Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Groundwater -- 1 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in Jaisamand Basin of Udaipur District -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Description of Study Area -- Data acquisition -- Software Used -- Determination of Aquifer Parameters by Pumping Test -- Analyzing Pumping Test Data by Curve-matching Technique -- Groundwater Potential Assessment by Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- Selection of Thematic Layers -- Generation of Thematic Layers -- Groundwater Recharge Map -- Transmissivity Map -- Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones -- Suitable Strategies for Sustainable Groundwater Resources Management -- Results and Discussion -- Aquifer Parameters -- Estimation of Aquifer Parameters -- Groundwater Recharge -- Features of Different Thematic Maps -- Groundwater Potential Zoning -- Weights for thematic maps -- Groundwater Potential Zones -- Groundwater Resources Management -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Groundwater Level: A Case Study of Wainganga Sub-basin, Nagpur, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Ordinary Kriging -- Results and Discussion -- Temporal Analysis -- Spatial Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Spatio-Temporal Variation and Trend Analysis of Groundwater Level in Raipur City, Chhattisgarh -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Spatiotemporal Relationship Linking Land Use/Land Cover with Groundwater Level -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data -- Methodology -- Base Map Creation -- Groundwater Level Kriging -- Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) Classification -- Grid Generation. , Overlay Analysis -- Results -- Geostatistical Analysis of Groundwater Level -- LU/LC Classification -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Groundwater System Modelling and Sensitivity of Groundwater Level Prediction in Indo-Gangetic Alluvial Plains -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Groundwater System Simulation -- Study Area -- Geology of Study Area -- MODFLOW Model Design and Software -- Model Calibration and Validation -- Steady-State Calibration -- Transient State Calibration -- Model Validation -- Results and Discussion -- Groundwater Level Prediction -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Sensitivity Analysis -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Assessing Aquifer Vulnerability Using GIS-Based DRASTIC Model Coupling with Hydrochemical Parameters in Hard Rock Area from Southern India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Data Collection -- DRASTIC Model -- Results and Discussion -- DRASTIC Model Parameters -- Depth to Groundwater Table -- Recharge -- Aquifer Yields -- Soil Media -- Topography -- Impact of Vadose Zone -- Conductivity -- Vulnerable Map Using the DRASTIC Model -- Validation Aquifer Vulnerability -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Recharge -- 7 Development of Groundwater Recharge Plan for Bemetara District of Chhattisgarh Using GIS -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 8 Paleochannel Recharge Sources in the Central Godavari Delta, A.P., India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Irrigation Canal Network -- Hydrogeology -- Identified Paleochannel -- Sampling and Analysis -- Stable Isotope Characterization -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Change of Land Use/Land Cover on Groundwater Recharge in Malaprabha Catchment, Belagavi, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Study Area -- Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Rainfall Analysis -- Infiltration and Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity -- Estimation of Groundwater Recharge Using Empirical Methods -- Modelling -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Groundwater Quality -- 10 Causes and Sources of Groundwater Pollution: A Case Study of Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Modeling Leachate Migration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Experimental Study -- Leachate Quality Analysis -- Soil Column Test to Determine the Parameters -- Analytical Model -- Assumptions -- Initial Conditions -- Boundary Conditions -- Numerical Model -- Uncertainty Analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Assessment of Groundwater Quality and Identification of Hydrogeochemical Process in Hard Rock Terrain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Geology of the Study Area -- Sample Collection -- Analytical Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Hydrogeochemical Process -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Major Ion Chemistry -- Water Quality Assessment -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Cations -- Anions -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Spatial and Temporal Nitrate Transport in Deep Heterogeneous Vadose Zone of India's Alluvial Plain -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Governing Equations for Flow -- Governing Equations for Solute Transport -- Model Domain and Boundary Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 14 Riverbank Filtration as a Sustainable Solution for Drinking Water Quality and Quantity Problems in Haridwar, Uttarakhand -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area Description -- Hydrogeological Settings -- Materials and Method -- Water Sampling and Detailed Methodology. , Water Quality Analysis of Physicochemical and Bacteriological Parameters -- Results of Water Quality Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 A Study of the Characteristics of Groundwater Solute Transport Parameters -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Present Study and Objectives -- Mathematical Background -- Case Studies -- Injection/Pumping Well Problem -- 3-D Waste Dump Problem -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Prioritization for Management of Groundwater Quality-Related Problems of Rajsamand District of Rajasthan -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of the Study Area -- Location -- Geomorphology and Drainage -- Rainfall and Climate -- Soil, Land Use and Irrigation Practices -- Physiography and Geology -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Groundwater Samples -- Results -- Well Depth -- Water Level -- Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) -- PH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Cationic Composition -- Anionic Composition -- Classification of Groundwater for Irrigation Suitability -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Effect of Biochar Amendment on Nitrate Leaching in Two Soil Types of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Details -- Preparation of Soil Columns -- Biochar Amendment -- Soil Columns Incubation and Leaching -- Results and Discussion -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Total NO3− Leached in Vertisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Inceptisol -- Effect of Native Soil Carbon and Biochar on Leaching of Total Dissolved Salt in Vertisol -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in and Around Laharpur Reservoir, Bhopal -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Frequency -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion. , References.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Application of Plastics in Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.1 Postharvest Management of Crops -- 1.2 Field Handling of Crops -- 1.3 Removal of Field Heat -- 1.4 Field Curing of Root, Tuber, and Bulb Crops -- 1.5 Grading and Sorting -- 1.6 Conveying -- 1.7 Packaging of Fresh and Processed Crops -- 1.7.1 Classification of Packaging Systems -- 1.7.2 Plastic Bags -- 1.7.3 Shrink Wrap -- 1.7.4 Rigid Plastic Packages -- 1.7.5 Biodegradable Films -- 1.7.6 Modified Atmospheric Packaging -- 1.8 Storage -- 1.9 Transportation of Crops -- 1.10 Drying of Crops -- 1.10.1 Open Sun Drying -- 1.10.2 Polyhouse Drying -- 1.10.3 Refractive Window Drying -- 1.11 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Potassium-Solubilizing Microorganisms for Sustainable Agriculture -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Potassium in Soil -- 2.2.1 Potassium Fixation in Soil -- 2.3 K-Solubilizing Microorganism -- 2.4 Mechanism of Potassium Solubilization -- 2.5 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer -- 2.6 Effect of KSMs on Plant Growth and Yield -- 2.7 Future Prospects -- 2.