Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Reduction of GHGs in Buildings-Indian Affordable Houses -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Analysis -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussions and Future Work -- References -- Modern Techniques for Earthquake Resistant Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Fluid Viscous Dampers -- 2.2 Base Isolators -- 2.3 Elastomeric Polymer Bearings -- 2.4 Dampers -- 2.5 Self-righting and Aluminum Shear Links -- 2.6 Composite Materials -- 2.7 Moment Resisting Connections -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Review of Modern Techniques and Automation in the Construction Industry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Conventional Methods Used in Construction -- 2.2 Modern Construction Methods -- 3 Automation in Construction Sector -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- COVID 19 and Urban Development -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Analysis of Future Urban Areas -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 5 Future Work -- References -- A Case Study on Flyover in Urban Context -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives and Methodology -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Planning for Pedestrian-Friendly Cities -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Problem Statement and Study Objectives -- 1.2 Research Objectives and Expected Goal -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Most Advanced Pedestrian-Friendly Cities in Different Continents -- 2.2 Based on Terrain -- 2.3 Based on Regions -- 2.4 Based Upon Psychological Factors -- 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4 Proposed Suggestions -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Spatiotemporal Variation in Surface Velocity of Glaciers, Namely, Mount Kolahoi in the Lidder Basin Between 2016 and 2019 Using Landsat 8 Imagery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Dataset -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Glacier Velocity Estimation -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 3D Reconstruction of Heritage Site Using Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (Tls): A Case Study of a Section of Gulistan-E-Iram, Lucknow -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principal of Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) -- 3 Components of Terrestrial LiDAR Scanner (TLS) -- 4 Architecture Inspection -- 5 Study Area -- 6 Methodology -- 7 Result of the Study -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Efficient Bus Transport System, Case Study of Dehradun -- 1 Background -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Pre-fieldwork -- 3.2 Fieldwork -- 3.3 Post-fieldwork -- 4 Road Characteristics -- 4.1 Road Network -- 4.2 Vehicular Growth -- 5 Current Posture of Public Transport -- 5.1 Condition of Public Transport in Dehradun -- 5.2 Existing Bus Transport Network -- 5.3 Existing Vikram Routes -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendation -- References -- Snow Cover Mapping Over the Region of Hindu Kush Himalaya (HKH) for 2008-2018 Using Cloud Mitigated Moderate Resolution Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Snow Cover Data -- 1 Introduction and Background -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Datasets Used -- 3.1 MODIS Snow Cover Data Products -- 3.2 Landsat Data Products -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Methods for Vehicle Detection Using Roadside Sensors in Complex Environment -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Studies and Discussion -- 2.1 Importance of Vehicle Count in Traffic Engineering -- 2.2 Intrusive and Non-intrusive Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Model-Based Evaluation and Comparative Analysis of Biological Nutrient Removal Processes -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 WWTP -- 2.2 Mathematical Model -- 2.3 Activated Sludge Model-1 -- 2.4 Activated Sludge Model -2 -- 2.5 Activated Sludge Model-3 -- 3 Result and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Qualitative and Comparative Assessment of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents in Selaqui Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Studies on Characterization of Pharmaceutical Industry Effluents -- 2.2 Past Studies in Pharma City, Selaqui -- 2.3 Study Area -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 PH -- 3.2 Conductivity -- 3.3 COD -- 3.4 BOD -- 4 Compliance Check with CPCB Standards -- 5 Comparative Study -- 5.1 Effluent Comparison -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- FPGA Implementation of Area-Efficient Binary Counter Using Xilinx IP Cores -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Proposed Work -- 4 Comparison of Proposed and Existing Work -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Impact of Non-standardized Trucks on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Cost in Indian FMCG Sector: A Study -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Research Methodology -- 3.1 Case Description -- 3.2 Case Selection -- 3.3 Data Gathering -- 3.4 Data Analysis -- 4 Variability and Impact Analysis (In Terms of Vfr and Cost) -- 4.1 CASE 1: Study of Minimum Variation in Vehicle Dimension for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Vehicle Fill Rate (VFR) and Variable Distribution Cost Vehicle Direct Cost (VDC) -- 4.2 CASE 2: Study of Minimum Variation Loading Capacity for a Similar Type of Truck and Its Effect on Variable Distribution Cost  (VDC) -- 4.3 Discussion -- 5 Impact of Variabilty of Truck Size and Truck Carrying Capacity on Decision-Making -- 6 Real-Life Implication -- 7 Limitation and Scope of Further Research -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- A Characteristic Study on the Factors Influencing Dust Explosion in Different Industrial Sectors -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Conducted to Understand the Dust Movement -- 3 Combustible Property of Textile Dust -- 3.1 Case Study 1 -- 3.2 Case Study 2 -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Piezoelectric Materials for Sustainable Energy and Fitness Monitoring of Civil Structures -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Technology Development -- 1.2 Piezoelectric Ceramics -- 1.3 Piezoelectric Constant -- 2 Experiment -- 2.1 Electromechanical Properties -- 2.2 Fabrication Technique -- 2.3 Building Fitness Monitoring -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Study on Effectiveness of Parkinsonia Aculeate for Water Treatment: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Turbid Water Purification Using Parkinsonia Seeds [9] -- 3 Water Purification Using Purified Proteins [10] -- 4 Test for the Purification on Large Scale [13] -- 5 Comparison of Coagulating Properties of Crude Seed Extracts and Eluted Proteins [12] -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Floating Green Buildings and Towns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Floating Cities and Residential Plots Overview -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Discussion and Future Scope of Work -- References -- Integrating Vastu Shastra for Green and Energy Efficient Building Under Byelaws -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Analysis of Development Control and Promotion Regulations for Regional Plans in Maharashtra -- 3 Identification of Deficiencies and Gap Analysis -- 3.1 Part 2-General Planning and Building Requirements -- 3.2 Part 3-General Guidelines for Residential Land-Use -- 3.3 Part3-General Guidelines for Commercial Complexes -- 3.4 Part 4-Guidelines for the Construction of Spiritual Places -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Efficient Municipal Solid Waste Management: A Case Study of Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Collection and