -- 6.3.1 Major Challenges for Peri-urban Futures -- 6.3.2 Peri-urban Water Security -- 6.3.3 Water and Sanitation Issues -- 6.3.4 Water Supply and Access -- 6.3.5 Coping Strategies -- 6.3.6 Mainstreaming Peri-urban Issues in Policy and Planning -- 6.3.7 Loss of Agricultural Land and the Issue of Food Security -- 6.4…Issues in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 6.4.1 Safe and Nutritionally Adequate Food for Consumers -- 6.4.2 Agricultural Efficiency of Producers -- 6.4.3 Sustainability of Urban Environment for Society -- 6.5…Concluding Remarks -- Suggested Readings -- 7 Managing Threats and Opportunities of Urbanisation for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Tamale, Ghana -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Economic Role of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 7.3…Profile of Tamale, the Focal City -- 7.4…The Expansion of Tamale and Associated Agricultural Threats and Opportunities -- 7.5…Farmer Reactions to Threats and Opportunities -- 7.6…Conclusions -- References -- Part IIIWater and Energy. , 8 Urbanisation and Its Effects on Water, Food Security and Energy Needs in Iran: A Case Study of City of Shiraz -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Shiraz and Its Population Growth -- 8.3…Land Use Changes in the Shiraz Plain -- 8.4…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Water Resources -- 8.5…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Food Security -- 8.6…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Energy Consumption and Air Pollution -- 8.7…Strategies for Sustainable Cities in Iran -- 8.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Thirsty Cities: The Urban Water Footprint and the Peri-urban Interface, a Four City Case Study from West Africa -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Reducing the Urban Water Footprint -- 9.4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Securing Water Supply in Western Sydney: An Analysis of Water Use, Demand and Availability in the South Creek Catchment -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Water and Irrigation Strategy Enhancement Through Regional Partnership -- 10.3…South Creek Catchment -- 10.3.1 Demographics and Land Use -- 10.3.2 Current and Future Scenarios -- 10.4…Water Use, Demand and Availability -- 10.5…Securing Water Supply: Use and Reuse of Water -- 10.6…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Stormwater Reuse for Sustainable Cities: The South Australian Experience -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Method -- 11.2.1 Study Sites and Survey -- 11.2.2 Factors Affecting Residents' Attitudes to Using the Treated Stormwater -- 11.2.2.1 Perceptions of Health Risk -- 11.2.2.2 Emotion -- 11.2.2.3 Attitudes and Intentions -- 11.2.2.4 Attributes of Stormwater -- 11.3…Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Community Attitudes and Intentions in Relation to Fit-for-Use Stormwater Usage -- 11.3.2 Factors Determining the Uptake of Stormwater on Different Potential Uses. , 11.3.2.1 Personal Washing -- 11.3.2.2 Washing Dogs -- Flushing Toilets -- Washing Clothes -- Watering of Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers -- Watering of Lawns, Gardens and Parks -- Washing Cars -- 11.4…Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- 12 Improving the Liveability of Cities: The Role of Solar Energy in Urban and Peri-urban Areas -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Active Solar -- 12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Systems and CSP -- 12.2.2 Solar Thermal Systems -- 12.3…Passive Solar -- 12.3.1 Working Principle of Passive Solar Design -- 12.3.2 Passive Solar Heating -- 12.3.3 Passive Solar Cooling -- 12.4…Other Ventilation Strategies -- 12.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IVWastewater -- 13 Renewable Energy Policies to Shrink the Carbon Footprint in Cities: Developing CSR Programmes -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…City Environment Integration -- 13.3…Ecological Footprint Assessment -- 13.4…Environmental Budgets and Audits -- 13.5…Carbon Footprint -- 13.6…Corporate Social Responsibility and Renewable Energy -- 13.7…Sustainable Energy -- 13.7.1 Solar Energy -- 13.7.2 Wind Energy -- 13.7.3 Hydropower -- 13.7.4 Biomass Energy -- 13.7.5 Improved Cookstoves -- 13.7.6 Biomass Gasifier -- 13.7.7 Biogas Plants -- 13.7.8 Biofuel -- 13.7.9 Hydrogen -- 13.7.10 Geothermal Energy -- 13.7.11 Ocean Energy -- 13.8…Case Studies -- 13.9…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Perspectives on Urban Sanitation, Liveability and Peri-urban Futures of Indian Cities -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Urbanising India -- 14.3…Urban Nomenclature: Disconnect Between the Statistical and the Political Stance and Liveability Indices -- 14.3.1 Understanding and Linking Liveability -- 14.4…Sanitation in Urban India -- 14.4.1 Programmes, Initiatives and Overall Trends -- 14.4.2 Sewerage -- 14.4.3 Solid Waste -- 14.5…The Peri-urban Future. , 14.6…Conclusions -- References -- 15 Decentralised Wastewater Management for Improving Sanitation in Peri-urban India -- Abstract -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Characteristics of Peri-urban Areas -- 15.2.1 Poor Physical Site Conditions and Complicated Site Layouts -- 15.2.2 Limited Water Availability -- 15.2.3 High Density Population -- 15.2.4 Organization of Communities and Social Characteristics -- 15.2.5 Lack of Legal Land Tenure, Government Recognition and Services -- 15.2.6 Low Income Levels and Reliance on the Informal Economy -- 15.2.7 Limited Political Influence -- 15.3…Wastewater Production and Disposal in Peri-urban Areas -- 15.4…Decentralised Approaches to Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1 Benefits of Decentralised Approaches of Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1.1 Decentralised Decision Making and Participatory Planning -- 15.4.1.2 Financial Advantages of Decentralised Management -- 15.4.1.3 Segregation of Wastewater at Source -- 15.4.1.4 Compatibility with Local Demands for Wastewater Re-use -- 15.4.2 Options for Decentralised Waste Water Treatment -- 15.4.2.1 Anaerobic Treatment -- 15.4.2.2 Waste Stabilisation Ponds -- 15.4.2.3 Constructed Wetlands -- 15.4.3 Constraints on Implementation of Decentralised Waste Water Management -- 15.4.3.1 Lack of Management Expertise -- 15.4.3.2 Institutional Constraints -- 15.4.3.3 Economic Constraints -- 15.4.3.4 Social Constraints -- 15.