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 Weed Control for Conservation Agriculture in Climate Change Scenario -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Prospects of CA -- 3.3 Weed Management -- 3.3.1 Preventive Measures -- 3.3.2 Cultural Practices -- 3.3.3 Crop Residues -- 3.3.4 Intercropping -- 3.3.5 Crop Diversification -- 3.3.6 Chemical Weed Management -- 3.4 Limitations in Adoption of CA Systems -- 3.5 Climate Change and Weed Management -- 3.5.1 Challenges -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 In-situ Soil Moisture Conservation with Organic Mulching under Mid Hills of Meghalaya, India -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.3 Results and Discussion -- 4.3.1 Seed Emergence. , 4.3.2 Soil Moisture Depletion -- 4.3.3 Tensiometer Observations -- 4.3.4 Crop Yield Parameters -- 4.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 High-Altitude Protected Vegetable Cultivation - A Way for Sustainable Agriculture -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Climate and Farming -- 5.3 High Altitudes and Protected Cultivation -- 5.3.1 Problems -- 5.3.2 Objectives -- 5.3.3 Protected Structures -- 5.4 Points to Be Considered for Cool Climate -- 5.5 Greenhouse Designing -- 5.5.1 Types of Plastic Coverings -- 5.6 Environmental Considerations in Greenhouse Cultivation -- 5.6.1 Temperature -- 5.6.2 Light -- 5.6.3 Relative Humidity -- 5.6.4 Carbon Dioxide -- 5.7 Planning of Protected Structures -- 5.7.1 Site Selection and Preparation -- 5.7.2 Orientation -- 5.7.3 Roads -- 5.7.4 Access to Utilities - Water -- 5.7.5 Light -- 5.7.6 Wind -- 5.8 Climate Regulation, Equipment, and Management -- 5.8.1 Temperature -- 5.8.2 Drainage of Rain Water -- 5.8.3 Lighting -- 5.8.4 Water and Nutrients -- 5.8.5 Pollination -- 5.9 Instruments Required for Polyhouse -- 5.9.1 Covering Material -- 5.9.2 Design of Load -- 5.9.3 Potential Crops -- 5.9.4 Limitations in Protected Cultivation -- 5.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 Applications of Remote Sensing in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Applications of Remote Sensing and GIS Technology in Crop Production and Soil Conservation -- 6.2.1 Cropping System Analysis -- 6.2.2 Agro-Ecological Zone-Based Land Use Planning -- 6.3 Soil Erosion Inventory -- 6.4 Soil Carbon Dynamics and Land Productivity Assessment -- References -- Chapter 7 Flash Floods Cause and Remedial Measures for Their Control in Hilly Regions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Causes of Flood -- 7.3 Flood Problems in India -- 7.3.1 Brahmaputra River Basin -- 7.3.2 Ganga River Basin -- 7.3.3 North-West River Basins. , 7.3.4 Central India and Deccan Rivers Basin -- 7.4 Flash Flood -- 7.4.1 Climate Change and Extreme Rain Events -- 7.4.2 Cloudbursts -- 7.4.3 Glacial Lakes -- 7.4.4 Landslide Lake Outburst Floods -- 7.5 Flood Management and Control in India -- 7.5.1 Non-Structural Measures -- 7.5.1.1 Flood Forecasting -- 7.5.1.2 Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.5.1.3 Decision Support System for Real-Time Flood Warning and Management -- 7.6 Who is Responsible? -- 7.7 Future Needs in Flood Management -- 7.7.1 Focused Approach -- 7.7.2 Legislation for Flood Plain Zoning -- 7.7.3 Inadequacy of Flood Cushion in Reservoirs -- 7.7.4 Flood Insurance -- 7.7.5 Flood Data Center -- 7.7.6 Research and Development -- 7.7.7 Community Participation -- 7.7.8 International Cooperation -- 7.7.9 Modernization of Flood Forecasting Services -- 7.8 Containing the Damage in the Hilly Basins -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Role of Crop Modeling in Mitigating Effects of Climate Change on Crop Production -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Models -- 8.3 Climate Change and Crop Modeling -- 8.3.1 Climate Change -- 8.3.1.1 The Causes of Climate Change -- 8.3.1.2 Greenhouse Effect -- 8.3.2 Effects of Climate Change -- 8.4 Role of Crop Modeling in Agriculture on Climate Change -- 8.4.1 Applications and Uses of Crop Growth Models in Agriculture -- 8.4.1.1 On-Farm Decision-Making and Agronomic Management -- 8.4.2 Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts of Climate Change -- 8.4.3 Future Issues Related to Weather on Crop Modeling -- 8.4.4 Minimum Dataset Required for Crop Weather Relations and Crop Simulation Models-Rice -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Forestry and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Role of Forests -- 9.2.1 Productive Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.2 Protective and Ameliorative Functions of the Forests -- 9.2.3 Recreation and Educational Functions of the Forests. , 9.2.4 Forests' Developmental Functions -- 9.3 Weather and Climate? -- 9.3.1 Climate Change -- 9.3.2 Evidences of Climate Change -- 9.4 Effects of Climate Change -- 9.5 Climate Change in Jammu and Kashmir -- 9.6 Climate Change and Forests -- 9.6.1 The Effects of Climate Change on Plant Phenology -- 9.6.2 Impacts on Indian Forest Vegetation Types -- 9.7 Management Options -- 9.8 Agroforestry as an Alternate Land Use System -- 9.9 Carbon Sequestration Potential of Agroforestry -- 9.9.1 Case Studies -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Agroforestry Role in Sustainable Management of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Rehabilitation of Degraded Watersheds -- 10.2.1 Catchment Area -- 10.2.1.1 Upper Catchment -- 10.2.1.2 Second Tier/Intermediate Slopes -- 10.2.2 Command Area -- 10.2.3 Submergence Area -- References -- Chapter 11 Infiltration Studies of Major Soils under Selected Land Use Practices in Ranikhola Watershed of Sikkim, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area: Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.2.2 Study Area: Soil Types of Ranikhola Watershed -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.3.1 Delineation of Watershed -- 11.3.2 Measurement of Infiltration -- 11.3.3 Infiltration Models -- 11.3.3.1 Horton's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.2 Philip's Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.3 Kostiokov Infiltration Model -- 11.3.3.4 Green-Ampt Infiltration Model -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Comparison of Observed and Calculated Infiltration Rates or Accumulated Infiltration -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Toward Conservation Agriculture for Improving Soil Biodiversity -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 How Conservation Tillage and Residue Management Can Help in Improving Soil Properties and Ultimately Soil Quality -- 12.3 Impact of Conservation Tillage (CT) on Soil Biological Properties. , 12.4 The Economic Value of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.1 The Importance of Soil Biodiversity -- 12.4.2 Microorganisms -- 12.4.3 Mesofauna -- 12.4.4 Macrofauna -- 12.4.5 Conservation Agriculture and Soil Biodiversity -- 12.5 Soil Biodiversity under Conventional and No Tillage Systems -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Point-Injection Nitrogen Application under Rice Residue Wheat for Resource Conservation -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Methodology -- 13.2.1 Field Experimental Design -- 13.2.2 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results -- 13.3.1 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Mulch Decomposition -- 13.3.1.1 Reduction in Straw Mulch Concentration -- 13.3.2 Rate of Decay of Standing Stubble -- 13.3.3 Effect of Methods of Nitrogen Application on Nitrogen Uptake -- 13.3.3.1 Plant N Concentration -- 13.3.4 Total Plant N Uptake -- 13.3.5 Nitrogen Accumulation in Straw Mulch -- 13.3.6 Grain Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) -- 13.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 14 The Importance of Water in Relation to Plant Growth -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Role of Water in Plant Growth -- 14.3 Effect of Moisture Stress on Crop Growth -- 14.4 Management of Water Stress -- 14.5 Soil Moisture Availability and Unavailability -- 14.6 Water Budgeting -- 14.7 Rooting Characteristics -- 14.8 Moisture Extraction Pattern -- 14.8.1 Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.2 Advantages of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.8.3 Limitations of Neutron Scattering Method -- 14.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 15 Influence of Deficit Irrigation on Various Phenological Stages of Temperate Fruits -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.1.1 Drought -- 15.1.2 The Concept of Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.3 Regulated Deficit Irrigation -- 15.1.4 Partial Root-Zone Drying -- 15.1.5 Water Stress - Why and How? -- 15.1.6 Effects of Water Stress on Plants. , 15.1.6.1 Photosynthesis and Respiration.