Processing -- 3.1 Existing Situation Analysis -- 4 Result and Conclusion -- 5 Recommendation -- References -- A Study on Alternative Strategies for Public Transportation in Dehradun City -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Research Objectives -- 1.2 Methodology -- 2 Literature Review. , 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3.1 Boarding and Alighting Data Collected on Field -- 4 Results and Discussion-Alternate Strategies -- 4.1 Bus Transportation Completely Operated By Government -- 4.2 Both Transit and Paratransit Help the City to Turn Out Into a Smart City -- 4.3 Both Bus Transit and Paratransit Serve the City of Dehradun Simultaneously Under the Government Supervision -- 4.4 Privatisation -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Sustainability Assessment Need for Construction Phase in Construction Project -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Construction  Site & -- Pollution -- 3 Construction Site Sustainability -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Suitable Urban Land Development Model for Uttarakhand -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 2.1 Land Acquisition -- 2.2 Land Pooling -- 2.3 Town Planning Schemes (TPS) -- 2.4 Transferable Development Rights (TDR) -- 2.5 Accommodation and Reservation Principle -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Assessment of Urban Land Development Mechanism in Different States of India -- 4.1 Maharashtra -- 4.2 Gujarat -- 4.3 Delhi -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- 6 Recommended Framework -- 6.1 Land Pooling -- 6.2 TPS Mechanism -- 6.3 Transferrable Development Rights and Accommodation Reservation -- References -- Evacuation Methods During Fire in High-Rise Buildings: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Objectives -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Limitations -- 5 Outline -- 6 Behavioral Problems Regarding the Building Using -- 6.1 Office Building -- 6.2 Residential Building -- 6.3 Health Care Building -- 6.4 Egress Components -- 6.5 Stairs -- 6.6 Elevators -- 6.7 Sky Bridges -- 6.8 Refugee Floor -- 6.9 Egress Methods -- 7 Conclusion -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Identification of the Parameters to Estimate the Capillary Rise from Shallow Groundwater Table Using Field Crop Experiments -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Models Used for the Investigation -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Field Crop Experiments -- 1.5 Performance Evaluation Indicator for Models -- 1.6 Results and Discussions -- 1.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Study of Groundwater Table Fluctuations in the Command Area of Bhagwanpur Distributary of the Eastern Gandak Project -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Appendices -- References -- 3 Assessment of Heavy Metals in Sediments from Exploratory Wells for Riverbank Filtration Sites Impacted by Extreme Environmental Conditions Using Principal Component Analysis -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methods -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Soil and Sediment Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.3 Water Sampling and Analysis -- 3.2.4 Principal Component Analysis -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.2 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.3 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Mathura -- 3.3.4 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.5 PCA of Heavy Metals in Soil and Aquifer Sediments of Exploratory Well in Agra -- 3.3.6 Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water Samples from Exploratory Well Agra -- 3.3.7 Synthesis of PCA and Vertical Distribution of Heavy Metals in Exploratory Well Sediments -- 3.4 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 4 Simulation of Re-Aeration Coefficient Using Anfis and Arima Models -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Study Area and Database -- 4.2.1 Study Area. , 4.2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System -- 4.3.2 Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average -- 4.3.3 Evaluation of ANFIS and ARIMA Models -- 4.4 Results and Discussion -- 4.4.1 Model Input -- 4.4.2 Selection of Best ANFIS Model -- 4.4.3 Hybrid ANFIS-ARIMA -- 4.5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Identification of Unknown Number of Clandestine Groundwater Contamination Source Locations and Their Release Flux History -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology Development -- 5.2.1 Illustration of the Study Area -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Development of Multiple Linear Regression Model for Heavy Metal Prediction Around Eklahare Thermal Power Plant, Nashik, Maharashtra -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.3 Materials and Methods -- 6.3.1 Data Analysis and Model Development -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.4.1 Correlation Analysis -- 6.4.2 MLR Model -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Integrated Approach for Groundwater Recharge Assessment-A Review -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Materials and Methodology -- 7.3 Factors Influencing Groundwater Recharge -- 7.3.1 Lithology/Geology -- 7.3.2 Slope -- 7.3.3 Geomorphology -- 7.3.4 Land Use/land Cover -- 7.3.5 Groundwater Contour -- 7.3.6 Soil Type -- 7.3.7 Drainage -- 7.3.8 Lineaments -- 7.3.9 Rainfall -- 7.3.10 Iso Resistivity -- 7.4 Suitability Map for Groundwater Recharge and Discussion -- 7.4.1 Decision Support System -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Effect of Indira Sagar Dam on the Health Assessment of Narmada River -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Flood Frequency Analysis -- 8.2.2 Base Flow Separation -- 8.2.3 Median Flow Duration Curve -- 8.2.4 Colwell Indices -- 8.2.5 Timing of Annual Extreme Water Conditions -- 8.2.6 Persistently Higher Flow (PH) -- 8.3 Persistently Lower Flow (PL). , 8.3.1 Persistently Very Low Flow (PVL) -- 8.3.2 Seasonality Flow Shift (SFS) -- 8.3.3 Small Floods -- 8.3.4 Rate of Water Condition Change -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Effect of Water Regulation in Low-Flow Season -- 8.5 Effect of Flood Control -- 8.5.1 Predictability of Flow -- 8.5.2 Storage Affecting Base Flow -- 8.5.3 Persistent Change in River Condition -- 8.5.4 Seasonality of Water Flow Conditions -- 8.5.5 Rate of Water Change Condition -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Study and Modelling of Trace Contaminant Transport Under Drowned Condition -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Objectives -- 9.3 Description on MIM Model of Cr(VI) Transport -- 9.4 Experimental Methodology -- 9.4.1 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.5 Results and Discussion -- 9.5.1 Effect of Resin Dosage -- 9.5.2 Effect of Solution pH -- 9.5.3 Isotherm Study -- 9.5.4 Kinetic Study -- 9.5.5 Fixed Bed Column Study -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- 10 ANN Modeling of Groundwater Development for Irrigation -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Present Study -- 10.3 Zonal Cropping Pattern -- 10.4 Study Area -- 10.5 Data -- 10.6 Artificial Neural Network -- 10.7 Development of ANN Models -- 10.8 Results and Discussion -- 10.9 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Assessment of Groundwater Quality with Special Reference to Arsenic in Ballia District, Uttar Pradesh, India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methodology -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Groundwater Chemistry -- 11.3.2 Water Type and Hydro-chemical Facies -- 11.3.3 Suitability of Groundwater for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.4 Arsenic Occurrence and Its Suitability for Drinking Purposes -- 11.3.5 Suitability for Irrigation Uses -- 11.3.6 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) -- 11.4 Conclusion -- References. , 12 Assessment of Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters of the Aquifers and Their Relationship Using Vertical Electrical Sounding in Gurpur Watershed, West Coast of India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Study Area -- 12.2.1 Geology -- 12.3 Materials and Methods -- 12.