Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part IIntroduction -- 1 Challenges and Opportunities for Peri-urban Futures -- Abstract -- 1.1…Introduction -- 1.2…Urbanisation Process and Impacts -- 1.3…The Complex Nature of Peri-urban Areas -- 1.4…Sustainable Urbanisation and Future Challenges -- 1.5…Water Resources -- 1.6…Infrastructure Development -- 1.7…Urbanisation and Biodiversity -- References -- 2 Integrated Water Cycle Modelling of the Urban/Peri-urban Continuum -- Abstract -- 2.1…Introduction -- 2.2…Urban/Peri-urban Land Use Continuum -- 2.3…Urban/Peri-urban Water Cycle -- 2.4…Water Cycle Modelling -- 2.5…Resource Assessment and Allocation -- 2.6…Urban/Peri-urban Subsystems Modelling -- 2.6.1 Integrated Modelling Challenges -- 2.7…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IIUrbanisation -- 3 Geo-Social Aspects of Developments in Peri-urban Regions -- Abstract -- 3.1…Introduction -- 3.1.1 Peri-urban Development in India -- 3.2…Geo-Social Land Suitability -- 3.3…Challenges of Urban Development -- 3.4…Case Study of Udaipur -- 3.4.1 Recent Trends of City Developments -- 3.5…Conclusions -- References -- 4 Urbanisation of Peri-urban Regions: Is It a Boon or Threat to the Liveability of Future Cities in India? -- Abstract -- 4.1…Introduction -- 4.2…Land Mafia and Land Use Change -- 4.3…Good Practice Urban Agriculture -- 4.4…Open Spaces Within Built Environment -- 4.5…Benefits to Slums and Peri-urban Zones -- 4.6…Urban Forestry -- 4.7…Closing Ecological Loops -- 4.8…Liveability -- 4.9…Migration in Indian Cities -- 4.10…Stimulating the Role of Governance -- 4.10.1 Decentralized Government at the City-Level -- 4.10.2 Policy Initiatives and Funding to Cities -- 4.10.3 Effective Land Use and City Planning -- 4.10.4 Role of Civil Society Groups/NGOs -- 4.10.5 Role of Private Players and Technology. , 4.10.6 Role of the Public -- 4.11…Conclusions -- References -- 5 The Expanding Urban Fringe: Impacts on Peri-urban Areas, Melbourne, Australia -- Abstract -- 5.1…Introduction -- 5.2…Melbourne's Peri-urban Zones -- 5.3…Urban Encroachment into Peri-urban Areas -- 5.4…Development Impacts on Inner Peri-urban Resources -- 5.5…Melbourne's Outer Peri-urban Region -- 5.6…Cross-Sectoral Policy and Neoliberal Governance -- 5.7…Conclusions -- References -- 6 Challenges in the Urban and Peri-urban Transition Zones and Strategies for Sustainable Cities: Experiences from Selected Cities -- Abstract -- 6.1…Introduction -- 6.2…Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.1 Type of Towns -- 6.2.2 Volume and Trend of Urbanisation in India -- 6.2.3 Trends in Rural and Urban Population -- 6.2.4 Causal Factors Behind Urbanization in India -- 6.3…Peri-urban -- 6.3.1 Major Challenges for Peri-urban Futures -- 6.3.2 Peri-urban Water Security -- 6.3.3 Water and Sanitation Issues -- 6.3.4 Water Supply and Access -- 6.3.5 Coping Strategies -- 6.3.6 Mainstreaming Peri-urban Issues in Policy and Planning -- 6.3.7 Loss of Agricultural Land and the Issue of Food Security -- 6.4…Issues in Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 6.4.1 Safe and Nutritionally Adequate Food for Consumers -- 6.4.2 Agricultural Efficiency of Producers -- 6.4.3 Sustainability of Urban Environment for Society -- 6.5…Concluding Remarks -- Suggested Readings -- 7 Managing Threats and Opportunities of Urbanisation for Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Tamale, Ghana -- Abstract -- 7.1…Introduction -- 7.2…Economic Role of Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture -- 7.3…Profile of Tamale, the Focal City -- 7.4…The Expansion of Tamale and Associated Agricultural Threats and Opportunities -- 7.5…Farmer Reactions to Threats and Opportunities -- 7.6…Conclusions -- References -- Part IIIWater and Energy. , 8 Urbanisation and Its Effects on Water, Food Security and Energy Needs in Iran: A Case Study of