Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Results -- 1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objective -- 2.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 2.3.1 Data Used -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) -- 3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.4 Analysis of Results -- 3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall -- 3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Review -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart -- 4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling -- 4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique -- 4.6 Efficiency Parameters -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia -- 5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission -- 5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia -- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Calibration Period -- 8.4.2 Validation Period -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Use-Land Cover -- 9.1.2 Climate Change -- 9.1.3 Water Quality Index -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data -- 9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Dataset -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Defining the Tail -- 10.3.2 Fitting Method -- 10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach -- 11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source -- 11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM) -- 13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT) -- 13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG) -- 13.2.4 Turc's Method (TC) -- 13.3 Study Area -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods -- 13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area and Data -- 14.3 Methodology. , 14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days -- 14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature -- 14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time -- 14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area and Description -- 15.3 Data and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps -- 15.3.3 Rainfall Trend -- 15.4 Results and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation -- 15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Argo Floats -- 16.1.2 Drifter Program -- 16.1.3 Soop/XBT -- 16.1.4 Moored Buoy -- 16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography -- 16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) -- 16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Support Vector Regression -- 17.2.2 Regression Tree -- 17.3 Data Collection -- 17.4 Identification of Predictors -- 17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area and Database Development -- 18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08 -- 18.4 Results and Discussion. , 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Site Description -- 19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature -- 19.4 Data and Methodology -- 19.5 Results and Discussion -- 19.6 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Description -- 20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data -- 20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman's Rank Correlation Method -- 20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall's Tau Test -- 20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean -- 20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher's Test -- 20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test -- 20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test -- 20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald-Wolfowitz Test -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- 21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Motivation and Objective -- 21.3 Methodology -- 21.4 Basic Governing Equations -- 21.5 Results and Discussion -- 21.6 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area -- 22.3 Datasets -- 22.3.1 Evapotranspiration -- 22.3.2 Rainfall -- 22.3.3 Temperature -- 22.4 Methods -- 22.4.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.5 Results and Discussion -- 22.6 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Data and Methodology -- 23.3 Results and Discussion -- 23.4 Conclusions -- References. , 24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Challenges and Opportunities for Peri-urban Futures -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Urbanisation Process and Impacts -- 1.3…The Complex Nature of Peri-urban Areas -- 1.4…Sustainable Urbanisation and Future Challenges -- 1.5…Water Resources -- 1.6…Infrastructure Development -- 1.7…Urbanisation and Biodiversity -- References -- 2 Integrated Water Cycle Modelling of the Urban/Peri-urban Continuum -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Urban/Peri-urban Land Use Continuum -- 2.3…Urban/Peri-urban Water Cycle -- 2.4…Water Cycle Modelling -- 2.5…Resource Assessment and Allocation -- 2.6…Urban/Peri-urban Subsystems Modelling -- 2.6.1 Integrated Modelling Challenges -- 2.7…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIUrbanisation -- 3 Geo-Social Aspects of Developments in Peri-urban Regions -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.1.1 Peri-urban Development in India -- 3.2…Geo-Social Land Suitability -- 3.3…Challenges of Urban Development -- 3.4…Case Study of Udaipur -- 3.4.1 Recent Trends of City Developments -- 3.5…Conclusions -- References -- 4 Urbanisation of Peri-urban Regions: Is It a Boon or Threat to the Liveability of Future Cities in India? -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Land Mafia and Land Use Change -- 4.3…Good Practice Urban Agriculture -- 4.4…Open Spaces Within Built Environment -- 4.5…Benefits to Slums and Peri-urban Zones -- 4.6…Urban Forestry -- 4.7…Closing Ecological Loops -- 4.8…Liveability -- 4.9…Migration in Indian Cities -- 4.10…Stimulating the Role of Governance -- 4.10.1 Decentralized Government at the City-Level -- 4.10.2 Policy Initiatives and Funding to Cities -- 4.10.3 Effective Land Use and City Planning -- 4.10.4 Role of Civil Society Groups/NGOs -- 4.10.5 Role of Private Players and Technology. , 4.10.6 Role of the Public -- 4.11…Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Expanding Urban Fringe: Impacts on Peri-urban Areas, Melbourne, Australia -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Melbourne's Peri-urban Zones -- 5.3…Urban Encroachment into Peri-urban Areas -- 5.4…Development Impacts on Inner Peri-urban Resources -- 5.5…Melbourne's Outer Peri-urban Region -- 5.6…Cross-Sectoral Policy and Neoliberal Governance -- 5.7…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Challenges in the Urban and Peri-urban Transition Zones and Strategies for Sustainable Cities: Experiences from Selected Cities -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.1 Type of Towns -- 6.2.2 Volume and Trend of Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.3 Trends in Rural and Urban Population -- 6.2.4 Causal Factors Behind Urbanization in India -- 6.3…Peri-urban -- 6.3.1 Major Challenges for Peri-urban Futures -- 6.3.2 Peri-urban Water Security -- 6.3.3 Water and Sanitation Issues -- 6.3.4 Water Supply and Access -- 6.3.5 Coping Strategies -- 6.3.6 Mainstreaming Peri-urban Issues in Policy and Planning -- 6.3.7 Loss of Agricultural Land and the Issue of Food Security -- 6.4…Issues in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 6.4.1 Safe and Nutritionally Adequate Food for Consumers -- 6.4.2 Agricultural Efficiency of Producers -- 6.4.3 Sustainability of Urban Environment for Society -- 6.5…Concluding Remarks -- Suggested Readings -- 7 Managing Threats and Opportunities of Urbanisation for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Tamale, Ghana -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Economic Role of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 7.3…Profile of Tamale, the Focal City -- 7.4…The Expansion of Tamale and Associated Agricultural Threats and Opportunities -- 7.5…Farmer Reactions to Threats and Opportunities -- 7.6…Conclusions -- References -- Part IIIWater and Energy. , 8 Urbanisation and Its Effects on Water, Food Security and Energy Needs in Iran: A Case Study of City of Shiraz -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Shiraz and Its Population Growth -- 8.3…Land Use Changes in the Shiraz Plain -- 8.4…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Water Resources -- 8.5…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Food Security -- 8.6…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Energy Consumption and Air Pollution -- 8.7…Strategies for Sustainable Cities in Iran -- 8.