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 12.3.2 Interpretation of Resistivity Sounding Data -- 12.4 Results and Discussion -- 12.4.1 Qualitative and Quantitative VES Analysis -- 12.4.2 Hydraulic and Geoelectric Parameters -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Performance Monitoring and Re-design of a Traditional Household Filter Unit for Simultaneous Removal of Iron and Fluoride from Groundwater of Assam -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Material and Methods -- 13.2.1 Monitoring of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.2.2 Wooden Charcoal -- 13.2.3 River Sand -- 13.2.4 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.2.5 Analytical Methods Used -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 Performance of a Traditional Indigenous Household Filter Unit -- 13.3.2 Adsorption Kinetic and Equilibrium Studies of Fe(II) and F− Uptake from Mono- and Binary-Ion Systems Using Groundwater Samples -- 13.3.3 Proposed Design Modification of a Field Filter Unit -- 13.4 Summary -- References -- 14 Applications of Cascade Feed Forward Neural Network for Modelling of Coagulant Dose in a Drinking Water Treatment Plant: Comparative Study -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Material and Methods -- 14.2.1 Study Area -- 14.2.2 Methodology -- 14.3 Results and Analysis -- 14.4 Conclusions -- References -- 15 A Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Levels Using Data-Driven Model-A Case Study in Hyderabad, India -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.3 Data and Methods -- 15.3.1 Data Used -- 15.3.2 Methodology -- 15.4 Results and Discussions. , 15.4.1 Lateral Flow Estimation -- 15.4.2 Calibration and Validation of the Model -- 15.5 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Assessment of Groundwater Quality of the Aquifer Adjacent to River Bharalu in Guwahati City, Assam, India -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Study Area -- 16.3 Methodology -- 16.4 Results and Discussion -- 16.5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Groundwater Modelling Using Coupled Model SWAT-MODFLOW in the Hiranyakeshi Sub-Watershed -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Study Area -- 17.3 Methods and Methodology's -- 17.3.1 Data Required for SWAT and SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.3.2 SWAT Model -- 17.3.3 Description of SWAT Model -- 17.3.4 HRU Analysis -- 17.3.5 Weather Stations Data -- 17.4 Calibration and Validation of SWAT Model -- 17.4.1 SWAT-MODFLOW Model -- 17.4.2 SWAT-MODFLOW Model Set-Up & -- Execution -- 17.5 Result and Discussion -- 17.5.1 SWAT Model Results -- 17.5.2 Results of SWAT Calibration and Validation -- 17.5.3 Modflow Head -- 17.6 Conclusion -- References -- 18 Effect of Rainfall on Groundwater Levels in Sina Basin, Maharashtra -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area -- 18.3 Methodology -- 18.3.1 Steps Involved in the Analysis -- 18.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 18.3.3 ArcGIS 10.3 -- 18.3.4 Moving Average -- 18.3.5 Water Level Residual -- 18.4 Data Used -- 18.5 Results and Discussions -- 18.5.1 Thiessen Polygon of Study Area -- 18.5.2 Contours of Ground-Water Level -- 18.5.3 Trend Detection -- 18.5.4 Groundwater Water Level Residuals and Rainfall Patterns -- 18.6 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Management of Arsenic Sludge Using Solidification -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Materials and Methods -- 19.2.1 Preparation of Arsenic Residual Sludge -- 19.2.2 Preparation of Solidified Matrices -- 19.2.3 Semi Dynamic Leachability Test -- 19.2.4 Diffusion Coefficient (De) and Leachability Index as Per Penetration Theory -- 19.2.5 Analytical Method. , 19.3 Results and Discussion.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Authors -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 What is Deep Learning? -- 1.2 Pros and Cons of Deep Learning -- 1.3 Recent Applications of Deep Learning in Hydrometeorological and Environmental Studies -- 1.4 Organization of Chapters -- 1.5 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mathematical Background -- 2.1 Linear Regression Model -- 2.1.1 Simple Linear Regression -- 2.1.2 Multiple Linear Regression -- 2.2 Time Series Model -- 2.2.1 Autoregressive Model (AR) -- 2.3 Probability Distributions -- 2.3.1 Normal Distributions -- 2.3.2 Gamma Distribution -- 2.4 Exercises -- References -- 3 Data Preprocessing -- 3.1 Normalization -- 3.2 Data Splitting for Training and Testing -- 3.3 Exercises -- 4 Neural Network -- 4.1 Terminology in Neural Network -- 4.1.1 Components of Neural Network -- 4.1.2 Activation Functions -- 4.1.3 Error and Loss Function -- 4.1.4 Softmax and One-Hot Encoding -- 4.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 4.2.1 Simplest Network -- 4.2.2 Feedforward and Backward Propagation -- 4.2.3 Network with Multiple Input and Output Variables -- 4.2.4 Python Coding of the Simple Network -- 4.3 Exercises -- 5 Training a Neural Network -- 5.1 Initialization -- 5.2 Gradient Descent -- 5.3 Backpropagation -- 5.3.1 Simple Network -- 5.3.2 Full Neural Network -- 5.3.3 Python Coding of Network -- 5.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 6 Updating Weights -- 6.1 Momentum -- 6.2 Adagrad -- 6.3 RMSprop -- 6.4 Adam -- 6.5 Nadam -- 6.6 Python Coding of Updating Weights -- 6.7 Exercises -- References -- 7 Improving Model Performance -- 7.1 Batching and Minibatch -- 7.2 Validation -- 7.2.1 Python Coding of K-Fold Cross-Validation -- 7.3 Regularization -- 7.3.1 L-Norm Regularization -- 7.3.2 Dropout -- 7.3.3 Python Coding of Regularization -- 7.4 Exercises -- Reference -- 8 Advanced Neural Network Algorithms -- 8.1 Extreme Learning Machine (ELM). , 8.1.1 Basic ELM -- 8.1.2 Generalized ELM -- 8.1.3 Python Coding -- 8.2 Autoencoder -- 8.2.1 Vanilla Autoencoder -- 8.2.2 Regularized Autoencoder -- 8.2.3 Python Coding of Regularized AE -- 8.3 Exercises -- Reference -- 9 Deep Learning for Time Series -- 9.1 Recurrent Neural Network -- 9.1.1 Backpropagation -- 9.1.2 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.2 Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) -- 9.2.1 Basics of LSTM -- 9.2.2 Example of LSTM -- 9.2.3 Backpropagation of a Simple LSTM -- 9.2.4 Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT) -- 9.3 Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) -- 9.3.1 Basics of GRU -- 9.3.2 Example of GRU -- 9.3.3 Backpropagation of a Simple GRU Model -- 9.4 Exercises -- References -- 10 Deep Learning for Spatial Datasets -- 10.1 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) -- 10.1.1 Definition of Convolution -- 10.1.2 Elements of CNN -- 10.2 Backpropagation of CNN -- 10.3 Exercises -- 11 Tensorflow and Keras Programming for Deep Learning -- 11.1 Basic Keras Modeling -- 11.2 Temporal Deep Learning (LSTM and GRU) -- 11.3 Spatial Deep Learning (CNN) -- 11.4 Exercises -- References -- 12 Hydrometeorological Applications of Deep Learning -- 12.1 Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.1 Mathematical Description for Stochastic Simulation with LSTM -- 12.1.2 Colorado Monthly Streamflow -- 12.1.3 Results of Colorado River -- 12.1.4 Python Coding -- 12.1.5 Matlab Coding -- 12.2 Forecasting Daily Temperature with LSTM -- 12.2.1 Preparing the Data -- 12.2.2 Methodology -- 12.2.3 Results -- 12.2.4 Python Coding -- 12.3 Exercises -- References -- 13 Environmental Applications of Deep Learning -- 13.1 Remote Sensing of Water Quality Using CNN -- 13.1.1 Introduction -- 13.1.2 Study Area and Monitoring -- 13.1.3 Field Data Collection -- 13.1.4 Point-Centered Regression CNN (PRCNN) -- 13.1.