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part VUrban Agriculture -- 16 Wastewater Treatment Capacity, Food Production and Health Risk in Peri-urban Areas: A Comparison of Three Cities -- Abstract -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.1.1 Study Locations -- 16.1.1.1 Accra -- 16.1.1.2 Addis Ababa -- 16.1.1.3 Hyderabad -- 16.2…Methods -- 16.3…Results -- 16.3.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Generation -- 16.3.2 Wastewater Use in Irrigated Farming. , 16.4…Potential of Wastewater Treatment for Risk Reduction.

Note: Cover -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- PREFACE -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Contributors -- Section 1: Preliminaries -- CHAPTER 1: Introduction -- CHAPTER 2: History and Evolution of Watershed Modeling Derived from the Stanford Watershed Model -- CHAPTER 3: Regional Calibration of Watershed Models -- Section 2: Large Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 4: Large-Scale Hybrid Watershed Modeling -- CHAPTER 5: Simulation of Water and Energy Budgets Using a Macroscale Hydrological Model for the Upper Mississippi River Basin -- Section 3: Streamflow Models -- CHAPTER 6: Gridded Surface/Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model: A Model for Simulating Diverse Streamflow-Producing Processes -- CHAPTER 7: USGS Modular Modeling System (MMS) - Precipitation-Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) -- CHAPTER 8: The Xin'anjiang Model on Digital Basin Platform -- Section 4: Streamflow and Water Quality Models -- CHAPTER 9: A First-Principle, Physics-Based Watershed Model: WASH123D -- CHAPTER 10: Flexible Integrated Watershed Modeling with MIKE SHE -- CHAPTER 11: Better Assessment Science Integrating Point and Nonpoint Sources (BASINS) -- CHAPTER 12: MEFIDIS: A Physically Based, Spatially Distributed Runoff and Erosion Model for Extreme Rainfall Events -- CHAPTER 13: BAYMOD: Modeling Irrigated Catchments Using the Streamflow Integral Approach -- Section 5: Urban Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 14: EPA Storm Water Management Model, SWMM5 -- CHAPTER 15: IDEAL: Integrated Design and Evaluation Assessment of Loadings Model -- CHAPTER 16: SEDIMOT III Model -- Section 6: Agricultural Watershed Models -- CHAPTER 17: The SPAW Model for Agricultural Field and Pond Hydrologic Simulation -- CHAPTER 18: The APEX Model -- CHAPTER 19: GAMES: The Guelph Model for Evaluating the Effects of Agricultural Management Systems on Erosion and Sedimentation -- Section 7: Planning and Management Models. , CHAPTER 20: Use of Distributed Models for Watershed Management: Case Studies -- CHAPTER 21: RiverWare -- CHAPTER 22: A Parsimonious Watershed Model -- CHAPTER 23: MODSIM: River Basin Management Decision Support System -- CHAPTER 24: Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP) Modeling System -- CHAPTER 25: Hydrological River Basin Environment Assessment Model (Hydro-BEAM) -- CHAPTER 26: State of Colorado's Stream Simulation Model (StateMod) -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Water at a Glance in Mexico -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Water Cycle in Mexico, 2017 -- 1.3 The Hydrological-Administrative Regions -- 1.4 The Hydrological Regions -- 1.5 Groundwater -- 1.6 Surface Water -- 1.7 Consumptive Uses of Water -- 1.8 Water Quality -- 1.9 Political Arrangements: Laws and Prevention -- 1.10 Final Remarks and Perspectives -- References -- Water Availability -- 2 Hydrological Basins in Mexico: Divisions and Legal Definition -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Software and Data Sources -- 2.3 Hydrological Divisions in Mexico -- 2.3.1 Historical Review of Hydrological Basin Divisions in Mexico -- 2.3.2 Diversity of Basin Delimitations: Purposes and Criteria -- 2.3.3 Hydrological Basin Grouping Level -- 2.3.4 The Islands as Part of the Hydrological Basins Database -- 2.3.5 Formalization of Hydrological Basin Boundaries -- 2.3.6 Legal Definition of Hydrological Basin in Mexico -- 2.3.7 Hydrometric Stations as Boundaries of Basins -- 2.3.8 Legal Definition and Other Inconsistencies -- 2.3.9 Legal and Technical Implications -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Runoff Simulation Under Future Climate Change and Uncertainty -- 3.1 Method -- 3.1.1 Study Area -- 3.1.2 SWAT Model -- 3.1.3 Climate Model Downscaling -- 3.1.4 Bayesian Model Averaging (BMA) -- 3.2 Results -- 3.2.1 Selection of Climate Model -- 3.2.2 Analysis of Downscaled Precipitation -- 3.2.3 Analysis of Downscaled Temperature -- 3.2.4 Uncertainty of Runoff Prediction During Verification Period based on Climate Model -- 3.2.5 Runoff Prediction and Trend Analysis Under Climate Model -- 3.3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Alteration of Groundwater Hydrochemistry Due to Its Intensive Extraction in Urban Areas from Mexico -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effects of Intensive Groundwater Extraction in