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Thirsty Cities: The Urban Water Footprint and the Peri-urban Interface, a Four City Case Study from West Africa -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Reducing the Urban Water Footprint -- 9.4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Securing Water Supply in Western Sydney: An Analysis of Water Use, Demand and Availability in the South Creek Catchment -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Water and Irrigation Strategy Enhancement Through Regional Partnership -- 10.3…South Creek Catchment -- 10.3.1 Demographics and Land Use -- 10.3.2 Current and Future Scenarios -- 10.4…Water Use, Demand and Availability -- 10.5…Securing Water Supply: Use and Reuse of Water -- 10.6…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Stormwater Reuse for Sustainable Cities: The South Australian Experience -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Method -- 11.2.1 Study Sites and Survey -- 11.2.2 Factors Affecting Residents' Attitudes to Using the Treated Stormwater -- 11.2.2.1 Perceptions of Health Risk -- 11.2.2.2 Emotion -- 11.2.2.3 Attitudes and Intentions -- 11.2.2.4 Attributes of Stormwater -- 11.3…Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Community Attitudes and Intentions in Relation to Fit-for-Use Stormwater Usage -- 11.3.2 Factors Determining the Uptake of Stormwater on Different Potential Uses. , 11.3.2.1 Personal Washing -- 11.3.2.2 Washing Dogs -- Flushing Toilets -- Washing Clothes -- Watering of Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers -- Watering of Lawns, Gardens and Parks -- Washing Cars -- 11.4…Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- 12 Improving the Liveability of Cities: The Role of Solar Energy in Urban and Peri-urban Areas -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Active Solar -- 12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Systems and CSP -- 12.2.2 Solar Thermal Systems -- 12.3…Passive Solar -- 12.3.1 Working Principle of Passive Solar Design -- 12.3.2 Passive Solar Heating -- 12.3.3 Passive Solar Cooling -- 12.4…Other Ventilation Strategies -- 12.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IVWastewater -- 13 Renewable Energy Policies to Shrink the Carbon Footprint in Cities: Developing CSR Programmes -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…City Environment Integration -- 13.3…Ecological Footprint Assessment -- 13.4…Environmental Budgets and Audits -- 13.5…Carbon Footprint -- 13.6…Corporate Social Responsibility and Renewable Energy -- 13.7…Sustainable Energy -- 13.7.1 Solar Energy -- 13.7.2 Wind Energy -- 13.7.3 Hydropower -- 13.7.4 Biomass Energy -- 13.7.5 Improved Cookstoves -- 13.7.6 Biomass Gasifier -- 13.7.7 Biogas Plants -- 13.7.8 Biofuel -- 13.7.9 Hydrogen -- 13.7.10 Geothermal Energy -- 13.7.11 Ocean Energy -- 13.8…Case Studies -- 13.9…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Perspectives on Urban Sanitation, Liveability and Peri-urban Futures of Indian Cities -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Urbanising India -- 14.3…Urban Nomenclature: Disconnect Between the Statistical and the Political Stance and Liveability Indices -- 14.3.1 Understanding and Linking Liveability -- 14.4…Sanitation in Urban India -- 14.4.1 Programmes, Initiatives and Overall Trends -- 14.4.2 Sewerage -- 14.4.3 Solid Waste -- 14.5…The Peri-urban Future. , 14.6…Conclusions -- References -- 15 Decentralised Wastewater Management for Improving Sanitation in Peri-urban India -- Abstract -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Characteristics of Peri-urban Areas -- 15.2.1 Poor Physical Site Conditions and Complicated Site Layouts -- 15.2.2 Limited Water Availability -- 15.2.3 High Density Population -- 15.2.4 Organization of Communities and Social Characteristics -- 15.2.5 Lack of Legal Land Tenure, Government Recognition and Services -- 15.2.6 Low Income Levels and Reliance on the Informal Economy -- 15.2.7 Limited Political Influence -- 15.3…Wastewater Production and Disposal in Peri-urban Areas -- 15.4…Decentralised Approaches to Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1 Benefits of Decentralised Approaches of Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1.1 Decentralised Decision Making and Participatory Planning -- 15.4.1.2 Financial Advantages of Decentralised Management -- 15.4.1.3 Segregation of Wastewater at Source -- 15.4.1.4 Compatibility with Local Demands for Wastewater Re-use -- 15.4.2 Options for Decentralised Waste Water Treatment -- 15.4.2.1 Anaerobic Treatment -- 15.4.2.2 Waste Stabilisation Ponds -- 15.4.2.3 Constructed Wetlands -- 15.4.3 Constraints on Implementation of Decentralised Waste Water Management -- 15.4.3.1 Lack of Management Expertise -- 15.4.3.2 Institutional Constraints -- 15.4.3.3 Economic Constraints -- 15.4.3.4 Social Constraints -- 15.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part VUrban Agriculture -- 16 Wastewater Treatment Capacity, Food Production and Health Risk in Peri-urban Areas: A Comparison of Three Cities -- Abstract -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.1.1 Study Locations -- 16.1.1.1 Accra -- 16.1.1.2 Addis Ababa -- 16.1.1.3 Hyderabad -- 16.2…Methods -- 16.3…Results -- 16.3.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Generation -- 16.3.2 Wastewater Use in Irrigated Farming. , 16.4…Potential of Wastewater Treatment for Risk Reduction.