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.1.6 Conclusion -- 13.1.7 Python Coding -- References.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Applications of Geospatial and Information Technologies Toward Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sustainable Development Goals -- 1.2.1 Targets -- 1.2.2 Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) and Its Global Perspective -- 1.2.3 Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on SDGs Implementation -- 1.3 Importance and Scope of Geospatial Technology on SDGs Implementation -- 1.4 Application of Geospatial Techniques Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5 Application of Information and Communication Technology Toward Achieving SDGs -- 1.5.1 Application of Big Data -- 1.5.2 Application of Artificial Intelligence -- 1.5.3 Application of Internet of Things -- 1.6 Integration of Geospatial Technology with ICT and Its Significance -- 1.7 Gaps or Challenges -- 1.7.1 Data-Related Challenges -- 1.7.2 Lack of Technology Infrastructure -- 1.7.3 Skilled/Trained Manpower -- 1.7.4 Lack of Awareness -- 1.7.5 Others -- 1.8 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Comparison of Maximum Likelihood, Neural Networks, and Random Forests Algorithms in Classifying Urban Landscape -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Area -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 Preprocessing -- 2.3.2 Classification Algorithms -- 2.3.3 Image Classification -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.4.1 Comparison of Overall Accuracies -- 2.4.2 Comparison of Producer's and User's Accuracies -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Crowd-Assisted Flood Disaster Management -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Background of Crowdsourced Data (CSD) -- 3.3 Challenges and Opportunities in CSD -- 3.4 Applications of CSD -- 3.5 Quality and Performance of CSD -- 3.5.1 Credibility of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.5.2 Relevance of Crowdsourced Data -- 3.6 Case Study: Flood Disaster Management -- 3.6.1 CSD Location Availability. , 3.6.2 CSD Credibility Analysis: A Naïve Bayesian Network-Based Model for CSD Credibility Detection -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geospatial Big Earth Data and Urban Data Analytics -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Big Earth Data and their Characteristics -- 4.3 Big Earth Data Sources -- 4.4 Existing Platforms for Big Earth Data Processing and Management -- 4.5 Big Earth Data Analytics -- 4.6 Big Earth Data and Urban Studies -- 4.7 Big Data Urban Analytics Toward Society 5.0 -- 4.8 Challenges and Way Forward -- References -- 5 A Comparative Analysis of Spatiotemporal Drought Events from Remote Sensing and Standardized Precipitation Indexes in Central America Dry Corridor -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Case Study -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Data Acquisition -- 5.3.2 Drought Calculation -- 5.3.3 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.3.4 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index NDVI -- 5.3.5 Vegetation Condition Index VCI -- 5.3.6 Climatological Drought Indexes -- 5.3.7 Spatiotemporal Monitoring -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Climatological Drought Index -- 5.4.2 Drought Vegetation Monitoring Indexes -- 5.4.3 Spatiotemporal Approach -- 5.4.4 Drought Tracking -- 5.5 Conclusions -- 5.6 Recommendations -- References -- 6 RETRACTED CHAPTER: Application of GIS and Remote Sensing Tools in Assessment of Drought Using Satellite and Ground-Based Data -- 7 Determining the Yield of Rice Using the Leaf Area Index (LAI) in Iran -- 7.1 Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2 Types of Rice Cultivation in Iran -- 7.2.1 The Method of Transplanting -- 7.2.2 Direct Seeding Method -- 7.3 Rice Yield Remote Estimation Indices -- 7.4 Leaf Area Index -- 7.5 Detection of Rice Crop by Remote Sensing Method -- 7.5.1 Unsupervised Classification -- 7.5.2 Supervised Classification -- 7.6 Determining Rice Yield -- 7.7 Results Evaluation of Rice Yield -- 7.8 Discussion and Conclusion. , References -- 8 Soil Erosion Modeling Using Remote Sensing and GIS -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.3.1 Erosion Modeling Using RUSLE -- 8.3.2 Erosion Modeling Using MMF Model -- 8.3.3 Sediment Delivery Ratio (SDR) -- 8.3.4 Model Validation -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Soil Loss by RUSLE Model -- 8.4.2 Soil Loss by MMF Model -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 The Mapping of the Intensity of Degradation According to the Different Land Use in Arid Regions: The Case of the Bouhamed Watershed, Southern Tunisia -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area Exposed to Desertification Problems -- 9.2.1 Arid Climate and Fragile Biophysical Context -- 9.2.2 Ancient and Changing Human Occupation -- 9.3 Methodological Approach to Mapping Land Degradation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS -- 9.3.1 Data and Tools -- 9.3.2 Soil Degradation Mapping Method -- 9.4 Study and Assessment of Degradation Intensity in the Bouhamed Watershed -- 9.4.1 Mapping of the Surface State by the Spectral Indices Approach -- 9.4.2 Mapping Human Occupation Patterns -- 9.4.3 Determination of the Intensity of Degradation -- 9.4.4 Assessment of the State of Desertification by Specification of the Sensitivity Level: Summary Map -- 9.5 Discussion -- 9.6 Conclusion -- 9.7 Recommendation -- References -- 10 Applicability of the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model Data for Basin-Scale Spatiotemporal Drought Assessment -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Case Study -- 10.2.2 WEAP Model -- 10.2.3 GLEAM Data -- 10.2.4 The Wet-Environment Evapotranspiration and Precipitation Standardized Index (WEPSI) -- 10.2.5 Experimental Setup -- 10.3 Results and Discussion -- 10.3.1 WEPSI Calculation and Performance Evaluation -- 10.3.2 Eligibility of a Global ET Dataset for Local WEPSI Applications -- 10.4 Conclusions -- References. , 11 Remote Sensing-Based Estimation of Shallow Inland Lake Morphometry: A Case Study of Sambhar Salt Lake, Ramsar Site-464, India -- 11.1 Introduction and Background -- 11.1.1 Why Lake Morphometry? -- 11.2 Significant Literature Inferences About Importance of Lake Morphometry -- 11.3 Material and Methods -- 11.3.1 Study Area-General Description -- 11.3.2 Image Preprocessing -- 11.3.3 Extraction of Water Surface -- 11.3.4 Calculation of the Lake Morphometric Parameters -- 11.4 Results and Discussion -- 11.4.1 Lake Water Surface Area (A) or (a) -- 11.4.2 Maximum Length (Lmax) -- 11.4.3 Maximum Width (Bmax) and Mean Width (overlineB) -- 11.4.4 Lake Water Depth (Maximum Depth Dmax) and (Mean Depth overlineD) -- 11.4.5 Lake Volume (V) and Form Factor (Vd) -- 11.4.6 Dynamic Ratio (DR), Erosion-Transportation (ET) Areas, and Accumulation Areas (Ao) -- 11.5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Remote Sensing and GIS in Spatial Monitoring of the Wetlands: A Case Study of Loktak Lake Catchment, India -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Wetlands Classifications and Distributions -- 12.2.1 Ramsar Classification -- 12.2.2 Wetlands Classifications in India -- 12.2.3 Distributions of Wetlands in India -- 12.3 Drivers for Change in Wetland Conditions -- 12.4 Land Use Land Cover Change (LULCC) Modeling Techniques -- 12.4.1 Vector-Based CA (VEC-GCA) -- 12.4.2 CA-Support Vector Machine (SVM) (CA-SVM) -- 12.4.3 CA-MCE -- 12.5 Case Study of Herbaceous Wetlands (Phumdis) and Wetlands in Loktak Lake Catchment, Manipur, India -- 12.6 Results -- 12.7 Discussions -- 12.8 Conclusion and Recommendation -- References -- 13 Delineation of Groundwater Potential Zones in a Tropical River Basin