Mexico -- 4.2.1 Northern Mexico. , 4.2.2 Central Mexico -- 4.2.3 South of Mexico -- References -- 5 Implications of Hydraulic Fracturing of Unconventional Oil and Gas Resources in Mexico -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fracking Technology -- 5.2.1 Brief History -- 5.2.2 Technology Summary -- 5.2.3 The Fracking Boom -- 5.2.4 Water Requirements -- 5.3 Environmental and Public Health Threats -- 5.3.1 Human Health and Social Impacts -- 5.3.2 Land and Seismic Impacts -- 5.3.3 Greenhouse Gases and Climate Change -- 5.3.4 Fracking Impact on Water Availability -- 5.4 The Case of Mexico -- 5.4.1 Mexico's Oil and Gas Reserves and Energy Demands -- 5.4.2 Fracking and Water in Mexico -- 5.4.3 Legal Framework in Mexico Concerning the Environment -- 5.4.4 Social and Political Issues -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- Water Quality -- 6 Addressing Stressors to Riverine Waters Quality: The Case of the Nexapa River -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Riverine Waters Quality -- 6.2.1 Rivers Water Quality and Availability -- 6.2.2 Main Sources of Water Pollution -- 6.2.3 Fecal Pollution -- 6.2.4 Organic Micropollutants -- 6.2.5 Pollution of Mexican Rivers -- 6.3 The Nexapa River -- 6.3.1 Experimental -- 6.3.2 Spatial and Temporal Trends of Water Quality -- 6.3.3 Fecal and Organic Pollution -- 6.3.4 Possible Actions -- 6.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 7 Enhancing Environmental Services in Candelaria River by Restoring Ecological Connectivity -- 7.1 Key Concepts About the Environmental Services of a Hydrologic Basin -- 7.1.1 Land Use and Land Cover -- 7.1.2 Land Cover Change and Nutrient Exports -- 7.2 Land Cover Change and Water Quality as Environmental Service -- 7.2.1 Study Area -- 7.3 Methods -- 7.3.1 Sampling and Analytical Determinations -- 7.3.2 Geographical and Statistical Data Analyses -- 7.4 Results -- 7.4.1 Principal Component Analysis (PCA). , 7.4.2 Linear Correlations Between Cover Land and Water Quality -- 7.4.3 Nutrient Loads Exported -- 7.5 Restoring Ecological Connectivity -- 7.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 8 Unveiling Groundwater Quality-Vulnerability Nexus by Data Mining: Threats Predictors in Tulancingo Aquifer, Mexico -- 8.1 Introduction: Vulnerability Related to Pollution Approaches -- 8.2 Study Case -- 8.3 Hydrogeochemical Data -- 8.4 DRASTIC-Land Use Modified (DRALUTIC) Vulnerability Index (DVI) -- 8.5 Data Mining Analysis: Hydrogeological Data and DVI -- 8.5.1 Cluster, Informational (IW) and Differential Weight (DW) Analysis -- 8.5.2 Feature Selection Based on Informational (IW) and Differential (DW) Weights -- 8.5.3 GUHA Analysis. Influential Levels -- 8.6 Spatial Analysis -- 8.7 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Effects on Groundwater Quality of the Urban Area of Puebla Aquifer -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.2.1 Hydrogeological Setting -- 9.3 Methods -- 9.4 Results and Discussion -- 9.4.1 Trace Elements -- 9.5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Polluted Wastewater for Irrigation in the Mezquital Valley, Mexico -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Use and Distribution of Irrigation Water in the Mezquital Valley -- 10.3 Contaminants Present in Irrigation Water in the Mezquital Valley -- 10.4 Contaminants Present in Soils of the Mezquital Valley -- 10.5 Contaminants Present in Crops Irrigated with Wastewater -- 10.6 Risk to the Public Health for the Use of Wastewater -- 10.7 Perspectives and Conclusions -- References -- 11 The Importance of Informative Data Base of the Wetlands in the Lake Cajititlán, Previous Step for the Proposal as a Ramsar Site -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Background -- 11.2 Development of the Theoretical Framework -- 11.2.1 Description of Fauna -- 11.3 Materials and Methods -- 11.3.1 Description of the Study Area -- 11.4 Results. , 11.4.1 Diagnosis of the Cajititlan Lake -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- Water Allocation -- 12 Irrigation Water Challenges: A Study Case in the State of Puebla, Mexico -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Some Global Challenges -- 12.2.1 Problems with the Use of Water for Irrigation -- 12.2.2 The Impact of Climate Change -- 12.2.3 Improving Irrigation Water Sustainability -- 12.2.4 The Role of Local Actors -- 12.2.5 Irrigation in México -- 12.3 Some Experiences from the Atlixco-Izúcar Valley -- 12.3.1 Experimental -- 12.3.2 Water Use -- 12.3.3 Technified Irrigation Results -- 12.3.4 Organic Micropollutants in Irrigation Waters -- 12.4 Conclusions -- References -- 13 An Overview of Aquaculture Activity in Hidalgo State -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.3 The Role of Aquaculture Around the World -- 13.4 Aquaculture Activity in Mexico -- 13.5 Aquaculture Production in Hidalgo -- 13.6 Environmental Policies and Aquaculture in Mexico -- 13.7 Sustainability of Aquaculture -- 13.7.1 Economic Approach to Aquaculture -- 13.7.2 Impact of Aquaculture in Social Development -- 13.7.3 Environmental Sustainability in Aquaculture -- 13.7.4 Fish Innocuity -- 13.8 Conclusion -- 13.9 Perspectives -- References -- 14 Water Resources Allocation with Uncertainties in Supply and Demand -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Methodology -- 14.2.1 Random Boundary Intervals -- 14.2.2 Inexact Two-Stage Stochastic Programming -- 14.2.3 RBIs-ITSP Model -- 14.2.4 Solution Method for the RBIs-ITSP Model -- 14.3 Case Study -- 14.3.1 Study Area -- 14.3.2 Model Formulation -- 14.3.3 Data Collection -- 14.4 Results and Discussion -- 14.4.1 Economic Benefit -- 14.4.2 Water Allocation Schemes -- 14.4.3 Discussion -- 14.5 Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- 15 Population Dynamics and Tourism Effect on Future Water Demand. Case Study of Los Cabos, Baja California Sur. , 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Literature Review -- 15.