City of Shiraz -- Abstract -- 8.1…Introduction -- 8.2…Shiraz and Its Population Growth -- 8.3…Land Use Changes in the Shiraz Plain -- 8.4…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Water Resources -- 8.5…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Food Security -- 8.6…Urbanisation and Its Effect on Energy Consumption and Air Pollution -- 8.7…Strategies for Sustainable Cities in Iran -- 8.8…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Thirsty Cities: The Urban Water Footprint and the Peri-urban Interface, a Four City Case Study from West Africa -- Abstract -- 9.1…Introduction -- 9.2…Methodology -- 9.3…Results and Discussion -- 9.3.1 Reducing the Urban Water Footprint -- 9.4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Securing Water Supply in Western Sydney: An Analysis of Water Use, Demand and Availability in the South Creek Catchment -- Abstract -- 10.1…Introduction -- 10.2…Water and Irrigation Strategy Enhancement Through Regional Partnership -- 10.3…South Creek Catchment -- 10.3.1 Demographics and Land Use -- 10.3.2 Current and Future Scenarios -- 10.4…Water Use, Demand and Availability -- 10.5…Securing Water Supply: Use and Reuse of Water -- 10.6…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Stormwater Reuse for Sustainable Cities: The South Australian Experience -- Abstract -- 11.1…Introduction -- 11.2…Method -- 11.2.1 Study Sites and Survey -- 11.2.2 Factors Affecting Residents' Attitudes to Using the Treated Stormwater -- 11.2.2.1 Perceptions of Health Risk -- 11.2.2.2 Emotion -- 11.2.2.3 Attitudes and Intentions -- 11.2.2.4 Attributes of Stormwater -- 11.3…Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Community Attitudes and Intentions in Relation to Fit-for-Use Stormwater Usage -- 11.3.2 Factors Determining the Uptake of Stormwater on Different Potential Uses. , 11.3.2.1 Personal Washing -- 11.3.2.2 Washing Dogs -- Flushing Toilets -- Washing Clothes -- Watering of Fruit, Vegetables and Flowers -- Watering of Lawns, Gardens and Parks -- Washing Cars -- 11.4…Conclusions and Recommendation -- References -- 12 Improving the Liveability of Cities: The Role of Solar Energy in Urban and Peri-urban Areas -- Abstract -- 12.1…Introduction -- 12.2…Active Solar -- 12.2.1 Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) Systems and CSP -- 12.2.2 Solar Thermal Systems -- 12.3…Passive Solar -- 12.3.1 Working Principle of Passive Solar Design -- 12.3.2 Passive Solar Heating -- 12.3.3 Passive Solar Cooling -- 12.4…Other Ventilation Strategies -- 12.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part IVWastewater -- 13 Renewable Energy Policies to Shrink the Carbon Footprint in Cities: Developing CSR Programmes -- Abstract -- 13.1…Introduction -- 13.2…City Environment Integration -- 13.3…Ecological Footprint Assessment -- 13.4…Environmental Budgets and Audits -- 13.5…Carbon Footprint -- 13.6…Corporate Social Responsibility and Renewable Energy -- 13.7…Sustainable Energy -- 13.7.1 Solar Energy -- 13.7.2 Wind Energy -- 13.7.3 Hydropower -- 13.7.4 Biomass Energy -- 13.7.5 Improved Cookstoves -- 13.7.6 Biomass Gasifier -- 13.7.7 Biogas Plants -- 13.7.8 Biofuel -- 13.7.9 Hydrogen -- 13.7.10 Geothermal Energy -- 13.7.11 Ocean Energy -- 13.8…Case Studies -- 13.9…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Perspectives on Urban Sanitation, Liveability and Peri-urban Futures of Indian Cities -- Abstract -- 14.1…Introduction -- 14.2…Urbanising India -- 14.3…Urban Nomenclature: Disconnect Between the Statistical and the Political Stance and Liveability Indices -- 14.3.1 Understanding and Linking Liveability -- 14.4…Sanitation in Urban India -- 14.4.1 Programmes, Initiatives and Overall Trends -- 14.4.2 Sewerage -- 14.4.3 Solid Waste -- 14.5…The Peri-urban Future. , 14.6…Conclusions -- References -- 15 Decentralised Wastewater Management for Improving