Using Geospatial Techniques and Analytical Hierarchy Process -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Data and Methodology -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Lithology. , 13.4.2 Geomorphological Features -- 13.4.3 Land Use/Land Cover (LU/LC) -- 13.4.4 Soil Texture -- 13.4.5 Lineament Density -- 13.4.6 Slope Angle -- 13.4.7 Drainage Density -- 13.4.8 Topographic Wetness Index (TWI) -- 13.4.9 Rainfall -- 13.4.10 Relative Importance of the Factors -- 13.4.11 Groundwater Potential Zones (GWPZs) -- 13.4.12 Discussions -- 13.5 Summary and Conclusions -- References -- 14 Management of Environmentally Stressed Areas in Watershed Using Multi-criteria Decision Tool in GIS: A Noble Technique to Conserve Soil for Agriculture -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.1.1 Rain Splash Erosion -- 14.1.2 Sheet Erosion -- 14.1.3 Rill Erosion -- 14.1.4 Gully Erosion -- 14.1.5 Bank Erosion -- 14.2 Soil Erosion in India -- 14.3 Assessment of Soil Erosion -- 14.4 Watershed Prioritization and Design of SWC Measures -- 14.5 Application of GIS -- 14.6 Case Study -- 14.6.1 Module-I: Prioritization -- 14.6.2 Module-II: Development of CAT Plan for SWC Measures -- 14.7 Study Area and Data Used -- 14.8 Results and Discussion -- 14.8.1 Module-I: Prioritization of Sub-watersheds -- 14.8.2 Module-II CAT Plan for Soil Water Conservation Measures -- 14.9 Conclusions -- References -- 15 Geospatial Technology for Estimating the Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Natural Hazards -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The Study Area -- 15.3 Methodology -- 15.3.1 Identification and Grading of Relevant Hazards -- 15.3.2 Determination of Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.3.3 Calculation of the Vulnerability Index (VI) -- 15.4 Risk Assessment for Physical Vulnerability of Building Structures to Floods -- 15.4.1 The Results of Hazard Assessment -- 15.4.2 Results of the Vulnerability Assessment -- 15.5 Conclusion -- 15.6 Future Directions -- References. , 16 Cooling Potential Simulation of Urban Green Space Using Remote Sensing and Web-Based GIS Integration in Panat Nikom Municipality, Thailand.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Establishing Sediment Rating Curves Using Optimization Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 GRG Technique -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- A Study on Some Characteristics of an Alluvial Channel for Varying Flows -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Study -- 3 Experimental Set-Up -- 4 Analysis of Data -- 4.1 Fluvial View -- 4.2 Analytical View -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Model Study for Determination of Efficiency of a Typical Silt Ejector -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Justification for Hydraulic Model Study -- 4 Hydraulic Model -- 5 Observations -- 5.1 Escape Discharge -- 5.2 Silt Movement -- 6 Model Run with Discharges Lower Than Design Discharge -- 7 Discussion -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Comparative Review on Model Selection for Hydrological Studies -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Models -- 2.1 Process-Based/Deterministic Models -- 2.2 Stochastic Models -- 3 Descriptions of Some Hydrological Models -- 3.1 Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Model -- 3.2 System Hydrologique European (MIKE-SHE) Model -- 3.3 Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) Model -- 3.4 Topography Based Hydrological Model (TOPMODEL) -- 3.5 Agricultural Policy Environmental Extender (APEX) Model -- 3.6 Annualized Agricultural Non-point Source (AnnAGNPS) Model -- 3.7 Gridded Surface Subsurface Hydrologic Analysis (GSSHA) Model -- 3.8 Distributed Hydrology Vegetation Soil (DHVSM) Model -- 3.9 Patuxent landscape Model (PLM) -- 3.10 Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) Model -- 3.11 Hydrologic Modelling System (HEC-HMS) -- 3.12 Precipitation Runoff Modeling System (PRMS) Model -- 3.13 Water and Energy Transfer Between Soil, Plants and Atmosphere (Wet Spa) Model -- 3.14 Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) Model. , 4 Conclusion -- References -- An Automatic Integrated Tool for Deriving Morphometric Parameters -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Integrated Tool -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Frequency Analysis in Seonath and Hasdeo River Basins -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Availability -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Analysis of Hydrological Data -- 3.2 Delineation of Homogeneous Regions -- 3.3 Discordancy Measure -- 3.4 Heterogeneity Test -- 3.5 Selection of Parametric Distribution -- 3.6 Locfit Approach -- 3.7 RFFA for Un-Gauged Catchments -- 3.8 Flood Quantiles Estimation and Comparison -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Data Quality Check -- 4.2 Regionalisation -- 4.3 Parameter Estimation and Regional Formula -- 4.4 At-site Frequency Analysis -- 4.5 Comparative Analyses of Flood Quantiles -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Assessment of Plan Form Development Due to Erosion and Deposition of Soil -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Inferences -- 3 Objectives -- 4 Methodology -- 4.1 Details of the Experimental Set up -- 5 Experiment Method -- 6 Data Collected and Analysis -- 7 Graphical Representation -- 8 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- Assessment and Application of the Morphometric Attributes of the Bharathapuzha River Basin, India Using Geographical Information System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Data Analysis and Discussion -- 4.1 Primary Morphometric Attributes -- 5 Secondary Morphometric Attributes -- 5.1 Linear Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.2 Aerial Aspects of the Drainage Basin -- 5.3 Shape Parameters -- 5.4 Relief Aspects -- 6 Applications of the Obtained Morphometric Attributes -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Integrated Tool for Morphometric Analysis Using QGIS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Results Stream Order (U) -- 5 Conclusion. , References -- Short Term and Seasonal Observation on Shoreline Changes from Kanagachettikulam to Veerampattinam of the Puducherry Coastal Region Using GPS Technique -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scope of the Present Study -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Materials and Methods -- 5 Results -- 6 Normal Zone (Kanaga Chettikulam to Periyamudaliyarchavady) -- 7 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 7.1 Accretion -- 7.2 Erosion -- 7.3 Structure Zone (Periya Mudaliyarchavady to Veerampattinam) -- 8 Accretion Results -- 9 Erosion Results -- 10 Results Based on Seasonal Observation -- 10.1 Accretion -- 10.2 Erosion -- 11 Summary and Conclusion -- References -- A Review of Computational Studies on Indian Coast Considering Climate Change Effects -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Rainfall and Temperature -- 1.2 Sea Level Rise and Floods -- 1.3 Wind and Wave Climate -- 2 Availability of Data -- 2.1 In-Situ Measured Data -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements -- 2.3 Global Climate Models -- 2.4 Climate Change Scenarios -- 3 Methods and Computational Tools Used in Climatology -- 3.1 Numerical Modelling -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network -- 3.3 Analysis Based on Long-Term Probability Distributions -- 4 Computational Studies Along Indian Coast -- 5 Summary -- References -- Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Goodness of Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 5 Conclusions -- References. , Pervious Concrete as an Effective Urban Flood Management Tool -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Mix Proportion -- 1.2 Environment Benefits -- 2 Research Significance -- 3 Materials