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Socio-Environmental Characterization of the Municipality of Los Cabos, BCS, Mexico -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results -- 15.4.1 Evolution of Population Dynamics -- 15.4.2 Growth in Tourist Variables -- 15.4.3 Estimation of Future Water Demand Scenarios for Tourism and Domestic Purposes -- 15.5 Discussions and Conclusion -- References -- 16 Status of Regional Drinking Water Services in Nuevo Leon, Mexico -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Regionalization -- 16.3 Water Supply by Region -- 16.3.1 Coverage of Water Supply Service -- 16.3.2 Current Demand of Water Supply -- 16.3.3 Supply Sources -- 16.3.4 Macro-metering in Sources of Supply -- 16.3.5 Purification -- 16.3.6 Storage and Regulation Infrastructure -- 16.3.7 Piping Lines -- 16.3.8 Age of the Distribution Network -- 16.3.9 Improvement of Efficiencies -- 16.3.10 Projections -- 16.3.11 Situation of the Regional Water Supply Services -- 16.4 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Water Management and Governance -- 17 National Parks as Water Sources: Does Governance Contribute to Their Conservation? -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 National Parks and Hydric Stress -- 17.3 Hydrologic Importance of National Parks Studied -- 17.4 Governance Structures in the National Parks -- 17.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 18 The Institutional Challenges in the Sanitation of the Municipalities in Mexico: The Case of Zacatecas -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Relevant Background of Wastewater Treatment in Mexico -- 18.3 Water Regulation, Policy, and Management -- 18.4 Zacatecas: The Results of Management Without a Defined Project -- 18.4.1 Treatment Plants in the State -- 18.4.2 Chronology of the Wastewater Treatment in Zacatecas: Or Absence of Responsible Planning. , 18.4.3 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Processes in the State of Zacatecas.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Random Variables in Environmental and Water Engineering -- 1.1.1 Rainfall -- 1.1.2 Temperature -- 1.1.3 Frost, Fog, and Sunshine Hours -- 1.1.4 Wind -- 1.1.5 Snowfall -- 1.1.6 Runoff -- 1.1.7 Flood -- 1.1.8 Drought -- 1.1.9 Hydrogeology -- 1.1.10 Water Quality -- 1.2 Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.2.1 Stoppa System -- 1.2.2 Dagum System -- 1.2.3 Johnson System -- 1.2.4 General Classification -- 1.3 Need for Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Pearson System of Frequency Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Differential Equation of Pearson System -- 2.3 Generalization of Pearson System -- 2.4 Pearson Distributions -- 2.4.1 Nonnegative Discriminant -- 2.4.2 Negative Discriminant -- 2.4.3 Pearson Type 0 Distribution -- 2.4.4 Pearson Type I Distribution -- 2.4.5 Pearson Type II Distribution -- 2.4.6 Pearson Type III Distribution -- 2.4.7 Pearson Type IV Distribution -- 2.4.8 Pearson Type V Distribution -- 2.4.9 Pearson Type VI Distribution -- 2.4.10 Pearson Type VII Distribution -- 2.4.11 Pearson Type VIII Distribution -- 2.4.12 Pearson Type IX Distribution -- 2.4.13 Pearson Type X Distribution -- 2.4.14 Pearson Type XI Distribution -- 2.4.15 Pearson Type XII Distribution -- 2.5 Graphical Representation of Shapes Based on the Relation of α23 versus d and α23 versus α4 -- 2.5.1 Graphical Representation of Pearson Distributions -- 2.5.2 Type I(U): -- 2.5.3 Type III(B): -- 2.5.4 Type IV(B): -- 2.5.5 Type VI: -- 2.6 Application -- Normal Distribution -- Gamma Distribution -- Pearson III Distribution -- Log-Pearson III Distribution -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Characteristics of Probability Distribution Functions -- 3.3 Burr Hypothesis -- 3.4 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.4.1 Burr I Distribution -- 3.4.2 Burr II Distribution -- 3.4.3 Burr III Distribution -- 3.4.4 Burr IV Distribution -- 3.4.5 Burr V Distribution -- 3.4.6 Burr VI Distribution -- 3.4.7 Burr VII Distribution -- 3.4.8 Burr VIII Distribution -- 3.4.9 Burr IX Distribution -- 3.4.10 Burr X Distribution -- 3.4.11 Burr XI Distribution -- 3.4.12 Burr XII Distribution -- 3.5 Parameter Estimation by Cumulative Moment Theory -- 3.6 Application -- 3.6.1 Peak Flow -- 3.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 3.6.3 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 3.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 D'Addario System of Frequency Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 D'Addario System -- 4.2.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 4.2.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 4.2.3 Lognormal (2-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.4 Lognormal (3-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.5 Davis Distribution -- 4.2.6 Amoroso Distribution -- 4.3 Application -- 4.3.1 Peak Flow -- 4.3.2 Monthly Discharge -- 4.3.3 Deseasonalized TPN -- 4.3.4 Daily Maximum Precipitation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Dagum System of Frequency Distributions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dagum System of Distributions -- 5.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 5.3.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 5.3.