Sanitation in Peri-urban India -- Abstract -- 15.1…Introduction -- 15.2…Characteristics of Peri-urban Areas -- 15.2.1 Poor Physical Site Conditions and Complicated Site Layouts -- 15.2.2 Limited Water Availability -- 15.2.3 High Density Population -- 15.2.4 Organization of Communities and Social Characteristics -- 15.2.5 Lack of Legal Land Tenure, Government Recognition and Services -- 15.2.6 Low Income Levels and Reliance on the Informal Economy -- 15.2.7 Limited Political Influence -- 15.3…Wastewater Production and Disposal in Peri-urban Areas -- 15.4…Decentralised Approaches to Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1 Benefits of Decentralised Approaches of Wastewater Management -- 15.4.1.1 Decentralised Decision Making and Participatory Planning -- 15.4.1.2 Financial Advantages of Decentralised Management -- 15.4.1.3 Segregation of Wastewater at Source -- 15.4.1.4 Compatibility with Local Demands for Wastewater Re-use -- 15.4.2 Options for Decentralised Waste Water Treatment -- 15.4.2.1 Anaerobic Treatment -- 15.4.2.2 Waste Stabilisation Ponds -- 15.4.2.3 Constructed Wetlands -- 15.4.3 Constraints on Implementation of Decentralised Waste Water Management -- 15.4.3.1 Lack of Management Expertise -- 15.4.3.2 Institutional Constraints -- 15.4.3.3 Economic Constraints -- 15.4.3.4 Social Constraints -- 15.5…Concluding Remarks -- References -- Part VUrban Agriculture -- 16 Wastewater Treatment Capacity, Food Production and Health Risk in Peri-urban Areas: A Comparison of Three Cities -- Abstract -- 16.1…Introduction -- 16.1.1 Study Locations -- 16.1.1.1 Accra -- 16.1.1.2 Addis Ababa -- 16.1.1.3 Hyderabad -- 16.2…Methods -- 16.3…Results -- 16.3.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Generation -- 16.3.2 Wastewater Use in Irrigated Farming. , 16.4…Potential of Wastewater Treatment for Risk Reduction.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 River Basins of India and Water Resources -- 1.1 River Systems -- 1.1.1 Himalayan Rivers -- 1.1.2 Coastal Rivers -- 1.1.3 Deccan Rivers -- 1.1.4 Inland Drainage Basins -- 1.2 Classification of Indian River Basin Based on Drainage Area -- 1.3 Water Resources of India -- 1.3.1 Surface Water Resources -- 1.3.2 Ground Water Resources -- References -- 2 Salient Features of the Yamuna River Basin -- 2.1 Tributaries of the Yamuna River -- 2.2 Yamuna River Catchment Area -- 2.3 Water Allocation -- 2.4 Uses of Yamuna River Water -- 2.4.1 Abstractive Uses -- 2.4.1.1 Domestic Water Supplies -- 2.4.1.2 Irrigation -- 2.4.1.3 Western Yamuna Canal (WJC) -- 2.4.1.4 Eastern Yamuna Canal (EJC) -- 2.4.1.5 Agra Canal -- 2.4.1.6 Gurgaon Canal -- 2.4.2 In-Stream Uses -- 2.4.2.1 Hydropower -- 2.4.2.2 Fisheries -- 2.4.2.3 Growing Aquatic Plants -- 2.4.2.4 Navigation -- 2.4.2.5 River Bathing and Washing -- 2.4.2.6 Recreational Uses -- 2.4.2.7 Cattle Bathing and Washing -- 3 Climate of the Basin -- 3.1 Rainfall -- 3.1.1 Average Rainfall -- 3.1.2 Probability Analysis of Annual Rainfall -- 3.1.3 Quantile Estimates of Daily Maximum and Annual Rainfall -- 3.1.4 Onset of Effective Monsoon and Number of Rainydays -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 Wind -- 3.4 Humidity -- 3.5 Evapotranspiration -- 3.6 Aridity Index and Climate Classification -- 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Pattern Changes in Climatic Variables -- 4.1 Statistical Test for Climatological Data -- 4.1.1 Persistence -- 4.1.2 Trend -- 4.1.2.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 4.1.2.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 4.1.2.3 Mann-Kendall Test with Pre-whitening -- 4.1.3 Periodicity -- 4.1.3.1 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.2 Application -- 4.2.1 Data Processing -- 4.3 Results and Discussions -- 4.3.1 Persistence -- 4.