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Random Variables in Environmental and Water Engineering -- 1.1.1 Rainfall -- 1.1.2 Temperature -- 1.1.3 Frost, Fog, and Sunshine Hours -- 1.1.4 Wind -- 1.1.5 Snowfall -- 1.1.6 Runoff -- 1.1.7 Flood -- 1.1.8 Drought -- 1.1.9 Hydrogeology -- 1.1.10 Water Quality -- 1.2 Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.2.1 Stoppa System -- 1.2.2 Dagum System -- 1.2.3 Johnson System -- 1.2.4 General Classification -- 1.3 Need for Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Pearson System of Frequency Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Differential Equation of Pearson System -- 2.3 Generalization of Pearson System -- 2.4 Pearson Distributions -- 2.4.1 Nonnegative Discriminant -- 2.4.2 Negative Discriminant -- 2.4.3 Pearson Type 0 Distribution -- 2.4.4 Pearson Type I Distribution -- 2.4.5 Pearson Type II Distribution -- 2.4.6 Pearson Type III Distribution -- 2.4.7 Pearson Type IV Distribution -- 2.4.8 Pearson Type V Distribution -- 2.4.9 Pearson Type VI Distribution -- 2.4.10 Pearson Type VII Distribution -- 2.4.11 Pearson Type VIII Distribution -- 2.4.12 Pearson Type IX Distribution -- 2.4.13 Pearson Type X Distribution -- 2.4.14 Pearson Type XI Distribution -- 2.4.15 Pearson Type XII Distribution -- 2.5 Graphical Representation of Shapes Based on the Relation of α23 versus d and α23 versus α4 -- 2.5.1 Graphical Representation of Pearson Distributions -- 2.5.2 Type I(U): -- 2.5.3 Type III(B): -- 2.5.4 Type IV(B): -- 2.5.5 Type VI: -- 2.6 Application -- Normal Distribution -- Gamma Distribution -- Pearson III Distribution -- Log-Pearson III Distribution -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Characteristics of Probability Distribution Functions -- 3.3 Burr Hypothesis -- 3.4 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.4.1 Burr I Distribution -- 3.4.2 Burr II Distribution -- 3.4.3 Burr III Distribution -- 3.4.4 Burr IV Distribution -- 3.4.5 Burr V Distribution -- 3.4.6 Burr VI Distribution -- 3.4.7 Burr VII Distribution -- 3.4.8 Burr VIII Distribution -- 3.4.9 Burr IX Distribution -- 3.4.10 Burr X Distribution -- 3.4.11 Burr XI Distribution -- 3.4.12 Burr XII Distribution -- 3.5 Parameter Estimation by Cumulative Moment Theory -- 3.6 Application -- 3.6.1 Peak Flow -- 3.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 3.6.3 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 3.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 D'Addario System of Frequency Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 D'Addario System -- 4.2.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 4.2.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 4.2.3 Lognormal (2-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.4 Lognormal (3-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.5 Davis Distribution -- 4.2.6 Amoroso Distribution -- 4.3 Application -- 4.3.1 Peak Flow -- 4.3.2 Monthly Discharge -- 4.3.3 Deseasonalized TPN -- 4.3.4 Daily Maximum Precipitation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Dagum System of Frequency Distributions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dagum System of Distributions -- 5.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 5.3.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 5.3.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 5.3.3 Pareto Type III Distribution -- 5.3.4 Benini Distribution -- 5.3.5 Weibull Distribution -- 5.3.6 Log-Gompertz Distribution -- 5.3.7 Fisk Distribution -- 5.3.8 Singh-Maddala Distribution -- 5.3.9 Dagum I Distribution -- 5.3.10 Dagum II Distribution -- 5.3.11 Dagum III Distribution -- 5.4 Application -- 5.4.1 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 5.4.2 Peak Flow -- 5.4.3 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 5.4.4 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 5.5 Conclusion. , References -- 6 Stoppa System of Frequency Distributions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stoppa System of Distributions -- 6.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 6.3.1 Generalized Power Distribution (Stoppa Type I Distribution) -- 6.3.2 Generalized Pareto Type II Distribution -- 6.3.3 Generalized Exponential Distribution (Type III Distribution) -- 6.3.4 Stoppa Type IV Distribution -- 6.3.5 Stoppa Type V Distribution -- 6.3.6 Four-Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution -- 6.4 Relation between Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.5 Relations among Burr distributions and Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.6 Application -- 6.6.1 Monthly Suspended Sediment -- 6.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 6.6.3 Peak Flow -- 6.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 6.6.5 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Esteban System of Frequency Distributions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Esteban System of Distributions -- 7.2.1 Three-Parameter Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.2 Special Cases of Generalized Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.3 Generalized Beta Distribution of First Kind -- 7.2.4 Special Cases of GB1 Distribution -- 7.2.5 Generalized Beta Distribution of Second Kind -- 7.2.6 Special Cases of GB2 Distribution -- 7.3 Application -- 7.3.1 TPN -- 7.3.2 Peak Flow -- 7.3.3 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 7.3.4 Annual Rainfall -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Singh System of Frequency Distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Singh System of Distributions -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Systems of Frequency Distributions Using Bessel Functions and Cumulants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.1 Moments of Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.2 Bessel Function Line -- 9.2.3 Inverse Gaussian Distribution -- 9.2.4 Other Distributions -- Product of Two Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im, In). , Product of the Two Bessel Functions of the Second Kind (Km, Kn) -- Product of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im) and the Second Kind (Kn) -- 9.3 Frequency Distributions by Series Approximation -- 9.3.1 Chebyshev (Probabilists')-Hermite Polynomials -- 9.3.2 Cumulants -- 9.3.3 Basic Concept of Approximating Frequency Distribution with Series Approximation -- 9.3.4 Gram-Charlier Type A Series -- 9.3.5 Edgeworth Series with Baseline Gaussian Distribution -- 9.3.6 Gram-Charlier/Edgeworth Series with Non-Gaussian Distribution -- Gamma Distribution as Baseline PDF -- Beta Distribution as Baseline PDF -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Frequency Distributions by Entropy Maximization -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Entropy Maximization -- 10.3 Application -- 10.3.1 Peak Flow -- 10.3.2 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Transformations for Frequency Distributions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Transformation to Normal Distribution -- 11.3 Transformation of Normal Distribution: The Johnson family -- 11.4 Transformation Based on the First Law of Laplace -- 11.5 Transformation of Logistic Distribution -- 11.6 Transformation of Beta Distribution -- 11.7 Transformation of Gamma Distribution -- 11.8 Transformation of Student-t Distribution -- 11.9 Application -- 11.9.1 Peak Flow and Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 11.9.2 Monthly Sediment and Annual Rainfall -- 11.10 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Genetic Theory of Frequency -- 12.1 Basic Concept of Elementary Errors -- 12.2 General Discussion of Charlier Type A and B Curves -- 12.3 Charlier Type A Curve -- 12.4 Charlier Type B Curve -- 12.5 Extensions by Wicksell -- References -- Appendix Datasets for Applications -- Index.