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 5.3.3 Pareto Type III Distribution -- 5.3.4 Benini Distribution -- 5.3.5 Weibull Distribution -- 5.3.6 Log-Gompertz Distribution -- 5.3.7 Fisk Distribution -- 5.3.8 Singh-Maddala Distribution -- 5.3.9 Dagum I Distribution -- 5.3.10 Dagum II Distribution -- 5.3.11 Dagum III Distribution -- 5.4 Application -- 5.4.1 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 5.4.2 Peak Flow -- 5.4.3 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 5.4.4 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 5.5 Conclusion. , References -- 6 Stoppa System of Frequency Distributions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stoppa System of Distributions -- 6.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 6.3.1 Generalized Power Distribution (Stoppa Type I Distribution) -- 6.3.2 Generalized Pareto Type II Distribution -- 6.3.3 Generalized Exponential Distribution (Type III Distribution) -- 6.3.4 Stoppa Type IV Distribution -- 6.3.5 Stoppa Type V Distribution -- 6.3.6 Four-Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution -- 6.4 Relation between Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.5 Relations among Burr distributions and Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.6 Application -- 6.6.1 Monthly Suspended Sediment -- 6.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 6.6.3 Peak Flow -- 6.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 6.6.5 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Esteban System of Frequency Distributions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Esteban System of Distributions -- 7.2.1 Three-Parameter Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.2 Special Cases of Generalized Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.3 Generalized Beta Distribution of First Kind -- 7.2.4 Special Cases of GB1 Distribution -- 7.2.5 Generalized Beta Distribution of Second Kind -- 7.2.6 Special Cases of GB2 Distribution -- 7.3 Application -- 7.3.1 TPN -- 7.3.2 Peak Flow -- 7.3.3 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 7.3.4 Annual Rainfall -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Singh System of Frequency Distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Singh System of Distributions -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Systems of Frequency Distributions Using Bessel Functions and Cumulants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.1 Moments of Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.2 Bessel Function Line -- 9.2.3 Inverse Gaussian Distribution -- 9.2.4 Other Distributions -- Product of Two Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im, In). , Product of the Two Bessel Functions of the Second Kind (Km, Kn) -- Product of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im) and the Second Kind (Kn) -- 9.3 Frequency Distributions by Series Approximation -- 9.3.1 Chebyshev (Probabilists')-Hermite Polynomials -- 9.3.2 Cumulants -- 9.3.3 Basic Concept of Approximating Frequency Distribution with Series Approximation -- 9.3.4 Gram-Charlier Type A Series -- 9.3.5 Edgeworth Series with Baseline Gaussian Distribution -- 9.3.6 Gram-Charlier/Edgeworth Series with Non-Gaussian Distribution -- Gamma Distribution as Baseline PDF -- Beta Distribution as Baseline PDF -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Frequency Distributions by Entropy Maximization -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Entropy Maximization -- 10.3 Application -- 10.3.1 Peak Flow -- 10.3.2 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Transformations for Frequency Distributions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Transformation to Normal Distribution -- 11.3 Transformation of Normal Distribution: The Johnson family -- 11.4 Transformation Based on the First Law of Laplace -- 11.5 Transformation of Logistic Distribution -- 11.6 Transformation of Beta Distribution -- 11.7 Transformation of Gamma Distribution -- 11.8 Transformation of Student-t Distribution -- 11.9 Application -- 11.9.1 Peak Flow and Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 11.9.2 Monthly Sediment and Annual Rainfall -- 11.10 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Genetic Theory of Frequency -- 12.1 Basic Concept of Elementary Errors -- 12.2 General Discussion of Charlier Type A and B Curves -- 12.3 Charlier Type A Curve -- 12.4 Charlier Type B Curve -- 12.5 Extensions by Wicksell -- References -- Appendix Datasets for Applications -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Spatial Distribution of a Daily, Monthly and Annual Precipitation Concentration Index -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 CI -- 1.2.2 PCI -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Results of Lake Urmia Basin PCI -- 1.3.2 A Study on CI of Precipitation Distribution in Lake Urmia -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Use of Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance to Assess the Effects of Soil Management on Soil Quality in Tropical Hill Slope Agro Eco-Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Site -- 2.3 Equipments and Procedures -- 2.3.1 HA Extraction and Fractionation Procedure -- 2.