and Methodology -- 3.1 Composition and Mix Design -- 3.2 Sample Preparation -- 3.3 Experimental Set up -- 3.4 Properties of Concrete -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Compressive Strength -- 4.2 Porosity -- 4.3 Permeability -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Wave Conditions for Mangrol Fishing Harbour -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Wave Transformation -- 4 Wave Tranquility -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Erodibility of Cohesive Sediments Using Jet Erosion Tests -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- 2.1 Properties of Clay and Sand Used -- 2.2 Tank for Experimentation on Jet-Scour -- 3 Methods of Analysis -- 4 Analysis, Results and Discussions -- 5 Conclusions and Suggestions -- References -- Numerical Simulation of Desilting Chamber Using Flow 3D -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydraulic Model Studies for Desilting Chamber -- 3 Numerical Modeling Through CFD -- 4 Mathematical Formulation -- 4.1 Meshing and Geometry -- 5 Velocity Profiles -- 6 Sediment Movement Inside Desilting Chamber -- 7 Pressure Profiles -- 8 Results -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- Flood Management-An Overview -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Literature Review -- 3 Impact of Flood -- 3.1 Impact of Flood in the State of West Bengal Within Last Fifty Years -- 4 1968 North Bengal Flood, West Bengal -- 5 1978 Flood in Midnapur and Other Districts, West Bengal -- 6 Purulia Flood of 1992, West Bengal -- 7 Flood of 2000 in West Bengal -- 8 Flood in Bankura and Jhargram Districts of West Bengal During the Year 2018 -- 9 Flood Impact Assessment and Management -- 10 Action Plan of Flood Management -- 11 Application of New Technology -- 12 Conclusions -- References. , Grid Sensitivity Study of Modular Ocean Model in Capturing Regional-Scale Dynamics of Bay of Bengal Under Seasonal Wind Patterns -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Description -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Bathymetry Retrieval Using Remote Sensing Techniques for Inter-tidal Regions of Tapi Estuary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Existing Methods to Retrieve Bathymetry from Satellite Images -- 2.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline Method -- 2.2 Band Ratio Method -- 3 Study Area -- 4 Datasets Used -- 4.1 Satellite Images -- 4.2 Bathymetry -- 4.3 Tide -- 5 Methodology -- 5.1 Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 5.2 Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 5.3 Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 6 Results and Discussion -- 6.1 Result from Tide Co-ordinated Shoreline (TC) Method -- 6.2 Result from Band Ratio (BR) Method -- 6.3 Result from Hybrid (TCBR) Method -- 7 Validation -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Numerical Model Studies to Assess Wave Transmission Through Array of Wave Energy Converters, with Different Configurations -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Numerical Model -- 2.2 Numerical Wave Flume -- 2.3 Experiments -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Comparison of Transmission Coefficients -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Physical and Numerical Modeling of Flow Pattern Near Upstream Guide Wall of Jigaon Dam Spillway, Maharashtra -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Physical Model -- 2 Numerical Model -- 2.1 Comparison of Numerical Model Results with Physical Model Results for Original Design of Spillway -- 2.2 Flow Conditions Over the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 2.3 Velocity in the Upstream of the Spillway for Fully Open Gate Operation -- 3 Revised Design of Spillway -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Assessing the Impact of Ports on Tiruvallur Coast of Tamilnadu -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data Used -- 4 Methodology. , 5 Result and Discussion.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Dedication -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Random Variables in Environmental and Water Engineering -- 1.1.1 Rainfall -- 1.1.2 Temperature -- 1.1.3 Frost, Fog, and Sunshine Hours -- 1.1.4 Wind -- 1.1.5 Snowfall -- 1.1.6 Runoff -- 1.1.7 Flood -- 1.1.8 Drought -- 1.1.9 Hydrogeology -- 1.1.10 Water Quality -- 1.2 Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.2.1 Stoppa System -- 1.2.2 Dagum System -- 1.2.3 Johnson System -- 1.2.4 General Classification -- 1.3 Need for Systems of Frequency Distributions -- 1.4 Organization of the Book -- References -- 2 Pearson System of Frequency Distributions -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Differential Equation of Pearson System -- 2.3 Generalization of Pearson System -- 2.4 Pearson Distributions -- 2.4.1 Nonnegative Discriminant -- 2.4.2 Negative Discriminant -- 2.4.3 Pearson Type 0 Distribution -- 2.4.4 Pearson Type I Distribution -- 2.4.5 Pearson Type II Distribution -- 2.4.6 Pearson Type III Distribution -- 2.4.7 Pearson Type IV Distribution -- 2.4.8 Pearson Type V Distribution -- 2.4.9 Pearson Type VI Distribution -- 2.4.10 Pearson Type VII Distribution -- 2.4.11 Pearson Type VIII Distribution -- 2.4.12 Pearson Type IX Distribution -- 2.4.13 Pearson Type X Distribution -- 2.4.14 Pearson Type XI Distribution -- 2.4.15 Pearson Type XII Distribution -- 2.5 Graphical Representation of Shapes Based on the Relation of α23 versus d and α23 versus α4 -- 2.5.1 Graphical Representation of Pearson Distributions -- 2.5.2 Type I(U): -- 2.5.3 Type III(B): -- 2.5.4 Type IV(B): -- 2.5.5 Type VI: -- 2.6 Application -- Normal Distribution -- Gamma Distribution -- Pearson III Distribution -- Log-Pearson III Distribution -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.1 Introduction. , 3.2 Characteristics of Probability Distribution Functions -- 3.3 Burr Hypothesis -- 3.4 Burr System of Frequency Distributions -- 3.4.1 Burr I Distribution -- 3.4.2 Burr II Distribution -- 3.4.3 Burr III Distribution -- 3.4.4 Burr IV Distribution -- 3.4.5 Burr V Distribution -- 3.4.6 Burr VI Distribution -- 3.4.7 Burr VII Distribution -- 3.4.8 Burr VIII Distribution -- 3.4.9 Burr IX Distribution -- 3.4.10 Burr X Distribution -- 3.4.11 Burr XI Distribution -- 3.4.12 Burr XII Distribution -- 3.5 Parameter Estimation by Cumulative Moment Theory -- 3.6 Application -- 3.6.1 Peak Flow -- 3.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 3.6.3 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 3.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 D'Addario System of Frequency Distributions -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 D'Addario System -- 4.2.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 4.2.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 4.2.3 Lognormal (2-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.4 Lognormal (3-Parameter) Distribution -- 4.2.5 Davis Distribution -- 4.2.6 Amoroso Distribution -- 4.3 Application -- 4.3.1 Peak Flow -- 4.3.2 Monthly Discharge -- 4.3.3 Deseasonalized TPN -- 4.3.4 Daily Maximum Precipitation -- 4.4 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Dagum System of Frequency Distributions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Dagum System of Distributions -- 5.