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Investigation on the Treatment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plant Wastewater and Its Safe Use in Agriculture-A Green Technology Concept -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparation of Biocarbon -- Collection and Analysis Grey Water -- Treatment of Grey Water: Biosorption Process -- Evaluation of Capacity of Biocarbon -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Biocarbon (BC) -- Surface Analysis -- Characteristics of Grey Water and Treated Water -- Effect of Biocarbon Dose on Heavy Metals Removal -- Removal of Colour from a Grey Water -- Water Reuse in Agriculture Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Arsenic-Free Drinking Water Supply, Disposal of Backwash Water and Exhausted Media in Bihar, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arsenic Pollution in Bihar -- Mitigation Techniques Adopted -- Probable Waste Disposal Strategies -- Status of Waste Disposal in Bihar -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Nitrate in Anaerobic Batch Reactors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Setup -- Inoculum and Starting up -- Analytical Methods -- Results -- Nitrate and Arsenic Removal -- Characterization of Precipitates -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Oxyanions Removal by Biological Processes: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Sources of Oxyanions -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Conventional Treatment Strategies for Oxyanions -- Overview of Biological Oxyanion Removal -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Factors Affecting Oxyanion Removal -- Temperature -- PH. , Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- COD/Oxyanion Ratio -- COD/Sulfate -- COD/Nitrate -- COD/Perchlorate -- Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Oxyanion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Factors Influencing Electrocoagulation Treatment of UASB Reactor Effluent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental -- Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Model Development and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Performance Evaluation of Filters for Sedimentation Particle Filtration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Particle Size Distribution -- Particles Filtration Efficiency -- Results -- Particle Size Distribution -- Different Particle Sizes -- Particle Volume Distribution -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Magnetic Extracellular Polymer Composite for the Effective Removal of Microcystin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Chemical and Reagent -- Screening and Culturing of Polymer-Producing Microorganisms -- Preparation of Magnetic-Induced ECP -- Removal of Microcystin-LR -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Matrices -- Separation of Microcystin-LR by ECP-Fe2O3 -- Characterization of MC-LR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Bioremediation of Chromium Complex Dye by Growing Aspergillus flavus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Bioremediation Study in Batch Mode -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Response Surface Optimization -- Combined Effect of Different Parameters on Color Removal -- Confirmatory Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosorption as a Novel Approach for Removing Aluminium from Water Treatment Plant Residual-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biosorption as a Promising Alternative -- Aluminium Removal Through Biosorption -- Conclusion -- References. , 10 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulphide Laden Tannery Wastewater Without Sludge Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Presence of Sulphide in Effluent -- Treatment of Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Materials and Methods -- Source and Collection of Lime Sulphide Liquor and Methods -- Materials -- Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Activated Carbon (NPAC) -- Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Wastewater -- Treatment Methods for Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of NPAC -- Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) -- Optimization of pH -- Optimization of H2O2 -- Optimization of NPAC (Nanoporous Activated Carbon) -- Overall Processes -- Instrumental Analyses -- Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies -- FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Textile Industry by Electrocoagulation and Fenton Oxidation: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes -- Classification of Dyes -- Classification Based on the Source of Materials -- Classification Based on Industrial Use of the Dyes -- Usage of Various Dyes in Textile Industries -- Dyeing Wastewater from Textile Industry -- Electrocoagulation -- Mechanism of Electrocoagulation -- Application of Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Fenton Oxidation Process (H2O2/Fe2+) -- Application of Fenton and Electro-Fenton Methods in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Kitchen Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland Microcosm Using Aquatic Macrophytes -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Experimental Plants -- Experimental Set-up for Greywater Treatment -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Greywater Quality in FWS Microcosm -- Greywater Quality in VSF Microcosm -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Assessment of Aerobic Biodegradability for Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater Generated from Leather Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Analytical Methods -- Characterization of Vegetable Tannin Wastewater -- Aerobic Biodegradation of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis -- Results -- Characterization of Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater -- Aerobic Treatment of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- FTIR Analysis of VTW Before and After Aerobic Treatment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Biodegradability of Syntans Using Ozonation as a Pretreatment Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Ozonation Studies -- Experiment Setup for Biodegradation of Syntans Under Aerobic Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater-Sulfone and Phenol Based -- Ozonation Studies -- Optimization of Contact Time for Phenol-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Optimization of Contact Time for Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Assessment of Biological Treatment of Phenol- and Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater Before and After Ozonation -- Assessment of Biodegradability Before and After Ozonation of Sulfone-Based Syntan -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in Anoxic Reactors at Varied Feed Phenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials. , Chemicals and Reagents -- Biomass Support Material -- Experimental Methodologies -- Seed Sludge -- Synthetic Feed -- Acclimatization of the Anoxic Reactors -- Reactor Operations with Varying Phenol -- Kinetics Study -- Analytical Methods -- Microscopic Images -- Results and Discussion -- Steady-State Performance of the Anoxic Reactors During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Removal Kinetics of Phenol, Sulphide, Nitrate, Organic COD During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fluoride Pollution Abatement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Fluoride -- Effects of Fluoride -- Effects on Humans -- Effects on Teeth -- Skeletal Effects -- Cancer -- Status of Fluoride Contamination Around the Globe -- The World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal -- Water Supply Scheme by PHED, West Bengal -- Objective of the Study -- Remedial Material -- Alumina and Aluminum -- Activated Alumina -- Various Removal Methods of Fluoride -- Alternate Water Sources -- Better Nutrition -- De-fluoridation of Water -- Adsorption -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Ion Exchange -- Limitations -- Coagulation-Precipitation -- Advantages -- Limitations -- A Special Case of Co-precipitation is Nalgonda Technique Which is Briefly Described Below -- Nalgonda Technique -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Membrane Process -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Electro-Coagulation Process -- An Experimental Data Collection From Some Fluoride-Affected Area of Birbhum -- Background -- The Study Area -- Primary Data Collection -- Methodology -- Aim -- Methodology -- Sample Preparation and Collection -- Measurement of Fluoride -- De-fluoridation -- Mechanism -- Apparatus Required -- Solution Required -- Development of De-fluoridation Filtration Unit -- Preparation of the Filter Bed. , Details of the Process Are Described Below.

Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Climatic Characteristics -- 1 Trends in Temperature for the Himalayan Environment of Leh (Jammu and Kashmir), India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Mann-Kendall Test -- Estimation of Magnitude of Trends -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Changes in Sunshine Duration in Humid Environments of Agartala (Tripura), India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area and Meteorological Data -- Methods of Trend Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Application of Multiple Linear Regression as Downscaling Methodology for Lower Godavari Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Literature Review -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Selection of Predictors and Predictands -- Selection of GCM and Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) -- Data Preparation -- Statistical Downscaling -- Results and Discussion -- Application of Downscaled Scenarios for Future Periods -- Analysis for Grid 1: 17.5N-80.5E -- Analysis for Grid 2: 17.5N-81.5E -- Analysis for Grid 3: 18.5N-80.5E -- Analysis for Grid 4: 18.5N-81.5E -- Analysis for Grid 5: 18.5N-82.5E -- Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Statistical Downscaling of Minimum Temperature of Raipur (C.G.) India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Statistical Down Scaling Model (SDSM) -- Study Area and Data Used -- Methodology -- Analysis of Results -- CGCM A1B Forcing Condition -- Generation of Series for A2 Forcing Condition -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Statistical Downscaling of Daily Temperatures and Precipitation Data from Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5 (CMIP5)-RCPs Experiment: In Weyib River Basin, Southeastern Ethiopia -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area (Weyib River Basin) -- Earth System Model (ESM) and RCP Scenarios -- Types of Data Used -- Downscaling Methods -- Statistical Downscaling Model (SDSM) -- Precipitation and Temperatures Scenario Statistics -- Mann-Kendall Trend Test -- SDSM Performance Evaluation -- Coefficient of Determination (R2) -- Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient (E) -- Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) -- Results and Discussion -- Selected Potential Predictor Variables -- Calibration and Validation of SDSM for Both Temperatures and Precipitation -- Scenarios Developed for Future Temperatures and Precipitation -- Maximum Temperature Scenarios -- Minimum Temperature Scenarios -- Precipitation Scenarios -- Mann-Kendall Trend Test of Future Temperatures and Precipitation -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Global Climate Pattern Behind Hydrological Extremes in Central India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Quantification of Dry and Wet Events Through Standardized Precipitation Anomaly Index (SPAI) -- Identification of the Global Climate Pattern (GCP) for Central India -- Utilization of the Identified GCP for Prediction of Dry and Wet Events in Central India -- Reduction of Dimensionality of GCP -- Model for Classification of Dry and Wet Events -- Evaluation of the Prediction Performance Using GCP as Input -- Results and Discussions -- Identification of the Global Climate Pattern for Central India -- Global Fields of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) -- Global Fields of Surface Pressure (SP) -- Global Fields of Air Temperature (AT), Wind Speed (WS), and Total Precipitable Water (TPW) -- Utilization of the Identified GCP for Prediction of Dry and Wet Events in Central India -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 7 Changes in ENSO and IOD Effects on the Extreme Rainfall of Hyderabad City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Results and Discussions -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Rainfall Analysis -- 8 Detecting Changes in Regional Rainfall Series in India Using Binary Segmentation-Based Multiple Change-Point Detection Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Estimation of the Multiple Change-Points Using Binary Segmentation Approach -- Estimation of Test Statistics Lambda -- Study Area and Data -- Results and Discussion -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Analyzing Non-stationarity in the Hyderabad City Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Curves -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data -- Methodology -- Trend Analysis -- The Non-stationary IDF Curves -- Results and Discussion -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Development of Finer Resolution Rainfall Scenario for Kangsabati Catchment and Command -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data Acquisition -- Methodology -- Development of Downscaling Model for NCEP Reanalysis Outputs -- Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- Kernel Regression (KR) -- Performance Evaluation of MLR and KR Downscaling Techniques -- Establishment of Downscaling Technique for Multi-GCM Ensemble Outputs -- Results and Analysis -- Performance Comparison of MLR and KR Statistical Downscaling Techniques -- Multi-GCM Ensemble Rainfall Prediction for Historical and RCP8.5 Scenarios -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 Investigation of the Relationship Between Natural Aerosols and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall Using a Climate Model -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Data Set and Methods -- Results -- Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Impacts of Climate Change -- 12 Change Point Analysis of Air Temperature in India -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Data Used -- Pettit's Test -- Results and Discussions -- Change Point Analysis -- Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 13 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Sewage Treatment Plants Based on Sequential Batch Reactor in Maharashtra -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Study of Climate Change in Uttarakhand Himalayas: Changing Patterns of Historical Rainfall -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area and Data Used -- Methodology -- Trend Analysis -- Regression Model -- Mann Kendall Model -- Data Preparation -- Trend Analysis and Results -- Conclusions -- References -- 15 The Impact of Climate Change on Rainfall Variability: A Study in Central Himalayas -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Study Area -- Data Used -- Methodology -- Determination of Anomalies -- Regression Model -- Magnitude of Trend -- Significance of Trend -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- References -- 16 Estimation of Changes in Annual Peak Flows in Netravathi River Basin, Karnataka, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Data Used and Methodology -- Trend of Historical Changes of Annual Peak Flows -- Sen's Slope Estimator Test -- Flood-Frequency Analyses for Full Periods of Record -- Results and Discussions -- Flood-Frequency Analysis for Observed Peak Stream Flows -- Conclusion -- References -- 17 Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Water Resources in Semi-Arid Region of Chittorgarh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Study Area -- Study Framework -- Data Collection -- Data Analysis Using PROMETHEE -- Results and Discussion -- Verification of Results -- Using Analytical Hierarchy Process -- Using Social Choice Method -- Climate Change Impact and Its Prediction -- Conclusions -- References. , 18 Water Availability Under Changing Climate Scenario in Ur River Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Computation of Aerial Average Rainfall -- Potential Evapotranspiration -- Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) Model -- Monthly Water Balance Model -- Assessment of Climate Change Impacts -- Results and Discussion -- Assessment of Climate Change Impacts -- Conclusions -- References -- 19 Water Sustainability Assessment Under Climatic Uncertainty-A Case Study of Chhattisgarh (India) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Terminology Used in the Assessment of WSI -- Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- Probability Density Function Used in SPI -- Goodness-of-Fit Tests -- Reliability-Resilience-Vulnerability for SPI Time Series -- Reliability -- Resilience -- Vulnerability -- Relative Vulnerability -- Water Sustainability -- Distance-Based Multicriteria Decision Making -- Proposed Methodology for Water Sustainability Assessment -- Case Study -- WSI Under HadCM3-A2 Climate Change Scenario -- WSI Under HadCM3-B2 Climate Change Scenario -- Conclusions -- References -- Low Flow and Drought -- 20 Coupling of Tennant Concept with Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for the Prediction of Environmental Flow Condition from Rainfall in Upper Narmada Basin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Study Area -- Methodology -- Standardized Precipitation Index -- Tennant Method -- Results and Discussion -- Mohegaon Catchment -- Hridaynagar Catchment -- Manot Catchment -- Sher Catchment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Assessment of Drought in Balangir District of Odisha, India Using Drought Indices -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of Study Area -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , 22 Impact of HFC Fire Extinguishing Clean Agents on Climate Change and Its System Design Requirements for Fire Hazards in India-A Brief Study.