Note: Intro -- part1.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_1_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Introduction -- Introduction -- 1-4020-5180-8_1_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Physical Environment of India -- Topography -- Political Divisions of India -- Climate -- Meteorological Sub Divisions -- Soils of India -- Land Use and Land Management -- Forests -- Agriculture -- Flora of India -- Fauna of India -- Wetlands -- Lakes -- Hydrology in Ancient India -- part2.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_2_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Hydrology and Hydrometeorology -- Hydrology and Hydrometeorology -- 1-4020-5180-8_2_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Water Budget and Population of India -- The water balance equation -- World Water Inventory -- Water Balance for India -- Population and nutrition requirements -- Water poverty index -- 1-4020-5180-8_3_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Rainfall and Analysis of Rainfall Data -- Measurement of rainfall -- Measurement of Snow -- Storage of Rainfall data -- Estimation of Missing Data -- Disaggregation of Daily Data -- Rainfall of Various Durations -- Rain Storm Analysis -- Rainfall Intensity -- Duration -- Frequency Studies -- Long range forecast of monsoon -- Relation between Rainfall Extremes and El Nino Characteristics -- 1-4020-5180-8_4_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Evaporation and other Meteorological Data -- Evaporation -- Temperature -- Humidity -- Sunshine -- Wind -- Atmosphere Pressure -- Radiation -- Automated Weather Station (AWS) -- 1-4020-5180-8_5_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Runoff and Streamflow -- Acquisition and Processing of Streamflow Data -- Stream Gauging Networks -- Hydrologic Design of Projects -- Baseflow -- Flood Frequency Analysis -- Food forecasting -- 1-4020-5180-8_6_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Groundwater -- Introduction -- Hydrogeology of India -- Characterization of Rock Types of India -- Infiltration -- Ground Water Monitoring Network in India -- Ground Water Resources. , Estimation of Ground Water Resource in India -- Norms for Estimation of Recharge -- Ground Water Draft -- Artesian flow -- Conjunctive Use of Water -- part3.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_3_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 River Basins -- River Basins -- 1-4020-5180-8_7_OnlinePDF.pdf -- River Basins of India -- Major river groups of India -- Mythological Naming of Rivers -- River Basins of India -- Freshwater resources -- Data Requirement for Water Resources Development (WRD) Projects -- 1-4020-5180-8_8_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Ganga Basin -- Ganga-Brahmaputra-Barak (Meghna) Basin -- Ganga Basin -- Major tributaries of Ganga -- The Ganga Delta -- Major Water Resources Development Projects in the Ganga Basin -- Ganga-Brahmputra-Barak Basin Study -- Problems in Water Resources Development of Ganga Basin -- Water Quality Aspects -- Ground Water Aspects in Terai and Ganga Plain Zones -- Ground Water in Ganga Plains -- Epilogue -- 1-4020-5180-8_9_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Brahmaputra and Barak Basin -- The Brahmaputra Basin -- Hydrometeorology of the Basin -- Soils of the Brahmaputra Basin -- Hydrogeology -- Ground Water Resource Potential -- Crops and Cropping Pattern -- Precipitation -- Discharge -- Sediment Transport -- Irrigation -- Hydropower -- Environmental and other aspects -- Concluding Remarks -- 1-4020-5180-8_10_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Indus Basin -- The Indus Basin -- Topography of Indus Basin -- Kandi Belt -- Climate -- Tributaries of the Indus River -- Surface Water Potential of Indus River -- Water Resources Development in Indus basin in India -- Water Resources Projects in Indus Basin -- Dams and Water Transfer in Indus Basin -- Water Resources Development in the Indus basin in Pakistan -- Flash Floods in the Indus River Basin -- Water Quality of the tributaries of Indus basin in Punjab -- 1-4020-5180-8_11_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Narmada Basin -- The Narmada Basin. , Major Tributaries and Sub-basins -- Climate in Narmada Basin -- Soils and Land Use -- Water Resources of Narmada Basin -- Water Quality -- Modeling Studies -- Major Water Resources Projects in Narmada Basin -- Floods, Waterlogging and Drainage -- The Narmada Water Disputes Tribunal (NWDT) -- 1-4020-5180-8_12_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Tapi, Sabarmati and Mahi Basins -- The Tapi Basin -- The Sabarmati Basin -- The Mahi Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_13_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Mahanadi, Subernarekha and BrahmaniBasins -- The Mahanadi Basin -- Subernarekha System -- The Brahmani Basin -- The Baitarani River Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_14_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Krishna and Godavari Basins -- The Krishna Basin -- The Godavari Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_15_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Cauvery and Pennar Basins -- The Cauvery Basin -- The Pennar Basin -- 1-4020-5180-8_16_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Other Basins and Islands -- West Flowing River System -- West Flowing Rivers of Kachchh and Saurashtra including Luni and Inland Drainage -- West Flowing Rivers South of Tapi -- East Flowing Rivers between Mahanadiand Godavari -- East Flowing Rivers between Godavariand Krishna -- East Flowing Rivers between Krishnaand Pennar -- East Flowing Rivers between Pennarand Cauvery -- East Flowing Rivers South of Cauvery -- Rivers Draining into Bangladesh -- Hydrology and Water Resources of Islands -- Eminent water resources professionals who have made outstanding contributions in India -- part4.pdf -- 1-4020-5180-8_4_Part_OnlinePDF.pdf -- SECTION0 Water Uses, Projects, Problems, and Governance -- Water Uses, Projects, Problems, and Governance -- 1-4020-5180-8_17_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Major Uses of Water in India -- The demand for water -- Water resources requirement -- Domestic Water Needs -- Irrigation -- Hydropower -- Industrial uses -- Re-cycling and Reuse of water -- Navigation and Other Uses -- Total Water Requirements. , Virtual Water Trade and Water Footprints of India -- 1-4020-5180-8_18_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Problems Related to Water Resources Management in India -- Causes of Water Related Problems in India -- Uneven Distribution of Water Availability -- Floods -- Droughts -- Excessive Groundwater Exploitation -- Drinking Water Problems -- Waterlogging -- Soil Salinity -- Problems in Construction of New Projects -- Climate change and its impact on water resources -- Hydrological Problems of Hard Rock Region -- Threat to Biodiversity and Wetlands -- 1-4020-5180-8_19_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Reservoirs and Lakes -- Need for Storage Reservoirs -- Dams in India -- Problems in Decision Making for Dams -- Reservoir Operation -- Hydrological Aspects of Dam Safety -- Reservoir Sedimentation -- Lakes -- Lakes of India -- Problems of Indian Lakes -- 1-4020-5180-8_20_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Water Quality and Related Aspects -- UN Millennium Development Goals -- Water Quality Requirement for Different Uses -- Sources of Pollution -- River Water Quality -- Ground Water Pollution -- Ground Water Quality -- Pollution in Coastal Areas -- Water related diseases -- Water Quality Monitoring -- Water Quality and Environmental Lawsin India -- Epilogue -- 1-4020-5180-8_21_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Constitutional Provisions, Inter-State Water Disputes and Treaties -- Constitutional Provisions Regarding Water -- River Boards Act -- Inter-State Water Disputes (ISWD) -- Godavari Water Dispute Tribunal -- Krishna Water Dispute Tribunal -- Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal -- Ravi and Beas Water Tribunal -- Cauvery Water Dispute -- Yamuna Water Dispute -- International Treaties -- Cooperation with Neighboring Countries for Joint Water Resources Projects -- 1-4020-5180-8_22_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer -- Introduction -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer -- Planning for IBWT Projects. , IBWT Projects in Other Countries -- Past Indian Experiences on Inter-basin Water Transfer -- Objectives of Inter-basin Transfers of Water -- National Perspective Plan -- Himalayan Rivers Development Component -- Peninsular Rivers Development Component -- Present Status of ILR -- Opposition to the ILR Scheme -- Conclusion -- 1-4020-5180-8_23_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Institutions in the Field of Hydrology and Water Resources -- Main organizations dealing with Water Resources in India -- Ministries involved in Water Sector -- Central Government Organizations and Undertakings -- River basin organizations -- State Government Organizations -- Academic organizations -- Professional Societies -- Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) -- International organizations -- Research and development setup in water resources -- 1-4020-5180-8_24_OnlinePDF.pdf -- Concepts of Water Governance for India -- Hydrological Information System (HIS) -- Water Conservation -- Water Quality Improvement and Environment Restoration -- Inter-Basin Water Transfer (IBWT) -- Groundwater Management -- Watershed Management -- Impacts of Climate Change -- Water Pricing -- Public Involvement and Capacity Building -- Initiatives Needed in Water Sector in India -- Epilogue -- Hydrology and Water Resources of India -- Acknowledgements -- Table of Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- References -- Abbreviations -- Conversion Factors -- National Water Policy -- Need for a National Water Policy -- Information System -- Water Resources Planning -- Institutional Mechanism -- Water Allocation Priorities -- Project Planning -- Ground Water Development -- Drinking Water -- Irrigation -- Resettlement and Rehabilitation -- Financial and Physical Sustainability -- Participatory Approach to Water Resources Management -- Private Sector Participation -- Water Quality -- Water Zoning. , Conservation of Water.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Sponsors and Co-sponsors -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Environmental Pollution -- 1 Socioeconomic Environment Assessment for Sustainable Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives -- Methodology -- Description of the Study Area -- Types of Data Collected -- Tools of Data Collection -- Data Collection Analysis -- Personal Profile -- Age -- Sex -- Marital Status -- Literacy -- Occupation -- Assessment and Mitigation -- Impact Assessment -- Topography and Land Use -- Drainage -- Air Environment -- Water Environment -- Impacts of Ecology -- Impacts on Soil and Agriculture -- Land Use -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Research Need on Environmental Gains in Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Relocation -- Protected Areas -- Classification of Protected Areas -- Need for Conservation of Biodiversity -- Need for Conservation-Induced Relocation -- Need for Study of Environmental Gains Due to CIR -- Conclusion -- References -- 3 Environmental Issues Due to Fire in Coal Mines: Its Impact and Suggestions for Implementing Precautionary and Control Measures -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Environmental Pollution -- Case Study -- Location -- Geology of the Seam -- Scientific Investigation -- Results and Discussion -- Suggestions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Redevelopment of Urban Slum Dwellings: Issues and Challenges -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background and Need of Study -- Housing Scenario in India -- Requirements to Achieve the Vision by 2022 -- Strategies for Increasing Supply of Affordable Housing -- Strategies for Optimum Use of Existing Land Resources by Encouraging Redevelopment -- Strategies for Improving Quality of Life, Overall Living Standards with Concern for Environment -- Strategies for Ease of Doing Business -- Objectives of the Study. , Methodology -- Study Area -- Current Project -- Flat Scheme for Slum Rehabilitation -- Detail of Money Contribution -- Sanctioned Cost of Single House Type A -- Pandharabodi Area -- Problems on Site During Construction -- Time Overrun -- Causes of Time Overrun -- Material Quality and Quantity -- Scarcity of Skilled Labour -- Problems During Operation -- Grouping of work -- Work Breakdown Structure for 75 Houses -- Limitation -- Conclusions and Findings -- References -- 5 Importance of Indoor Environmental Quality in Green Buildings -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) -- Effect of Poor IEQ on Human Health -- Parameters of IEQ -- Building Characteristics -- Thermal Comfort -- Visual Comfort -- Acoustic Comfort -- Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Meteorological Factors Influencing Dispersion of Vehicular Pollution in a Typical Highway Condition -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Site Characteristics -- Traffic Characteristics -- CALINE 4 Model Description -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Results and Discussion -- Sensitivity Analysis of CALINE4 Model -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Study of Air and Noise Pollution in Mega Cities of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Exposure on Health -- Research Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Pollution Indicators -- 8 A Critical Review on Air Quality Index -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objective -- Air Quality Index (AQI) -- Definition -- Classification of Indices -- US EPA Air Quality Index -- The Mitre Air Quality Index (MAQI) -- Application of the MAQI -- Extreme Value Index (EVI) -- Application of the EVI -- Oak Ridge Air Quality Index (ORAQI) -- Application of the ORAQI -- Air Quality Depreciation Index -- Air Quality Index Worldwide -- Air Quality Index China. , Air Quality Index United States -- I maxi Ii -- Air Quality Index India -- NAAQS Dependent Air Quality Index -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Aquatic Insects as Pollution Indicator-A Study in Cachar, Assam, Northeast India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Methods of Collection and Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Physicochemical Parameters -- Aquatic Insects -- Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Monitoring of Air Pollution in Different Regions Along Road Network, Jharia Coalfield, Dhanbad, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Data Collection -- Results and Discussion -- Variations of Traffic Composition -- Variations of Air Pollutant Concentration -- Conclusion -- References -- 11 Spatial Distribution and Baseline Concentration of Heavy Metals in Swell-Shrink Soils of Madhya Pradesh, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- General Description of Study Area -- Collection of Soil Samples -- Chemical Analysis of Soils -- Soil pH -- Electrical Conductivity -- Oxidizable Organic Carbon -- Calcium Carbonate -- Total Heavy Metal Concentration -- Determination of Baseline Concentrations of Metals -- Results and Discussion -- Soil Characteristics -- Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals -- Baseline Concentrations of Heavy Metals -- Correlation Coefficient Between Heavy Metals and Soil Properties -- Conclusions -- References -- 12 Associative Study of Aerosol Pollution, Precipitation and Vegetation in Indian Region (2000-2013) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Datasets Used -- Results -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Fuzzy Logic Based Performance Evaluation of EIA Reports for Hydroelectric Projects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Objectives and Scope -- Methodology. , Fuzzy