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 5.3.1 Pareto Type I Distribution -- 5.3.2 Pareto Type II Distribution -- 5.3.3 Pareto Type III Distribution -- 5.3.4 Benini Distribution -- 5.3.5 Weibull Distribution -- 5.3.6 Log-Gompertz Distribution -- 5.3.7 Fisk Distribution -- 5.3.8 Singh-Maddala Distribution -- 5.3.9 Dagum I Distribution -- 5.3.10 Dagum II Distribution -- 5.3.11 Dagum III Distribution -- 5.4 Application -- 5.4.1 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 5.4.2 Peak Flow -- 5.4.3 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 5.4.4 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 5.5 Conclusion. , References -- 6 Stoppa System of Frequency Distributions -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Stoppa System of Distributions -- 6.3 Derivation of Frequency Distributions -- 6.3.1 Generalized Power Distribution (Stoppa Type I Distribution) -- 6.3.2 Generalized Pareto Type II Distribution -- 6.3.3 Generalized Exponential Distribution (Type III Distribution) -- 6.3.4 Stoppa Type IV Distribution -- 6.3.5 Stoppa Type V Distribution -- 6.3.6 Four-Parameter Generalized Pareto Distribution -- 6.4 Relation between Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.5 Relations among Burr distributions and Dagum and Stoppa Systems -- 6.6 Application -- 6.6.1 Monthly Suspended Sediment -- 6.6.2 Annual Rainfall Amount -- 6.6.3 Peak Flow -- 6.6.4 Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 6.6.5 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Esteban System of Frequency Distributions -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Esteban System of Distributions -- 7.2.1 Three-Parameter Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.2 Special Cases of Generalized Gamma Distribution -- 7.2.3 Generalized Beta Distribution of First Kind -- 7.2.4 Special Cases of GB1 Distribution -- 7.2.5 Generalized Beta Distribution of Second Kind -- 7.2.6 Special Cases of GB2 Distribution -- 7.3 Application -- 7.3.1 TPN -- 7.3.2 Peak Flow -- 7.3.3 Drought (Total Flow Deficit) -- 7.3.4 Annual Rainfall -- 7.4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Singh System of Frequency Distributions -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Singh System of Distributions -- 8.3 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Systems of Frequency Distributions Using Bessel Functions and Cumulants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.1 Moments of Bessel Function Distributions -- 9.2.2 Bessel Function Line -- 9.2.3 Inverse Gaussian Distribution -- 9.2.4 Other Distributions -- Product of Two Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im, In). , Product of the Two Bessel Functions of the Second Kind (Km, Kn) -- Product of the Bessel Functions of the First Kind (Im) and the Second Kind (Kn) -- 9.3 Frequency Distributions by Series Approximation -- 9.3.1 Chebyshev (Probabilists')-Hermite Polynomials -- 9.3.2 Cumulants -- 9.3.3 Basic Concept of Approximating Frequency Distribution with Series Approximation -- 9.3.4 Gram-Charlier Type A Series -- 9.3.5 Edgeworth Series with Baseline Gaussian Distribution -- 9.3.6 Gram-Charlier/Edgeworth Series with Non-Gaussian Distribution -- Gamma Distribution as Baseline PDF -- Beta Distribution as Baseline PDF -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Frequency Distributions by Entropy Maximization -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Entropy Maximization -- 10.3 Application -- 10.3.1 Peak Flow -- 10.3.2 Monthly Sediment Yield -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Transformations for Frequency Distributions -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Transformation to Normal Distribution -- 11.3 Transformation of Normal Distribution: The Johnson family -- 11.4 Transformation Based on the First Law of Laplace -- 11.5 Transformation of Logistic Distribution -- 11.6 Transformation of Beta Distribution -- 11.7 Transformation of Gamma Distribution -- 11.8 Transformation of Student-t Distribution -- 11.9 Application -- 11.9.1 Peak Flow and Maximum Daily Precipitation -- 11.9.2 Monthly Sediment and Annual Rainfall -- 11.10 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Genetic Theory of Frequency -- 12.1 Basic Concept of Elementary Errors -- 12.2 General Discussion of Charlier Type A and B Curves -- 12.3 Charlier Type A Curve -- 12.4 Charlier Type B Curve -- 12.5 Extensions by Wicksell -- References -- Appendix Datasets for Applications -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Integrated Water Resources Management of Thatipudi Command Area, Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Methodology -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Data Collection -- 1.3 Analysis -- 1.3.1 Reservoir Storage Capacity -- 1.3.2 Irrigation Purpose -- 1.3.3 Water Supply -- 1.3.4 Preparation of GIS Maps -- 1.4 Results -- 1.4.1 Irrigation in Kharif Season -- 1.4.2 Irrigation in Rabi Season -- 1.5 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Hydrological Modelling to Study the Impacts of Climate and LULC Change at Basin Scale: A Review -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Models -- 2.3 Hydrological Modelling in LULC and Climate Change Impact Studies -- 2.3.1 Impacts of LULCC on Hydrology -- 2.3.2 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrology -- 2.3.3 Combined Effects of Climate Change and LULC Change -- 2.4 Model Comparison Studies -- 2.5 Discussion -- 2.6 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Water Resource Management for Coal-Based Thermal Power Plant -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Water Resource Management in Thermal Power Plants -- 3.2.1 Cooling Water System Water Requirements -- 3.2.2 Ash Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.3 Coal Handling System Water Requirements -- 3.2.4 Demineralized Water System Water Requirements -- 3.3 Water Balance for 2 × 660 MW Coal-Based Power Plant -- 3.4 Analysis of New Environment Norms and Its Impacts -- 3.5 Adoption of Dry Cooling System (Air Cooled Condenser) -- 3.6 Additional Water Conservation Techniques Used in TPP -- 3.6.1 Adoption of 100% Utilization of Fly Ash in Dry Mode -- 3.6.2 Increasing Cycle of Concentration for Circulating Cooling Water System -- 3.6.3 Installation of Ash Water Recovery System from Ash Dyke -- 3.6.4 Recycling of CW Blowdown to Other Systems -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Evaluation of Reservoir Sedimentation Using Satellite Data-A Case Study. , 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Description of Study Area -- 4.3 Data and Software Used -- 4.4 Methodology -- 4.5 Results and Discussion -- 4.6 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Regionalisation of Watersheds Using Fuzzy C Means Clustering Algorithm in the West Flowing River of Kerala -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Study Area and Data -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.3.1 Fuzzy Clustering Algorithm -- 5.3.2 Validity Index -- 5.3.3 L Moments Heterogeneity H Test -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Parameter Selection for Feature Vector -- 5.4.2 Fuzzy C Means Clusters -- 5.4.3 Validity Index -- 5.4.4 L Moments H Test -- 5.5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Analysis of Relationship Between Landslides and Rainfall in Karwar, Uttara Kannada District, Karnataka, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area -- 6.