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis for DRIFT -- 2.3.3 Spectra Data Acquisition and Analysis -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 DRIFT Spectroscopy and Comparison of Peak Ratio (O/R Ratio) of HAs across Locations -- 2.4.1.1 Location 1 -- 2.4.1.2 Location 2 -- 2.4.1.3 Location 3 -- 2.4.1.4 Location 4 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Climate Change and Production of Horticultural Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Causes of Climate Change -- 3.2.1 Challenges Due to Climate Change in Horticulture Production -- 3.3 Mitigation Strategies for Enhancing Horticultural Production -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Climate Change on Disease Scenario in Crops and Management Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of Increased CO[sub(2)] Concentrations on Pathogens -- 4.3 Effect of Increase in Temperature on Pathogens -- 4.4 Effect of Changed Moisture Regime on the Disease Scenario -- 4.5 Effect of Climate Change on Plant Diseases -- 4.6 Changing Disease Scenario in Fruits and Vegetables -- 4.7 Initiatives to Mitigate the Effect of Climate Change on Crops -- 4.8 Need for Adoption of Novel Approaches. , References -- Chapter 5 Solar Thermal Modeling of Microclimatic Parameters of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1 Introduction to Modeling of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1.1 The Purpose of Modeling of Greenhouse Environment -- 5.1.2 The Components of Greenhouse Can Be Considered as -- 5.2 Steps of Greenhouse Modeling -- 5.2.1 Thermal Modeling -- 5.2.2 Some Basic Assumptions -- 5.3 Understand the Distribution of Solar Energy inside the Greenhouse (Tiwari, 2002 -- Taki et al., 2018) -- 5.4 Examples of Application of Greenhouse Model -- 5.4.1 A Greenhouse Attached with Ground Air Collector for Heating in the Winter (Jain and Tiwari, 2002, 2003) -- 5.4.2 A Greenhouse with Evaporative Cooling Pad for Cooling in the Summer (Jain and Tiwari, 2003) -- 5.4.3 Greenhouse Attached with Tray-Type Crop Drying System (Jain, 2005) -- 5.5 An Aquaculture Greenhouse System (Jain, 2007) -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Development of Agriculture under Climate and Environmental Changes in the Brazilian Semiarid -- 6.1 Characterization of the Brazilian Northeast Semiarid Region -- 6.2 Agriculture in the Brazilian Northeastern in Front of Climate Change and Soil Usage -- 6.2.1 Diagnosis of Agriculture in the Region and its Adversities -- 6.2.2 Future Scenarios -- 6.3 Family Farming and the Use of Techniques and Practices for Agroecological Development -- 6.3.1 Applications of Agroecological Techniques - Case Study -- References -- Chapter 7 Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Scenario of Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Background of PGPR -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 7.4 Characteristics of a Successful PGPR for Formulation Development -- 7.5 PGPR Application Methods -- 7.6 Constraints to Commercialization -- 7.7 Future Thrust -- References -- Chapter 8 Status and Prospect of Precision Farming in India -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Definition of PF -- 8.3 Rationale of PF in India -- 8.4 Need of PA -- 8.5 Precision in Water Management -- 8.6 Status of PF Globally -- 8.6.1 Water Savings through PF -- 8.6.2 Yield and Profit through Adoption of PF Technologies -- 8.7 Status of PF in India -- 8.8 Micro Irrigation Studies -- 8.8.1 Fertigation Studies -- 8.8.2 Protected Cultivation Studies -- 8.8.3 Automation of Micro Irrigation -- 8.8.4 Surface Irrigation Automation -- 8.9 Evaluation of PF -- 8.10 Benefits of PF -- 8.11 Drawbacks of PF -- 8.12 Opportunities and Challenges -- 8.13 Future Thrust Area for Research - Technology Gaps and Research Needs -- 8.13.1 Micro Irrigation -- 8.14 Protected Cultivation -- 8.15 Surface Irrigation Processes for Automation -- 8.16 The Policy Approach to Promote PF at Farm Level -- 8.17 Conclusions -- 8.18 Policy for Promotion of PF in India -- 8.19 Future of PF -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Low-Cost On-Farm Indigenous and Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Indigenous Technologies of SWC/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.2.1 Earthen Field Bunds -- 9.2.2 Stone Bunds -- 9.2.3 Stone Wall Terraces (SWT) -- 9.2.4 Rough Stone Slab Bunds -- 9.2.5 Rough Stone Bunds -- 9.2.6 Vegetative Peripheral Bunds/Barriers -- 9.2.7 Smaller Cross-Sectional Earthen Bunds Covered with Flat Stones or Pieces of Stone Slabs -- 9.2.8 Temporary Sediment Detention Dams (TSDD) -- 9.2.9 Diversion Ditches -- 9.2.10 Stone Wall for Nallah Bank Protection -- 9.2.11 Dhora Pali -- 9.2.12 Kana Bandi (Mulching) -- 9.2.13 Village Pond/Talab -- 9.2.14 Talai - A Small Water Harvesting Structure -- 9.2.15 Dry Stone Masonry Pond -- 9.2.16 Ponds (Nada) -- 9.2.17 Nadi (Semi-Arid/Aravali Region) -- 9.2.18 Nadi (Arid Regions) -- 9.2.19 Tanka -- 9.2.20 Khadin -- 9.3 Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.1 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting. , 9.3.2 Subsoiling -- 9.3.3 Chauka System -- 9.3.4 Double Wall Cement Masonry Structure -- 9.3.5 Plastic-Lined Farm Pond -- 9.3.6 Subsurface Barriers -- References -- Chapter 10 Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Effect on Food Crops and Animals -- 10.1.2 Effect on Fisheries -- 10.1.3 Effect on Food Handling, Processing, and Trading -- 10.1.3.1 Sources and Modes of Transmission -- 10.1.3.2 Climatic Influences (e.g., Temperature, Humidity) on the Prevalence of Some Diseases -- 10.1.3.3 Effect of Climate Change on Zoonotic Disease -- 10.1.3.4 Transmission of Bacteria -- 10.1.3.5 Transmission of Protozoas -- 10.1.3.6 Transmission of Parasites -- 10.1.3.7 Climate Change Effects on BVP -- 10.1.4 Climate Change and its Influence on Mould and Mycotoxin Contamination -- 10.1.5 Influence of Climate Change on Post-Harvest Conditions -- 10.1.5.1 Effect on Post-Harvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables -- 10.1.