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environmental Pollution -- 1 Socioeconomic Environment Assessment for Sustainable Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Description of the Study Area -- Types of Data Collected -- Tools of Data Collection -- Data Collection Analysis -- Personal Profile -- Age -- Sex -- Marital Status -- Literacy -- Occupation -- Assessment and Mitigation -- Impact Assessment -- Topography and Land Use -- Drainage -- Air Environment -- Water Environment -- Impacts of Ecology -- Impacts on Soil and Agriculture -- Land Use -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Research Need on Environmental Gains in Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Relocation -- Protected Areas -- Classification of Protected Areas -- Need for Conservation of Biodiversity -- Need for Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Need for Study of Environmental Gains Due to CIR -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Environmental Issues Due to Fire in Coal Mines: Its Impact and Suggestions for Implementing Precautionary and Control Measures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Environmental Pollution -- Case Study -- Location -- Geology of the Seam -- Scientific Investigation -- Results and Discussion -- Suggestions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Redevelopment of Urban Slum Dwellings: Issues and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background and Need of Study -- Housing Scenario in India -- Requirements to Achieve the Vision by 2022 -- Strategies for Increasing Supply of Affordable Housing -- Strategies for Optimum Use of Existing Land Resources by Encouraging Redevelopment -- Strategies for Improving Quality of Life, Overall Living Standards with Concern for Environment -- Strategies for Ease of Doing Business -- Objectives of the Study. , Methodology -- Study Area -- Current Project -- Flat Scheme for Slum Rehabilitation -- Detail of Money Contribution -- Sanctioned Cost of Single House Type A -- Pandharabodi Area -- Problems on Site During Construction -- Time Overrun -- Causes of Time Overrun -- Material Quality and Quantity -- Scarcity of Skilled Labour -- Problems During Operation -- Grouping of work -- Work Breakdown Structure for 75 Houses -- Limitation -- Conclusions and Findings -- References -- 5 Importance of Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) -- Effect of Poor IEQ on Human Health -- Parameters of IEQ -- Building Characteristics -- Thermal Comfort -- Visual Comfort -- Acoustic Comfort -- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Meteorological Factors Influencing Dispersion of Vehicular Pollution in a Typical Highway Condition -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Site Characteristics -- Traffic Characteristics -- CALINE 4 Model Description -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Results and Discussion -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Study of Air and Noise Pollution in Mega Cities of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Exposure on Health -- Research Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Pollution Indicators -- 8 A Critical Review on Air Quality Index -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective -- Air Quality Index (AQI) -- Definition -- Classification of Indices -- US EPA Air Quality Index -- The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) -- Application of the MAQI -- Extreme Value Index (EVI) -- Application of the EVI -- Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) -- Application of the ORAQI -- Air Quality Depreciation Index -- Air Quality Index Worldwide -- Air Quality Index China. , Air Quality Index United States -- I maxi Ii -- Air Quality Index India -- NAAQS Dependent Air Quality Index -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Aquatic Insects as Pollution Indicator-A Study in Cachar, Assam, Northeast India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Methods of Collection and Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Aquatic Insects -- Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Monitoring of Air Pollution in Different Regions Along Road Network, Jharia Coalfield, Dhanbad, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Variations of Traffic Composition -- Variations of Air Pollutant Concentration -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Spatial Distribution and Baseline Concentration of Heavy Metals in Swell-Shrink Soils of Madhya Pradesh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Description of Study Area -- Collection of Soil Samples -- Chemical Analysis of Soils -- Soil pH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Oxidizable Organic Carbon -- Calcium Carbonate -- Total Heavy Metal Concentration -- Determination of Baseline Concentrations of Metals -- Results and Discussion -- Soil Characteristics -- Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals -- Baseline Concentrations of Heavy Metals -- Correlation Coefficient Between Heavy Metals and Soil Properties -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Associative Study of Aerosol Pollution, Precipitation and Vegetation in Indian Region (2000-2013) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Datasets Used -- Results -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation of EIA Reports for Hydroelectric Projects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives and Scope -- Methodology. , Fuzzy Logic Based Expert Rule System -- Result and Discussion -- Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Dibbin Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Pauk Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Ting Ting Hydroelectric Project, Sikkim -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Assessment and Prediction of Environmental Noise Generated by Road Traffic in Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background of Nagpur City -- Noise Prediction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Evaluation of Traffic Noise -- Data Extraction -- Traffic Noise Modelling -- Reference Energy Mean Emission Level -- Volume and Speed Correction -- Distance Correction -- Results and Discussions -- Data Analysis -- Spectral Analysis of Junction and Highway Traffic -- Model Illustration -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Time-Dependent Study of Electromagnetic Field and Indoor Meteorological Parameters in Individual Working Environment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An EMF and Indoor Meteorological Parameters -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Working and Non-working Hours -- Contour -- Additional Measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Fish Biodiversity and Its Periodic Reduction: A Case Study of River Narmada in Central India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Site S1: Shahganj -- Site S2: Bandrabhan (Sangam) -- Site S3: Budhni Ghat -- Site S4: Moukala -- Site S5: Holipur -- Fish Collection and Identification -- Result. , Present Scenario of Fish Diversity of River Narmada at Hoshangabad -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on the Fresh Water Ecosystem-A Case Study of Kappithodu in Kerala -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Result -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Degradation of Heptachlor by High-Carbon Iron Filings (HCIF) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Generation of Pollution -- 19 Biomedical Waste Generation and Management in Public Sector Hospital in Shimla City -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Management of Biomedical Waste -- Methodology -- Observation -- Questionnaire Session -- Management and Implementation at Public Sector Hospital -- Results and Discussions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Fuel Loss and Related Emissions Due to Idling of Motorized Vehicles at a Major Intersection in Delhi -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Fuel Consumption Measurement -- Emission Estimation Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Emission Inventorisation and Modelling of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds from Petrol Distribution Centres in an Urban Area -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The Study Site -- Data Collection -- Emission Load Estimation -- Air Quality Dispersion Modelling -- Results and Discussion -- NMVOCs Emission Load -- NMVOCs Concentrations Prediction -- Model Validation -- Conclusions -- References -- 22 Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization of Coal Combustion Residues from a Thermal Power Station of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Selection of Thermal Power Station -- Geographical Location and Study Area Details. , Ash Pond and Ash Handling System.