Logic Based Expert Rule System -- Result and Discussion -- Demwe Lower Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Dibbin Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Pauk Hydroelectric Project, Arunachal Pradesh -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Ting Ting Hydroelectric Project, Sikkim -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Project Description -- Physical Features -- Performance Evaluation -- Conclusion -- References -- 14 Assessment and Prediction of Environmental Noise Generated by Road Traffic in Nagpur City, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Background of Nagpur City -- Noise Prediction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Evaluation of Traffic Noise -- Data Extraction -- Traffic Noise Modelling -- Reference Energy Mean Emission Level -- Volume and Speed Correction -- Distance Correction -- Results and Discussions -- Data Analysis -- Spectral Analysis of Junction and Highway Traffic -- Model Illustration -- Conclusion -- References -- 15 Time-Dependent Study of Electromagnetic Field and Indoor Meteorological Parameters in Individual Working Environment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- An EMF and Indoor Meteorological Parameters -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Working and Non-working Hours -- Contour -- Additional Measurements -- Conclusion -- References -- 16 Fish Biodiversity and Its Periodic Reduction: A Case Study of River Narmada in Central India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Study Area -- Site S1: Shahganj -- Site S2: Bandrabhan (Sangam) -- Site S3: Budhni Ghat -- Site S4: Moukala -- Site S5: Holipur -- Fish Collection and Identification -- Result. , Present Scenario of Fish Diversity of River Narmada at Hoshangabad -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Effects of Anthropogenic Activities on the Fresh Water Ecosystem-A Case Study of Kappithodu in Kerala -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Result -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- 18 Degradation of Heptachlor by High-Carbon Iron Filings (HCIF) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Generation of Pollution -- 19 Biomedical Waste Generation and Management in Public Sector Hospital in Shimla City -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Management of Biomedical Waste -- Methodology -- Observation -- Questionnaire Session -- Management and Implementation at Public Sector Hospital -- Results and Discussions -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Fuel Loss and Related Emissions Due to Idling of Motorized Vehicles at a Major Intersection in Delhi -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Fuel Consumption Measurement -- Emission Estimation Methodology -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 21 Emission Inventorisation and Modelling of Non-Methane Volatile Organic Compounds from Petrol Distribution Centres in an Urban Area -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- The Study Site -- Data Collection -- Emission Load Estimation -- Air Quality Dispersion Modelling -- Results and Discussion -- NMVOCs Emission Load -- NMVOCs Concentrations Prediction -- Model Validation -- Conclusions -- References -- 22 Comprehensive Physicochemical Characterization of Coal Combustion Residues from a Thermal Power Station of India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Selection of Thermal Power Station -- Geographical Location and Study Area Details. , Ash Pond and Ash Handling System.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Understanding Drought: Definitions, Causes, Assessments, Forecasts, and Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Drought Definitions -- 1.2.1 Drought Types -- 1.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought -- 1.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought -- 1.2.1.4 Groundwater Drought -- 1.2.1.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 1.3 Drought Assessment -- 1.3.1 Drought Characteristics -- 1.3.2 Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.1 Univariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.2 Multivariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.3 Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 1.3.3.1 Remote Sensing of Hydroclimate Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.3.3.2 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.4 Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1 Frequency Analysis -- 1.4.1.1 Multivariate Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1.2 Copula Joint Probability Models -- 1.4.1.3 Entropy-Based Probability Models -- 1.4.2 Reliability, Resilience, and Vulnerability Analysis -- 1.4.2.1 Reliability -- 1.4.2.2 Resilience -- 1.4.2.3 Vulnerability -- 1.5 Causes of Drought -- 1.5.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.5.2 Land-Atmosphere Interaction -- 1.5.3 Internal Atmospheric Variability -- 1.6 Drought and Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Global Warming Impacts on Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.2 Global Warming Impacts on Land-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.3 Global Warming Impacts on Internal Atmospheric Teleconnection -- 1.7 Drought Forecasting -- 1.7.1 Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.1 Discrete Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.2 Continuous Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.2 Dynamical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.3 Hybrid Statistical-Dynamical Methods -- 1.8 Drought Impacts: Major Historical Droughts and Losses Caused by Them. , 1.8.1 The US -- 1.8.1.1 The 1930s Dust Bowl Drought -- 1.8.1.2 The 1950s Southwest Drought -- 1.8.1.3 The 1988-1989 North American Drought -- 1.8.1.4 The 2011-2017 California Drought -- 1.8.2 South America: The 2014-2017 Brazilian Drought -- 1.8.3 Europe: The 1992-1995 Spanish Drought -- 1.8.4 Africa: The Sahel Droughts, 1970s-1980s -- 1.8.5 Asia: The 2015-2016 Drought in the Mekong Delta -- 1.8.6 Oceania: The Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia during 2001-2009 -- 1.9 Drought Management -- 1.9.1 Water Conservation/Management -- 1.9.2 Soil Management -- 1.9.3 Diversification of Crops and Industries -- 1.9.4 Public Education and Risk-Sharing Systems -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Drought Concepts, Characterization, and Indicators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of Droughts -- 2.2.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.2.2 Agricultural Drought -- 2.2.3 Hydrological Drought -- 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3 Main Types of Drought Recognized in India -- 2.3.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.3.2 Hydrological Drought -- 2.3.2.1 Surface Water Drought -- 2.3.2.2 Groundwater Drought -- 2.3.3 Agricultural Drought -- 2.3.4 Soil Moisture Drought -- 2.3.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3.6 Famine -- 2.3.7 Ecological Drought -- 2.4 Impacts of Drought -- 2.4.1 Economic Impacts -- 2.4.2 Environmental Impacts -- 2.4.3 Social Impacts -- 2.5 Worst Droughts in History -- 2.6 Characterization of Droughts -- 2.7 Drought Indicators -- 2.7.1 Drought Characterization Using Drought Indices -- 2.7.2 Considerations for Drought Indicators -- 2.7.2.1 Suitability for Drought Types of Concern -- 2.7.2.2 Data Availability and Consistency -- 2.7.2.3 Clarity and Validity -- 2.7.2.4 Temporal and Spatial Sensitivity -- 2.7.2.5 Temporally and Spatially Specific -- 2.7.2.6 Drought Progression and Recession -- 2.7.2.7 Linked with Drought Management and Impact Reduction Goals. , 2.7.2.8 Explicit Combination Methods -- 2.7.2.9 Quantitative and Quantitative Indicators -- 2.8 Drought Indices -- 2.8.1 Percent of Normal -- 2.8.2 Deciles -- 2.8.