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Fruits/Vegetables -- 10.1.5.3 Effect of High Ozone Formation -- 10.1.6 Impacts of HABs -- 10.1.6.1 HAB is Because of: -- 10.1.7 Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain -- 10.1.8 Contamination of Waters -- 10.1.9 The Effect of Climate Change on the Cold-Chain -- 10.2 Addressing Food Safety Implications of Climate Change -- 10.3 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Assisted Soil Reclamation for Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Respiration: An Indicator of Soil Health and Climate Change -- 11.3 Exploiting Microbial EPS for Estimating their Role in Plant Growth Management and Combating Plant Pathogens -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Temperate Fruits in Jammu & -- Kashmir under Climate Change Scenario -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Cultivation of Old Degenerated Varieties -- 12.3 Poor-Quality Planting Material -- 12.4 Low-Density Plantings -- 12.5 Lack of Pollinizers and Pollinators -- 12.6 Poor Canopy Management -- 12.7 Poor Orchard and Fertilizer Management -- 12.8 Rainfed Orcharding -- 12.9 Old and Senile Orchards -- 12.10 Insect-Pests and Diseases -- 12.11 Lack of Grading, Storage & -- Processing Facilities -- 12.12 Dependence on Unskilled Labor -- 12.13 Likely Impact of Climate Change -- 12.14 Strategies for Optimizing Temperate Fruit Production under Changing Climate Scenario -- References -- Chapter 13 Impact of Climate Change on Quality Seed Production of Important Temperate Vegetable Crops -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principle of Greenhouse -- 13.2.1 Popularization of Off-Season Vegetable Production -- 13.2.2 Post-Harvest Management -- 13.2.3 Organic Farming -- 13.2.4 Micro-Irrigation -- 13.2.5 Biotechnology -- 13.3 Benefits of Greenhouse -- 13.3.1 Vegetable Forcing for Domestic Consumption and Export -- 13.3.2 Raising Off-Season Nurseries -- 13.3.3 Protective Structures for Seedling Production -- 13.3.4 Hot Beds -- 13.3.5 Cloches/Low Tunnels -- 13.3.6 Thatches -- 13.3.7 Seed Panes/Boxes -- 13.3.8 Polybag Nursery Raising -- 13.3.9 Polyhouse/Net House -- 13.3.10 Seedling Trays -- 13.4 Ingredients Used as a Media for Growing Transplants -- 13.4.1 Organic Products -- 13.4.2 Inorganic Products -- 13.5 Methods of Seedling Raising -- 13.5.1 Advantages of Seedlings Production in Tray -- 13.5.2 Vegetable Seed Production -- 13.5.3 Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.4 Maintenance and Multiplication of Self-Incompatible Line for Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.5 Polyhouse for Plant Propagation -- 13.5.6 Status -- 13.6 Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.1 Low-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.3 High-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse. , 13.7 Other Plant-Protection Structures.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environment: Hydrologic Impacts -- 1 Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material Used for Construction of Pavements -- Plastic Cell -- Cement -- Soil and Moorum -- Crushed Aggregate for Surface Layer -- Crushed Aggregate for WBM Subbase -- Soil-Cement Mix for Subbase Layer -- Mix Composition and Strength of Cement Concrete -- Roller Compacted Concrete -- Construction of Test Sections -- Preparation of Subgrade -- Construction of Subbase -- Construction of Surface Layer -- Structural Evaluation of Cell-Filled Pavement -- Using Falling Weight Deflectometer -- Using Benkelman Beam -- Comparison of Deflections Measured Using Benkelman Beam Method and FWD -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Global Warming Issues-Need for Sustainable Drainage System in Urban Areas-Green Construction Technologies -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indian Climate and Monsoon -- Reasons of Global Warming -- Literature Review -- Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement -- Permeable Asphalt -- Permeable Concrete -- Concrete for Sustainable Development -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Bio-environment -- 3 Water Hyacinth: A Useful Plant to Improve Rural Economy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Water Hyacinth Control and Its Applications -- Practical Utilization of Water Hyacinth -- References -- 4 Growth, Biomass and Carbon Sequestration by Trees in Nutrient-Deficient Bhata Land Soil of Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Growth and Biomass of Different Tree Species -- CO2 Sequestration of Different Tree Species -- Soil Organic Carbon Under Different Tree Species -- Conclusion -- References. , 5 Impact of Copper Oxide Nanoparticles on Growth of Different Bacterial Species -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Performance of Low-Cost Microbial Fuel Cell Using Earthenware Separator -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Operating Principle of MFC -- Methodology -- MFC Construction -- MFC Operation -- Preparation of Earthenware Separator -- Analysis and Calculation -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Characterization of Separator -- EDS Analysis -- Power Production in MFC -- Coulombic Efficiency -- Polarization Study and Internal Resistance -- Wastewater Treatment -- Conclusion -- References -- Environment: Chemical Environment -- 7 Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials -- Synthesis of CaO2 Nanoparticles -- Characterization Techniques -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Superiority of Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Over Existing Reactor Arrangements for Chemical Looping Combustion-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Chemical Looping Combustion (CLC) -- CLC Requirements -- Existing Reactor Configuration for CLC -- Issues Related to the Existing Interconnected Reactors Arrangement -- Bed Particle Attrition -- Loop-Seal Operation -- Heat Losses -- Cluster Formation -- Gas Bypassing -- Short Residence Time -- Re-circulating Fluidized Bed Reactor Design for CLC -- Working -- Conclusions -- References -- 9 Enhancing N Use Efficiency and Reducing N2O