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 4.3.3 Periodicity. , 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Geomorphology and Geology -- 5.1 Topographic Characteristics -- 5.2 Major Tributaries -- 5.3 Geomorphologic Characteristics -- 5.3.1 Geomorphologic Parameters -- 5.3.1.1 Basin Order and Channel Order -- 5.3.1.2 Basin Area -- 5.3.1.3 Basin Shape -- 5.3.1.4 Basin Slope -- 5.3.1.5 Drainage Basin Similarity -- 5.3.1.6 Drainage Density -- 5.3.2 Determination of Hortons Ratio -- 5.3.2.1 Bifurcation Ratio Rb -- 5.3.2.2 Stream-Length Ratio R1 -- 5.3.2.3 Stream-Area Ratio Ra -- 5.4 Geology of the Basin -- 5.5 Lithology and Hydrogeology of the Basin -- 5.5.1 Himalayan Region -- 5.5.2 National Capital Region (NCR) Region -- 5.5.3 Ken and Betwa Catchment -- 5.5.4 Chambal Catchment -- References -- 6 Soil, Landuse and Agriculture -- 6.1 Soil Classification -- 6.2 Landuse -- 6.2.1 Forests and Protected Areas -- 6.2.2 National Parks and Sanctuaries -- 6.2.3 Biodiversity -- 6.2.3.1 Haryana -- 6.2.3.2 Rajasthan -- 6.2.3.3 Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand -- 6.3 Agriculture in the Basin -- 6.3.1 Agro-climatic Zones -- 6.3.2 Crop Seasons -- 6.3.2.1 Cropping Pattern -- 6.3.2.2 State-Wise Agro-ecosystem -- 6.3.2.3 Cropping Intensity -- 6.4 Irrigation -- 6.5 State-Wise Agriculture -- 6.5.1 Uttar Pradesh -- 6.5.2 Madhya Pradesh -- 6.5.3 Rajasthan -- 6.5.4 Delhi -- 6.5.5 Haryana -- 6.6 Fertilizer and Pesticides Application -- 6.7 Practice of IPM and IPNM -- References -- 7 Socio-economic Status -- 7.1 Demography -- 7.1.1 Urban and Rural Population -- 7.1.2 Population Density -- 7.1.3 Population Growth Rate -- 7.1.4 The Rate of Urbanization -- 7.1.5 Migrants -- 7.2 Sex Ratio -- 7.3 Literacy -- 7.4 Main and Marginal Workers -- 7.4.1 Cultivator and Agricultural Labourer -- 7.5 Health: Vital Statistics -- 7.6 Population Below Poverty Line (BPL) -- 7.7 Human Development Index -- 7.8 Livelihood and Employment -- 7.9 Livestock Population. , 7.10 Water Supply -- 7.10.1 Water Auditing -- 7.10.1.1 Transmission Losses -- 7.10.1.2 Water Conservation -- References -- 8 Water Resources and Water Budgeting -- 8.1 Water Resources Assessment -- 8.1.1 Surface Water Resources -- 8.1.1.1 Surface Water Storage -- 8.1.2 Groundwater Resources -- 8.1.3 Soil Moisture Storage -- 8.2 Water Demand Estimation -- 8.2.1 Agricultural Water Demand -- 8.2.2 Surplus and Deficit Analysis -- 8.3 Flood Hydrograph Estimation for the Catchments -- 8.3.1 Regional Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Technique -- 8.3.2 Geomorphology Based Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Technique -- 8.3.2.1 Derivation of Geomorphologic Unit Hydrograph (GUH) -- 8.3.2.2 The Nash Model -- 8.3.2.3 Geomorphology Based Parameter Estimation of Nashs GIUH -- 8.3.2.4 Application of the GIUH Methodology -- References -- 9 Water Pollution -- 9.1 Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.1 Point Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.1.1 Domestic Pollution -- 9.1.1.2 Industrial Pollution -- 9.1.2 Non Point or Diffused Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.2.1 Agricultural Pollution -- 9.1.3 Dumping of Garbage and Dead Bodies -- 9.1.4 Immersion of Idols -- 9.1.5 Pollution Due to In-Stream Use of Water -- 9.2 Water Quality Issues in Yamuna River -- 9.2.1 High Organic Contents -- 9.2.2 High Nutrients -- 9.2.3 Excessive Presence of Pathogens -- 9.2.4 Accumulation of Pollutants in the Catchment Area -- 9.2.5 Aesthetic Value -- 9.2.6 Deforestation in the Catchment Area -- 9.2.7 Reduction in the Quantity of Water -- 9.2.8 Discharges from Sewage Treatment Plants -- 9.2.9 Role of Barrages -- 9.3 River Segmentation -- 9.4 Water Quality Monitoring -- 9.5 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water Quality Parameters -- 9.6 Water Quality Standards -- References -- 10 Wastewater Generation and Treatment -- 10.1 Urbanization in the Yamuna Basin -- 