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Section I: Groundwater Resources and Assessment -- 1: Coastal Groundwater Development: Challenges and Opportunities -- 2: Gangetic Alluvial Plains: Uniqueness of the Aquifer System for Food Security and for Carbon Dioxide Sequestration -- 3: Assessment of Groundwater Resources in Brazil: Current Status of Knowledge -- Section II: Exploration -- 4: An Overview of Six Decades of Research and Evolution in Resistivity Exploration for Groundwater in Hard-Rock Terrain of India -- 5: Application of Electrical Resistivity Tomography in Delineation of Saltwater and Freshwater Transition Zone: A Case Study in West Coast of Maharashtra, India -- 6: GIS-Based Probabilistic Models as Spatial Prediction Tools for Mapping Regional Groundwater Potential -- 7: Hydraulic Fracturing from the Groundwater Perspective -- Section III: Flow Modeling -- 8: Significance of Dar Zarrouk Parameters in Groundwater Management and Aquifer Protection -- 9: Estimation of Stream Conductance -- 10: Conceptual Understanding and Computational Models of Groundwater Flow in the Indian Subcontinent -- 11: Simulation Optimization Models for Groundwater Management -- 12: A New Approach for Groundwater Modeling Based on Connections -- 13: Mathematical Modeling to Evolve Predevelopment Management Schemes: A Case Study in Boro River Valley, Okavango Delta, Botswana, Southern Africa -- 14: Tackling Heterogeneity in Groundwater Numerical Modeling: A Comparison of Linear and Inverse Geostatistical Approaches-Example of a Volcanic Aquifer in the East African Rift -- Section IV: Transport Modeling -- 15: Transform Techniques for Solute Transport in Ground Water. , 16: Precise Hydrogeological Facies Modeling for Vertical 2-D and 3-D Groundwater Flow, Mass Transport, and Heat Transport Simulation -- 17: Simulation of Flow and Transport in Fractured Rocks: An Approach for Practitioners -- 18: Modeling of Radionuclide Transport in Groundwater -- 19: Benchmarking Reactive Transport Codes for Subsurface Environmental Problems -- Section V: Pollution and Remediation -- 20: Toward Quantification of Ion Exchange in a Sandstone Aquifer -- 21: Evolution of Arsenic Contamination Process and Mobilization in Central Gangetic Plain Aquifer System and Its Remedial Measures -- 22: Fluoride in Groundwater: Mobilization, Trends, and Remediation -- 23: Compound Wells for Skimming Freshwater from Fresh Saline Aquifers -- 24: An Overview of Electrochemical Processes for Purification of Water Contaminated by Agricultural Activities -- 25: Fashionable Techniques for Assessment of Groundwater Potential, Pollution, Prevention, and Remedial Measures -- Section VI: Management of Water Resources and the Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 26: Managing Groundwater Resources in a Complex Environment: Challenges and Opportunities -- 27: Water Availability and Food Security: Implication of People's Movement and Migration in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) -- 28: Utilization of Groundwater for Agriculture with Reference to Indian Scenario -- 29: Groundwater Resource Management Using GIS Tools -- 30: Application of Natural and Artificial Isotopes in Groundwater Recharge Estimation -- 31: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater -- 32: Multimodeling Approach to Assess the Impact of Climate Change on Water Availability and Rice Productivity: A Case Study in Cauvery River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Spatial Distribution of a Daily, Monthly and Annual Precipitation Concentration Index -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 CI -- 1.2.2 PCI -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Results of Lake Urmia Basin PCI -- 1.3.2 A Study on CI of Precipitation Distribution in Lake Urmia -- 1.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Use of Mid-Infrared Diffuse Reflectance to Assess the Effects of Soil Management on Soil Quality in Tropical Hill Slope Agro Eco-Systems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Materials and Methods -- 2.2.1 Study Site -- 2.3 Equipments and Procedures -- 2.3.1 HA Extraction and Fractionation Procedure -- 2.3.2 Sample Preparation and Analysis for DRIFT -- 2.3.3 Spectra Data Acquisition and Analysis -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 DRIFT Spectroscopy and Comparison of Peak Ratio (O/R Ratio) of HAs across Locations -- 2.4.1.1 Location 1 -- 2.4.1.2 Location 2 -- 2.4.1.3 Location 3 -- 2.4.1.4 Location 4 -- 2.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Climate Change and Production of Horticultural Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Causes of Climate Change -- 3.2.1 Challenges Due to Climate Change in Horticulture Production -- 3.3 Mitigation Strategies for Enhancing Horticultural Production -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Climate Change on Disease Scenario in Crops and Management Strategies -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Effect of Increased CO[sub(2)] Concentrations on Pathogens -- 4.3 Effect of Increase in Temperature on Pathogens -- 4.4 Effect of Changed Moisture Regime on the Disease Scenario -- 4.5 Effect of Climate Change on Plant Diseases -- 4.6 Changing Disease Scenario in Fruits and Vegetables -- 4.7 Initiatives to Mitigate the Effect of Climate Change on Crops -- 4.8 Need for Adoption of Novel Approaches. , References -- Chapter 5 Solar Thermal Modeling of Microclimatic Parameters of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1 Introduction to Modeling of Agricultural Greenhouse -- 5.1.1 The Purpose of Modeling of Greenhouse Environment -- 5.1.2 The Components of Greenhouse Can Be Considered as -- 5.2 Steps of Greenhouse Modeling -- 5.2.1 Thermal Modeling -- 5.2.2 Some Basic Assumptions -- 5.3 Understand the Distribution of Solar Energy inside the Greenhouse (Tiwari, 2002 -- Taki et al., 2018) -- 5.4 Examples of Application of Greenhouse Model -- 5.4.1 A Greenhouse Attached with Ground Air Collector for Heating in the Winter (Jain and Tiwari, 2002, 2003) -- 5.4.2 A Greenhouse with Evaporative Cooling Pad for Cooling in the Summer (Jain and Tiwari, 2003) -- 5.4.3 Greenhouse Attached with Tray-Type Crop Drying System (Jain, 2005) -- 5.5 An Aquaculture Greenhouse System (Jain, 2007) -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Development of Agriculture under Climate and Environmental Changes in the Brazilian Semiarid -- 6.1 Characterization of the Brazilian Northeast Semiarid Region -- 6.2 Agriculture in the Brazilian Northeastern in Front of Climate Change and Soil Usage -- 6.2.1 Diagnosis of Agriculture in the Region and its Adversities -- 6.2.2 Future Scenarios -- 6.3 Family Farming and the Use of Techniques and Practices for Agroecological Development -- 6.3.1 Applications of Agroecological Techniques - Case Study -- References -- Chapter 7 Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture under Changing Scenario of Climate Change -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical Background of PGPR -- 7.3 Mechanisms of Action -- 7.4 Characteristics of a Successful PGPR for Formulation Development -- 7.5 PGPR Application Methods -- 7.6 Constraints to Commercialization -- 7.7 Future Thrust -- References -- Chapter 8 Status and Prospect of Precision Farming in India -- 8.1 Introduction. , 8.2 Definition of PF -- 8.3 Rationale of PF in India -- 8.4 Need of PA -- 8.5 Precision in Water Management -- 8.6 Status of PF Globally -- 8.6.1 Water Savings through PF -- 8.6.2 Yield and Profit through Adoption of PF Technologies -- 8.7 Status of PF in India -- 8.8 Micro Irrigation Studies -- 8.8.1 Fertigation Studies -- 8.8.2 Protected Cultivation Studies -- 8.8.3 Automation of Micro Irrigation -- 8.8.4 Surface Irrigation Automation -- 8.9 Evaluation of PF -- 8.10 Benefits of PF -- 8.11 Drawbacks of PF -- 8.12 Opportunities and Challenges -- 8.13 Future Thrust Area for Research - Technology Gaps and Research Needs -- 8.13.1 Micro Irrigation -- 8.14 Protected Cultivation -- 8.15 Surface Irrigation Processes for Automation -- 8.16 The Policy Approach to Promote PF at Farm Level -- 8.17 Conclusions -- 8.18 Policy for Promotion of PF in India -- 8.19 Future of PF -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9 Low-Cost On-Farm Indigenous and Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Indigenous Technologies of SWC/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.2.1 Earthen Field Bunds -- 9.2.2 Stone Bunds -- 9.2.3 Stone Wall Terraces (SWT) -- 9.2.4 Rough Stone Slab Bunds -- 9.2.5 Rough Stone Bunds -- 9.2.6 Vegetative Peripheral Bunds/Barriers -- 9.2.7 Smaller Cross-Sectional Earthen Bunds Covered with Flat Stones or Pieces of Stone Slabs -- 9.2.8 Temporary Sediment Detention Dams (TSDD) -- 9.2.9 Diversion Ditches -- 9.2.10 Stone Wall for Nallah Bank Protection -- 9.2.11 Dhora Pali -- 9.2.12 Kana Bandi (Mulching) -- 9.2.13 Village Pond/Talab -- 9.2.14 Talai - A Small Water Harvesting Structure -- 9.2.15 Dry Stone Masonry Pond -- 9.2.16 Ponds (Nada) -- 9.2.17 Nadi (Semi-Arid/Aravali Region) -- 9.2.18 Nadi (Arid Regions) -- 9.2.19 Tanka -- 9.2.20 Khadin -- 9.3 Innovative Technologies of Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.1 Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting. , 9.3.2 Subsoiling -- 9.3.3 Chauka System -- 9.3.4 Double Wall Cement Masonry Structure -- 9.3.5 Plastic-Lined Farm Pond -- 9.3.6 Subsurface Barriers -- References -- Chapter 10 Impact of Climate Change on Food Safety -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Effect on Food Crops and Animals -- 10.1.2 Effect on Fisheries -- 10.1.3 Effect on Food Handling, Processing, and Trading -- 10.1.3.1 Sources and Modes of Transmission -- 10.1.3.2 Climatic Influences (e.g., Temperature, Humidity) on the Prevalence of Some Diseases -- 10.1.3.3 Effect of Climate Change on Zoonotic Disease -- 10.1.3.4 Transmission of Bacteria -- 10.1.3.5 Transmission of Protozoas -- 10.1.3.6 Transmission of Parasites -- 10.1.3.7 Climate Change Effects on BVP -- 10.1.4 Climate Change and its Influence on Mould and Mycotoxin Contamination -- 10.1.5 Influence of Climate Change on Post-Harvest Conditions -- 10.1.5.1 Effect on Post-Harvest Quality of Fruits and Vegetables -- 10.1.5.2 Effect of Temperature on Fruits/Vegetables -- 10.1.5.3 Effect of High Ozone Formation -- 10.1.6 Impacts of HABs -- 10.1.6.1 HAB is Because of: -- 10.1.7 Environmental Contaminants and Chemical Residues in the Food Chain -- 10.1.8 Contamination of Waters -- 10.1.9 The Effect of Climate Change on the Cold-Chain -- 10.2 Addressing Food Safety Implications of Climate Change -- 10.3 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Microbial Assisted Soil Reclamation for Sustainable Agriculture in Climate Change -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Soil Respiration: An Indicator of Soil Health and Climate Change -- 11.3 Exploiting Microbial EPS for Estimating their Role in Plant Growth Management and Combating Plant Pathogens -- 11.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Temperate Fruits in Jammu & -- Kashmir under Climate Change Scenario -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Cultivation of Old Degenerated Varieties -- 12.3 Poor-Quality Planting Material -- 12.4 Low-Density Plantings -- 12.5 Lack of Pollinizers and Pollinators -- 12.6 Poor Canopy Management -- 12.7 Poor Orchard and Fertilizer Management -- 12.8 Rainfed Orcharding -- 12.9 Old and Senile Orchards -- 12.10 Insect-Pests and Diseases -- 12.11 Lack of Grading, Storage & -- Processing Facilities -- 12.12 Dependence on Unskilled Labor -- 12.13 Likely Impact of Climate Change -- 12.14 Strategies for Optimizing Temperate Fruit Production under Changing Climate Scenario -- References -- Chapter 13 Impact of Climate Change on Quality Seed Production of Important Temperate Vegetable Crops -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principle of Greenhouse -- 13.2.1 Popularization of Off-Season Vegetable Production -- 13.2.2 Post-Harvest Management -- 13.2.3 Organic Farming -- 13.2.4 Micro-Irrigation -- 13.2.5 Biotechnology -- 13.3 Benefits of Greenhouse -- 13.3.1 Vegetable Forcing for Domestic Consumption and Export -- 13.3.2 Raising Off-Season Nurseries -- 13.3.3 Protective Structures for Seedling Production -- 13.3.4 Hot Beds -- 13.3.5 Cloches/Low Tunnels -- 13.3.6 Thatches -- 13.3.7 Seed Panes/Boxes -- 13.3.8 Polybag Nursery Raising -- 13.3.9 Polyhouse/Net House -- 13.3.10 Seedling Trays -- 13.4 Ingredients Used as a Media for Growing Transplants -- 13.4.1 Organic Products -- 13.4.2 Inorganic Products -- 13.5 Methods of Seedling Raising -- 13.5.1 Advantages of Seedlings Production in Tray -- 13.5.2 Vegetable Seed Production -- 13.5.3 Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.4 Maintenance and Multiplication of Self-Incompatible Line for Hybrid Seed Production -- 13.5.5 Polyhouse for Plant Propagation -- 13.5.6 Status -- 13.6 Types of Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.1 Low-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.2 Medium-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse -- 13.6.3 High-Cost Greenhouse/Polyhouse. , 13.7 Other Plant-Protection Structures.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Water Resource Planning Management -- 1 Hydrological Planning of Watershed of RGSC, Mirzapur, UP, Using GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) Method -- 5 Data Used -- 5.1 Satellite Data -- 5.2 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) -- 6 Results -- 6.1 Gabion Weirs -- 6.2 Check Dams -- 6.3 Farm Pond -- 6.4 Bund -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Hydrological Simulation of a Large Catchment Using the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Case Study Area and Database -- 4 Establishing the VIC Model for the Tekra Catchment -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Rainfall Assessment Through Space and Time from 1999 to 2014 in Salem District, South India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Mean Annual Rainfall -- 4.2 Seasonal Rainfall -- 4.2.1 Winter Season -- 4.2.2 Summer Season -- 4.2.3 Southwest Monsoon (SW) -- 4.2.4 Northeast Monsoon (NE) -- 4.2.5 Precipitation Ratio (PR) -- 4.2.6 Winter Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.7 Summer Season Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.8 Southwest (SW) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 4.2.9 Northeast (NE) Monsoon Precipitation Ratio -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Assessing Stormwater Harvesting Potential in Dehradun City Using Geospatial Technology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Geography of the Area -- 2.2 Drainage -- 2.3 Climate and Rainfall -- 2.4 Soil Types -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Spatial Data Collection -- 3.1.1 Land-Use Map -- 3.1.2 Soil Depth and Soil Texture -- 3.1.3 Runoff Coefficient -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Derivation of Geomorphology-based IUH Using GIS-supported GIUH Model for the Barak River Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Database and Drainage Network Development -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Computation of Horton's Ratios -- 2.2 Derivation of IUH Using GIUH Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 3.2 Derivation of IUH from Geomorphic Resources Characterization -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Flow Analysis in a Meandering River Using HEC-RAS Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Study Area -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 2.1 Methodology -- 2.2 Model Application -- 2.3 Performance Evaluation Criteria -- 3 Results and Conclusion -- 3.1 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Study of Hydrodynamic and Sediment Transport in Gulf of Khambhat, Western Coast India-A Numerical Approach -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Field Data Analysis -- 2.2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Model Studies Conducted -- 3.2 Simulation of Flow Field for Non-monsoon -- 3.3 Simulation of Flow Field for Monsoon -- 3.4 Sedimentation Studies -- 4 Conclusions -- 4.1 Recommendation for Further Research -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Assessment of Sedimentation in Barak River Reach Using HEC-RAS -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Overview of HEC-RAS Model -- 2 Methodology and Model Application -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Hydraulic Calibration of Model -- 3.2 Selection of Sediment Transport Function -- 3.3 Prediction of Invert Changes -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Neuro Fuzzy Application in Capacity Prediction and Forecasting Model for Ukai Reservoir -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Literature Review -- 2 Study Area -- 2.1 Data Collection -- 3 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) -- 3.1 Methodology -- 4 Results and Analysis -- 5 Calibration. , 6 Validation -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Use of Mathematical Techniques for Determining the Reliability of Springs -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time-Lag -- 3 Rainfall Versus Spring Yield -- 4 Discharge Rate Prediction of Spring -- 5 Spring Yield -- 6 Optimization of the Size of Water Storage Structure -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Impact of Rainwater on Bituminous Road Surfacing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mechanism of Stripping -- 2.1 Detachment -- 2.2 Displacement -- 2.3 Spontaneous Emulsification -- 2.4 Pore Pressure -- 2.5 Hydraulic Scouring -- 3 Experimental Details -- 4 Test Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Stripping of Aggregate Due to Extended Contact Time -- 4.2 Stripping Value of Aggregate Under Acidic/Alkaline Water Condition -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in the Upper Ganga River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Climate Change & -- Global Warming -- 13 Transport of Contaminants During Groundwater Surface water Interaction -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Contaminant Transport During GW-SW Interaction -- 2.1 Factors Affecting the Direction of Hydrologic Exchange Between GW and SW -- 2.2 Contaminant Characteristics -- 2.3 Transport Mechanisms -- 2.3.1 Advection -- 2.3.2 Diffusion -- 2.3.