Emission by Coating Urea with Newly Identified Bio-Molecule (C20H30O2), Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Protocol for the Preparation of Nano-ZnO and Nano-rock Phosphate Coated Urea. , Pot Culture Experiment on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Experimental Details and Measurement of N2O Emission -- Statistical Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Nutrient Content of Coated Fertilizers -- Impact of Urea Coated with Pine Oleoresin, Nano-Zn Oxide and Nano-rock Phosphate on Crop Yield and Nutrient Use Efficiency -- Trends in N2O Emission During Incubation Period -- Cumulative Emission of N2O from Coated Fertilizers -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Gamma Radiation Technology for Hygienization of Municipal Dry Sewage Sludge -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Environment: Social Environment -- 11 Participatory Approach for Corporate Social Responsibility Plan in India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Socio-economic Baseline Data for CSR Plan -- Participatory Survey -- Participatory Approach -- Team Building -- Other Impacts -- Steps in Conducting CSR -- CSR Methods and Tools -- Examples of Questions to Be Addressed in CSR Planning -- Sources of Information -- The CSR Plan Requires Both Primary and Secondary Data -- Data Collection Methods for Preparing CSR Plan -- Qualitative Methods -- Quantitative Methods -- Reference -- Energy: Solar Energy -- 12 Solar-Powered Cold Storage System for Horticultural Crops -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Solar PV Powered Refrigeration System -- Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Panel System -- Power Conditioning Unit (PCU) -- Battery Bank -- Sensor for Temperature and RH Controller in Cold Storage -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Feasibility of Solar Pumps for Salt Farmers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Process of Salt Production -- Highlights of Yearly Cycle -- Components Involved in the System -- Operation of Solar Water Pumping System. , Net Present Value for Solar Versus Diesel -- Features for Safe Future -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Energy: Hydropower -- 14 Development of Uttarakhand Using Alternative Energy Source as Micro Hydropower -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective of the Study -- Study Area -- Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Problems Faced by the Lacchiwala Micro Hydro Project -- Kotabagh Micro Hydro Power Project Description and Its Problems -- Results and Conclusion -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Suggestions to Improve the Utilization Factor -- Selected References -- 15 Comparative Studies on Performance of Commercially Available High-Power PC-LED Bulbs Under Tropical Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction to Solid State Lighting -- Standard Research Methodology "Useful Life" of High-Power PC-LED -- Proposed Experimental Setup and Methodology -- Lumen Depreciation Measurement -- Ambient and Body Temperature of High-Power PC-LED -- Results Obtained -- Outcome and Further Research work -- References -- 16 Design and Development of Pedal Operated Flour Mill with Multi-Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Energy: Biogas -- 17 Development of Family Size FRP Biogas Plant Based on Kitchen Waste -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 A Computer-Based Expert System to Design Deenbandhu Biogas Plant -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Procedure -- Data Collection -- Assumptions for Model -- Validation and Evaluation of Expert System -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Prosopis juliflora-A Potential Problematic Weed for Lignocellulosic Ethanol Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods. , Results and Discussion -- Composition of Biomass -- Effect of Alkaline Pretreatment -- Selection of Optimal Pretreatment Conditions -- Enzymatic Hydrolysis -- Fermentation Profile of Enzymatic Hydrolysate -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Oil Extraction, Biodiesel Production and CI Engine Investigation Using Madhuca indica Methyl Ester -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oil Extraction Process -- Biodiesel Production -- Cloth Filtering -- Caustic Pre-treatment -- Acid Pre-treatment -- Transesterification Process -- Comparison of Properties of Diesel and Biodiesel -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 21 Design and Development of Producer Gas-Based Heat Exchanger for Drying Application -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Performance Evaluation of Updraft Gasifier -- Development of Single Pass Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Results and Discussion -- Physical Properties and Proximate Analysis of Different Biomass -- Design Parameters of Updraft Biomass Gasifier and Shell and Tube Type Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Fuel Consumption Rate on Producer Gas Composition and Calorific Value for Various Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate, and Gas Flow Rate on Air Outlet Temperature of Heat Exchanger -- Effect of Air Flow Rate, Fuel Consumption Rate on LMTD, Heat Transfer Area, and Heat Exchanger Effectiveness Using Different Biomass -- Effect of Air Flow Rate and Fuel Consumption Rate on Dryer Inlet Hot Air Temperature Using Different Biomass -- Conclusion -- References -- 22 Carbon Storage Potential in Dominant Trees of Koraput District of Odisha -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Sampling and Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Above Ground Biomass (AGB) -- Above Ground Carbon (AGC). , Conclusions.