10.2 Water Supply and Wastewater Generation. , 10.3 Trends in Sewage Generation and Treatment -- 10.4 Inventory of Water Treatment and Sewage Treatment Plants -- 10.5 Industrial Wastewater Generation, Treatment and Disposal -- 10.6 Pollution Load Generation from Industrial Sources -- 10.7 Wastewater Discharged into the Yamuna -- 10.7.1 Wastewater Discharged from Delhi -- 10.7.1.1 Pollution Load Generation from Domestic Sources in Delhi -- 10.7.1.2 Pollution Load Generation from Industrial Sources -- 10.7.1.3 Pollution Loads Contributed to Yamuna and Agra Canal Through Drains -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Water Quality Index and Status -- 11.1 Water Quality Index -- 11.1.1 National Sanitation Foundations WQI (NSF-WQI) -- 11.1.1.1 Rating Curve for Fecal Coliform -- 11.1.1.2 Rating Curve for Total Solids -- 11.1.1.3 Rating Curve for Dissolved Oxygen -- 11.1.1.4 Rating Curve for Turbidity -- 11.1.1.5 Rating Curve for pH -- 11.1.1.6 Rating Curve for BOD -- 11.1.1.7 Rating Curve for Nitrate -- 11.1.1.8 Rating Curve for Phosphate -- 11.1.1.9 Rating Curve for Temperature Change -- 11.1.2 Multiplicative NSF-WQI -- 11.1.3 CCME WQI -- 11.1.3.1 Data Requirement -- 11.1.3.2 Calculation of Index -- 11.1.4 WQI -- 11.1.4.1 Formulation of WQI -- 11.1.4.2 Water Quality Rating Curve -- 11.1.4.3 Rating Curve for Radionuclides -- 11.1.4.4 Rating Curve for Heavy Metals -- 11.1.4.5 Rating Curve for EC -- 11.1.4.6 Rating Curve for SO4 -- 11.1.4.7 Rating Curve for Suspended Solids (SS) -- 11.1.4.8 Water Quality Classification -- 11.1.5 Universal WQI Based on European Classification Scheme (UWQI) -- 11.1.5.1 Aggregation Function of UWQI -- 11.1.6 Concluding Remarks on Water Quality Index -- 11.2 Water Quality Status Based on the Data -- 11.2.1 Water Quality Trends in the Yamuna -- 11.2.2 Water Quality Profile of the Yamuna -- 11.2.2.1 Bio-mapping of the Yamuna River. , 11.2.3 Monthly Variation in Water Quality Parameters -- 11.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Environmental Flows -- 12.1 Definition -- 12.2 Methods for Assessment of Environmental Flows -- 12.3 The Tennant Method -- 12.3.1 The Modified Tennant Method -- 12.3.2 Application of Modified Tennant Method -- 12.4 EMC Based Environmental Flow Calculator -- 12.4.1 Establishing Environmental Flow Duration Curve -- 12.4.2 Simulating Continuous Monthly Time Series of Environmental Flows -- 12.4.3 Application of the Methodology -- 12.4.3.1 Paonta Saheb (Origin to Hathinikund reach) -- 12.4.3.2 Kalanaur Site (Hathinikund Barrage to Wazirabad Barrage Reach) -- 12.4.3.3 Delhi Railway Bridge, DRB (Wazirabad to Okhla Reach) -- 12.4.3.4 Agra site (Okhla to Agra Reach) -- 12.4.3.5 Pratappur Site (Agra to Allahabad Reach) -- 12.5 Development of Component Based Environmental Flow Estimator -- 12.5.1 Water Requirement for Assimilation of Polluted River Water -- 12.5.2 Water Required for Evaporation -- 12.5.2.1 Estimation of Evaporation -- 12.5.3 Water Required for Groundwater Conservation -- 12.5.3.1 Estimation of Wetted Perimeter -- 12.5.4 Water Required for Aquatic-Habitat Conservation -- 12.5.5 Application of Methodology -- 12.5.5.1 Data Preparation and Analysis -- 12.6 Comparison of the Approaches -- 12.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13 Cropping Plan for Water Resources Management -- 13.1 Landuse and Agriculture -- 13.2 Parameters of Cropping Pattern -- 13.2.1 Estimation of Crop Water Requirement -- 13.2.2 Suitability of Crops Based on Physical Environment -- 13.2.2.1 Cropping Systems -- 13.3 Identification of Suitable Crop Rotation -- 13.4 Identification of Suitable Cropping Patterns -- 13.5 Water Conservation Under Different Cropping Patterns -- 13.6 Impact of Change in Cropping Patterns on Water Allocation -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Appendix A Salient Feature of Dams in the Yamuna Basin.