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion -- 2.3.4 Adsorption -- 2.4 Reactions -- 3 Numerical Methods for Contaminant Transport Modelling -- 3.1 Modelling Approach -- 3.2 Solution Methods for Numerical Model -- 3.2.1 Finite Difference Method (FDM) -- 3.2.2 Finite Element Method (FEM) -- 3.2.3 Meshfree Method (MM). , 3.3 Contaminant Transport Models -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Spatiotemporal Variations in the Precipitation Deficit and Groundwater Recharge Deficit of Mula-Mutha Watershed, Maharashtra, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Data Used -- 3.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 3.3 Standardized Water-Level Index (SWI) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Patterns of Rainfall in the Study Area -- 5.2 Variations in the Precipitation Deficit -- 5.3 Variations in the Groundwater Recharge Deficit -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Drawdown Minimization by EMPSO in a Heterogenous Aquifer System -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Governing Equations -- 2.2 Finite Element Formulation -- 2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 2.4 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 3 Simulation-Optimization Model Formulation -- 3.1 Minimization of Drawdown for 10 Proposed Wells at Given Location -- 4 Tuning of PSO Parameters -- 5 Elitist-Mutated PSO Formulation -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Downscaling Precipitation in Hemavathy River Basin by Three Different Approaches -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Downscaling Using LARS Weather Generator -- 3.2 Linear Scaling -- 3.3 Quantile Mapping -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Model Calibration -- 4.2 Downscaling -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Quality of Rooftop Harvested Rainwater Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate Container -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area of Study -- 3 Locations for Sample Collection -- 4 Methodology and Data Presentation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Comparison of Turbulent Hydrodynamics with and without Emergent and Sparse Vegetation Patch in Free Surface Flow -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Experimental Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Time-Averaged Velocity of Flow -- 3.2 Normal Stresses -- 3.3 Reynolds Shear Stresses -- 3.4 Turbulent Kinetic Energy Spectrum -- 3.5 Secondary Current -- 3.6 Strength of Vortex -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Pan Evaporation Model Developed Using ANN -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Artificial Neural Networks -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Input Selection -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 20 Estimation of Pan Evaporation and Actual Evapotranspiration Using GIS and Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Area Description -- 3 Data Collection -- 4 Research Method -- 4.1 Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration -- 4.2 Estimation of Evaporation from Water Bodies -- 5 Results and Discussion -- 5.1 Image Classification -- 5.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration for Vegetation from the NDVI and Kc Model -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Assessment of Reference Evapotranspiration in the Context of Climate Change for Central India (Madhya Pradesh) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Mann-Kendall (MK) Test -- 3.2 Sen's Slope Estimation Test -- 4 Results -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Runoff Curve Number for 36 Small Agricultural Plots at Two Different Climatic Conditions in India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Site Description -- 2.2 SCS-CN Method -- 2.3 Estimation of CN from Observed P-Q Data -- 2.4 Goodness of Fit -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Curve Number Estimation -- 3.2 Effect of Land Use, Soil Type and Plot Slope on Runoff Coefficient (Rc) and Curve Number (CN) -- 3.3 Performance Evaluation -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 23 Comparison of Various Functional Forms for Wheat Crop Yield in Kanpur Nagar (Uttar Pradesh).

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Abbreviations -- Authors -- Chapter 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why Statistical Downscaling? -- 1.2 Climate Models -- 1.3 Statistical Downscaling -- 1.4 Selection of Model Scheme -- 1.5 Structure of Chapters -- 1.6 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 2 Statistical Background -- 2.1 Probability and Statistics -- 2.1.1 Probabilistic Theory -- 2.1.1.1 Probability Density Function and Cumulative Distribution Function -- 2.1.1.2 Descriptors of Random Variables -- 2.1.2 Discrete Probability Distributions -- 2.1.2.1 Bernoulli Distribution -- 2.1.2.2 Binomial Distribution -- 2.1.3 Continuous Probability Distributions -- 2.1.3.1 Normal Distribution and Lognormal Distributions -- 2.1.3.2 Exponential and Gamma Distributions -- 2.1.3.3 Generalized Extreme Value and Gumbel Distribution -- 2.1.4 Parameter Estimation for Probability Distributions -- 2.1.4.1 Method of Moments -- 2.1.4.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimation -- 2.1.5 Histogram and Empirical Distribution -- 2.2 Multivariate Random Variables -- 2.2.1 Multivariate Normal Distribution and Its Conditional Distribution -- 2.2.2 Covariance and Correlation -- 2.3 Random Simulation -- 2.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation and Uniform Random Number -- 2.3.2 Simulation of Probability Distributions -- 2.4 Metaheuristic Algorithm -- 2.4.1 Harmony Search -- 2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 3 Data and Format Description -- 3.1 GCM Data -- 3.2 Reanalysis Data -- 3.3 RCM Data -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 4 Bias Correction -- 4.1 Why Bias Correction? -- 4.2 Occurrence Adjustment for Precipitation Data -- 4.3 Empirical Adjustment (Delta Method) -- 4.4 Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.1 General Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.2 Nonparametric Quantile Mapping -- 4.4.3 Quantile Delta Mapping -- 4.5 Summary and Comparison. , Chapter 5 Regression Downscalings -- 5.1 Linear Regression Based Downscaling -- 5.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 5.1.1.1 Significance Test -- 5.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 5.2 Predictor Selection -- 5.2.1 Stepwise Regression -- 5.2.2 Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator -- 5.3 Nonlinear Regression Modeling -- 5.3.1 Artificial Neural Network -- 5.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 6 Weather Generator Downscaling -- 6.1 Mathematical Background -- 6.1.1 Autoregressive Models -- 6.1.2 Multivariate Autoregressive Model -- 6.1.3 Markov Chain -- 6.2 Weather Generator -- 6.2.1 Model Fitting -- 6.2.1.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.1.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.2 Simulation of Weather Variables -- 6.2.2.1 Precipitation -- 6.2.2.2 Weather Variables (T[sub(max)], T[sub(min)], SR) -- 6.2.3 Implementation of Downscaling -- 6.3 Nonparametric Weather Generator -- 6.3.1 Simulation under Current Climate -- 6.3.2 Simulation under Future Climate Scenarios -- 6.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.1 Classification of Weather Types -- 7.1.1 Empirical Weather Type -- 7.1.2 Objective Weather Type -- 7.2 Generation of Daily Rainfall Sequences -- 7.3 Future Climate with Weather-Type Downscaling -- 7.4 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 8 Temporal Downscaling -- 8.1 Background -- 8.1.1 K-Nearest Neighbor Resampling -- 8.2 Daily to Hourly Downscaling -- 8.3 Summary and Conclusion -- Chapter 9 Spatial Downscaling -- 9.1 Mathematical Background -- 9.1.1 Bilinear Interpolation -- 9.1.2 Nearest Neighbor Interpolation -- 9.2 Bias Correction and Spatial Downscaling -- 9.3 Bias Correction and Constructed Analogues -- 9.4 Bias Correction and Stochastic Analogue -- 9.5 Summary and Comparison -- References -- Index.