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 2.8.4 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 2.8.5 US Drought Monitor (USDM) -- 2.8.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 2.8.7 Rainfall Departure -- 2.8.8 Statistical Z-Score (Z-Score) -- 2.8.9 Effective Drought Index (EDI) -- 2.8.10 China Z-Index (CZI) -- 2.8.11 Other Notable Drought Indices -- 2.9 Aggregation of Drought Indices -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Spatial Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Northern India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Methodology -- 3.2.2.1 SPEI Calculation -- 3.2.2.2 NDVI Calculation -- 3.2.2.3 NDVI Deviation Estimation -- 3.2.2.4 VCI Estimation -- 3.2.2.5 Spatial Mapping of Agriculture Drought-Affected Regions -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)-Based Meteorological Drought Detection -- 3.3.2 Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Indicators of Agricultural Drought Detection -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessment of Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Brazil -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standard Precipitation Index and Drought Assessment -- 4.2.1 Details of Rainfall Data -- 4.3 Drought Assessment -- 4.3.1 Polygons 1 and 2 -- 4.3.2 Polygons 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Polygons 5 and 6 -- 4.3.4 Polygon 7 -- 4.3.5 Polygon 8 -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Drought in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.1.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 5.2.3 Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). , 5.2.4 Statistical Tests -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.3.2 SPI-Based Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.1 Temporal Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Analysis -- 5.3.3 Two Case Studies of Drought Assessment over the State of Rio de Janeiro -- 5.3.3.1 North and Northwest Regions -- 5.3.3.2 Middle Paraíba Region -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 The Mexican Drought (2011): Insight into the 29-Month Drought in Aguascalientes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Study Area and Data -- 6.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 6.2.3 Climate Indices -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Investigating the Relationship between the Temporal Distribution of Precipitation and Flow Shortness Volume over Lake Urmia Basin, Iran -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Case Study -- 7.2.2 Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) -- 7.2.3 Dryness Volume Shortage Index (DVSI) -- 7.2.3.1 Extracting the Flow Shortness Volume from Daily River Flow Rate -- 7.2.4 Trend Analysis -- 7.2.5 Sen's Slope Estimator -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Results of Evaluation of the PCI Data in LUB -- 7.3.2 Results of Investigating DVSI in LUB -- 7.3.3 Trend Analysis of Flow Shortness Volume and PCI Values Using Hydrological Sub-Basin -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Long-Term Drought Study in Algeria Based on Meteorological Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area Description -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Variation of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.1 Site-Dependent Annual Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.2 Site-Dependent Monthly Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.3 Annual Trends of Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Ambient Temperature -- 8.5.4 Annual Variability of Relative Humidity. , 8.5.5 Annual Total Precipitation Trends -- 8.5.6 Aridity Index -- 8.5.7 Annual Mean Wind Speed Trend Analysis -- 8.5.8 Atmospheric Pressure Variability -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Severe Droughts in India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methodology -- 9.3 Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon -- 9.3.1 Hydrometeorological Variability -- 9.3.2 Variability of Large-Scale Circulation -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Comparison of Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: The Case of Okavango Delta, Botswana -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Data Description -- 10.2.2 Methods -- 10.2.2.1 Method for Computation of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.2.2.2 Method for Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) -- 10.3 Results of Analyses -- 10.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.3.2 Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) Analysis -- 10.3.3 Drought Map -- 10.3.4 Association between SPEI and BMDI -- 10.4 Discussion of Results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Analysis of Drought Using a Modified Version of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 11.2.3 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Results of Extraction of Di Values and Fitness with Statistical Distributions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluation of an Evapotranspiration Deficit-Based Drought Index and Its Impacts on Carbon Productivity in the Levant and Iraq -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Drought Definition and Characteristics -- 12.1.2 Drought Indices. , 12.1.3 Drought Impacts on Ecosystem Vegetation and Productivity.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Sponsors and Co-Sponsors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Wastewater Treatment -- 1 Investigation on the Treatment of Combined Effluent Treatment Plant Wastewater and Its Safe Use in Agriculture-A Green Technology Concept -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Preparation of Biocarbon -- Collection and Analysis Grey Water -- Treatment of Grey Water: Biosorption Process -- Evaluation of Capacity of Biocarbon -- Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Biocarbon (BC) -- Surface Analysis -- Characteristics of Grey Water and Treated Water -- Effect of Biocarbon Dose on Heavy Metals Removal -- Removal of Colour from a Grey Water -- Water Reuse in Agriculture Practice -- Conclusion -- References -- 2 Evaluation of Treatment Technologies for Arsenic-Free Drinking Water Supply, Disposal of Backwash Water and Exhausted Media in Bihar, India -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Arsenic Pollution in Bihar -- Mitigation Techniques Adopted -- Probable Waste Disposal Strategies -- Status of Waste Disposal in Bihar -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Simultaneous Removal of Arsenic and Nitrate in Anaerobic Batch Reactors -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Setup -- Inoculum and Starting up -- Analytical Methods -- Results -- Nitrate and Arsenic Removal -- Characterization of Precipitates -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Oxyanions Removal by Biological Processes: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Occurrence and Sources of Oxyanions -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Conventional Treatment Strategies for Oxyanions -- Overview of Biological Oxyanion Removal -- Sulfate -- Nitrate -- Perchlorate -- Arsenate -- Factors Affecting Oxyanion Removal -- Temperature -- PH. , Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) -- COD/Oxyanion Ratio -- COD/Sulfate -- COD/Nitrate -- COD/Perchlorate -- Simultaneous Removal of Multiple Oxyanion -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 Factors Influencing Electrocoagulation Treatment of UASB Reactor Effluent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental -- Experimental Design and Data Analysis -- Results and Discussion -- Model Development and Validation -- Conclusion -- References -- 6 Performance Evaluation of Filters for Sedimentation Particle Filtration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Particle Size Distribution -- Particles Filtration Efficiency -- Results -- Particle Size Distribution -- Different Particle Sizes -- Particle Volume Distribution -- Conclusions -- References -- 7 Magnetic Extracellular Polymer Composite for the Effective Removal of Microcystin -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Chemical and Reagent -- Screening and Culturing of Polymer-Producing Microorganisms -- Preparation of Magnetic-Induced ECP -- Removal of Microcystin-LR -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Matrices -- Separation of Microcystin-LR by ECP-Fe2O3 -- Characterization of MC-LR -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Bioremediation of Chromium Complex Dye by Growing Aspergillus flavus -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Results and Discussion -- Bioremediation Study in Batch Mode -- SEM and EDX Analyses -- Response Surface Optimization -- Combined Effect of Different Parameters on Color Removal -- Confirmatory Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 Biosorption as a Novel Approach for Removing Aluminium from Water Treatment Plant Residual-A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Biosorption as a Promising Alternative -- Aluminium Removal Through Biosorption -- Conclusion -- References. , 10 Catalytic Oxidation of Sulphide Laden Tannery Wastewater Without Sludge Production -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Problems Associated with Presence of Sulphide in Effluent -- Treatment of Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Materials and Methods -- Source and Collection of Lime Sulphide Liquor and Methods -- Materials -- Preparation and Characterization of Nanoporous Activated Carbon (NPAC) -- Physico-Chemical Analysis of the Wastewater -- Treatment Methods for Lime Sulphide Liquor -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of NPAC -- Fluidized Bed Reactor (FBR) -- Optimization of pH -- Optimization of H2O2 -- Optimization of NPAC (Nanoporous Activated Carbon) -- Overall Processes -- Instrumental Analyses -- Thermo-Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and UV-Visible Spectroscopic Studies -- FT-IR Spectroscopic Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Treatment of Dye Wastewater from Textile Industry by Electrocoagulation and Fenton Oxidation: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dyes -- Classification of Dyes -- Classification Based on the Source of Materials -- Classification Based on Industrial Use of the Dyes -- Usage of Various Dyes in Textile Industries -- Dyeing Wastewater from Textile Industry -- Electrocoagulation -- Mechanism of Electrocoagulation -- Application of Electrocoagulation in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Fenton Oxidation Process (H2O2/Fe2+) -- Application of Fenton and Electro-Fenton Methods in the Treatment of Dye Wastewater -- Conclusion -- References -- 12 Impact of Hydrocarbon Pollutants on Partially Saturated Soil Media in Batch System: Morphological Analysis Using SEM Techniques -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Result and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Kitchen Greywater Treatment in a Constructed Wetland Microcosm Using Aquatic Macrophytes -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Collection of Experimental Plants -- Experimental Set-up for Greywater Treatment -- Statistical Analysis -- Results -- Greywater Quality in FWS Microcosm -- Greywater Quality in VSF Microcosm -- Discussion -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Assessment of Aerobic Biodegradability for Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater Generated from Leather Industry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Analytical Methods -- Characterization of Vegetable Tannin Wastewater -- Aerobic Biodegradation of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry Analysis -- Results -- Characterization of Vegetable Tanning Process Wastewater -- Aerobic Treatment of Vegetable Tanning Wastewater -- FTIR Analysis of VTW Before and After Aerobic Treatment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Biodegradability of Syntans Using Ozonation as a Pretreatment Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Ozonation Studies -- Experiment Setup for Biodegradation of Syntans Under Aerobic Conditions -- Results and Discussion -- Characteristics of Syntan Containing Wastewater-Sulfone and Phenol Based -- Ozonation Studies -- Optimization of Contact Time for Phenol-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Optimization of Contact Time for Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater -- Assessment of Biological Treatment of Phenol- and Sulfone-Based Syntan Containing Wastewater Before and After Ozonation -- Assessment of Biodegradability Before and After Ozonation of Sulfone-Based Syntan -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Treatment of Synthetic Petroleum Refinery Wastewater in Anoxic Reactors at Varied Feed Phenol -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Materials. , Chemicals and Reagents -- Biomass Support Material -- Experimental Methodologies -- Seed Sludge -- Synthetic Feed -- Acclimatization of the Anoxic Reactors -- Reactor Operations with Varying Phenol -- Kinetics Study -- Analytical Methods -- Microscopic Images -- Results and Discussion -- Steady-State Performance of the Anoxic Reactors During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Removal Kinetics of Phenol, Sulphide, Nitrate, Organic COD During Varying Feed Phenol Concentration -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 Fluoride Pollution Abatement -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Sources of Fluoride -- Effects of Fluoride -- Effects on Humans -- Effects on Teeth -- Skeletal Effects -- Cancer -- Status of Fluoride Contamination Around the Globe -- The World Scenario -- Indian Scenario -- Fluoride Contamination of Groundwater in West Bengal -- Water Supply Scheme by PHED, West Bengal -- Objective of the Study -- Remedial Material -- Alumina and Aluminum -- Activated Alumina -- Various Removal Methods of Fluoride -- Alternate Water Sources -- Better Nutrition -- De-fluoridation of Water -- Adsorption -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Ion Exchange -- Limitations -- Coagulation-Precipitation -- Advantages -- Limitations -- A Special Case of Co-precipitation is Nalgonda Technique Which is Briefly Described Below -- Nalgonda Technique -- Advantages -- Disadvantages -- Membrane Process -- Advantages -- Limitations -- Electro-Coagulation Process -- An Experimental Data Collection From Some Fluoride-Affected Area of Birbhum -- Background -- The Study Area -- Primary Data Collection -- Methodology -- Aim -- Methodology -- Sample Preparation and Collection -- Measurement of Fluoride -- De-fluoridation -- Mechanism -- Apparatus Required -- Solution Required -- Development of De-fluoridation Filtration Unit -- Preparation of the Filter Bed. , Details of the Process Are Described Below.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.