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology -- 6.2.2 Climate and Rainfall -- 6.3 Materials and Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Optimal Cropping Pattern of Kulsi River Basin, Assam, India Using Simulation and Linear Programming Model -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Study Area -- 7.3 Methods and Materials -- 7.3.1 Crop Water Requirement -- 7.3.2 The Simulation Model -- 7.3.3 Linear Programming Model -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Comparison of Flux Footprint Models to a Mixed Fetch Heterogeneous Cropland System -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area and Data Analysis -- 8.3 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Water Resources Assessment Issues and Application of Isotope Hydrology in North East India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water Resources Assessment Issues in Northeastern Hilly States -- 9.3 Springshed Development and Challenges -- 9.3.1 In-Situ Spring Water/Rainwater Harvesting -- 9.3.2 Springshed Protection. , 9.3.3 Major Challenges, Conflicts and People Participation in Spring Development and Management Practices in Northeast Himalayas Region -- 9.4 Isotope Hydrology Applications in Water Resource Management -- 9.4.1 Global Meteoric Water Line (GMWL) and Local Meteoric Water Line (LMWL) -- 9.4.2 Identify the Springs Origin and Their Recharge Area, Altitude Effect, Mean Residence Time -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Water Hammer Analysis for Pipe Line Network Using HAMMER V8i -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Problem Statement and Procedure of Analysis -- 10.3 Results and Analysis -- 10.3.1 Baseline Scenario: Steady State Conditions -- 10.3.2 Surge Analysis on Baseline Network Without Surge Protection -- 10.3.3 Analysis with Surge Protection Device -- 10.4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Dam Break Flood Routing and Inundation Mapping Using HEC-RAS and HEC-GeoRAS -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Study Area -- 11.3 Methodology -- 11.4 Results and Discussions -- 11.5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Suitability and Performance of Present Irrigation System in Kokernag, Jammu and Kashmir -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Parametric Approach -- 12.2.2 On the Basis of Socio-Economic Background -- 12.2.3 On the Basis of Usage and Availability of Water -- 12.3 Suitability and Performance Indicators -- 12.3.1 Capability Index -- 12.3.2 Relative Water Supply (RWS) -- 12.3.3 Benefit-Cost Ratio (BCR) -- 12.4 Description of Study Area -- 12.4.1 Location -- 12.4.2 Topography -- 12.4.3 Precipitation Characteristics -- 12.4.4 Irrigation Details -- 12.5 Data Collection -- 12.5.1 Soil Data -- 12.5.2 Water Availability and Water Requirement Data -- 12.6 Results and Discussions -- 12.6.1 Suitability -- 12.6.2 Performance -- 12.7 Conclusions -- References. , 13 Linking of Sediment Yield Pattern with Rainfall and Land-Use Land-Cover Changes Within Burhanpur Sub-catchment, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Study Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Analysis of Data, Results and Discussions -- 13.5 Conclusions -- References -- 14 Assessment of Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) Using Hydrologic Model for Probable Maximum Precipitation in Maithon Watershed -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area -- 14.2.1 Geographical Description of Study Area -- 14.2.2 Physiographic Description of Maithon Dam -- 14.3 Materials and Methodology -- 14.3.1 Delineation of Catchment -- 14.3.2 Preparation of Sub-catchment -- 14.3.3 Rainfall Distribution Maps -- 14.4 Probable Maximum Precipitation -- 14.5 Probable Maximum Flood (PMF) -- 14.5.1 Physiographic Parameter of the Sub-catchments -- 14.5.2 Snyder's Method -- 14.5.3 Design Loss Rate -- 14.5.4 Base Flow -- 14.5.5 Muskingum Parameters -- 14.5.6 HEC-HMS Model -- 14.5.7 Output -- 14.6 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Simulating Failure of Indravati Dam Using Mike 11 and the Propagation of Breached Outflow -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area -- 15.2.1 Salient Features of Indravati Dam -- 15.3 Dam Breach Parameters -- 15.4 Methodology -- 15.5 Model Setup -- 15.6 Results and Analysis -- 15.6.1 Flood Routing -- 15.6.2 Longitudinal Profile of the Bed -- 15.7 Flood Maps -- 15.8 Emergency Action Plan (EAP) -- 15.9 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Optimization of Water Allocation for Ukai Reservoir Using Elitist TLBO -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Methods and Materials -- 16.2.1 Differential Evolution (DE) -- 16.2.2 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 16.2.3 Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO) -- 16.2.4 Elitist Teaching Learning-Based Optimization (ETLBO) -- 16.3 Study Area and Data Collection -- 16.4 Mathematical Models -- 16.4.1 Objective Function -- 16.4.2 Constraints. , 16.5 Results and Discussion -- 16.6 Conclusion -- References -- 17 Prediction of Reservoir Submerged Sediment Density -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Materials and Methods -- 17.2.1 Data -- 17.2.2 ANN Model Design -- 17.3 Results and Discussion -- 17.4 Conclusion -- Annexure 1 -- References -- 18 Micro-hydro Power Generation in India-A Review -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Literature Review -- 18.3 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Runoff Simulation and Irrigation Water Requirement for Barman Command -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Study Area and Data -- 19.2.1 Study Area -- 19.2.2 Data Collection -- 19.3 Methodology -- 19.3.1 Net Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.3.2 Rainfall-Runoff Modeling -- 19.3.3 Probability Analysis -- 19.3.4 Performance Evaluation of Model -- 19.4 Results and Analysis -- 19.4.1 AWBM Calibration and Validation Charts -- 19.4.2 SIMHYD Model -- 19.4.3 Accuracy of Models -- 19.4.4 Effective Rainfall -- 19.4.5 Probability Analysis of Yearly Rainfall -- 19.4.6 Probability Analysis of Monthly Rainfall -- 19.4.7 Irrigation Water Requirement -- 19.5 Conclusions -- Referencess -- 20 Nonlinear Regression Analysis Between Discharge and Head for Piano Key Weirs with Increasing Developed Length (L/W) Ratio and Constant Channel Width -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Literature Review -- 20.3 Methodology -- 20.3.1 Nonlinear Regression Analysis -- 20.4 Results and Discussion -- 20.5 Conclusion -- References -- 21 Grey Water Characterization and Its Management -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Characterization of Grey Water -- 21.3 Treatment of Grey Water -- 21.3.1 Laundry Sample -- 21.3.2 Bathing Sample -- 21.3.3 Washbasin Sample -- 21.4 Conclusion -- References -- 22 Intelligent Operation of Hirakud Reservoir Using Metaheuristic Techniques (PSO and TLBO) -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area and Data Details -- 22.3 Methodology. , 22.3.1 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Trend Analyses of Seasonal Mean Temperature Series Pertaining to the Tapi River Basin Using Monthly Data -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Data -- 1.3 Study Area -- 1.4 Methodology -- 1.5 Results -- 1.5.1 Trend Analysis of Regional Winter Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.2 Trend Analysis of Regional Pre-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.3 Trend Analysis of Regional Monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.5.4 Trend Analysis of Regional Post-monsoon Tmean Series Corresponding to the Period 1971-2004 -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Dry Spell and Wet Spell Characterisation of Nandani River Basin, Western Maharashtra, India -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Objective -- 2.3 Study Area and Methodology -- 2.3.1 Data Used -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Identification of Wet and Dry Spell -- 2.4 Results and Discussion -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Assessment of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in Tandula Command of Chhattisgarh (India) -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Study Area and Data Used -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.3.1 Statistical Downscaling -- 3.3.2 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration (ETo) -- 3.3.3 Computation of Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.4 Analysis of Results -- 3.4.1 Future Projection of Climate Parameters and Rainfall -- 3.4.2 Evapotranspiration and Irrigation Water Requirement -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Climate Change on Hydrological Regime of Narmada River Basin -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Literature Review -- 4.3 Methodology -- 4.3.1 Study Area -- 4.3.2 Data and Methodology -- 4.3.3 Model Working Flowchart -- 4.4 ANN Used in Runoff Modelling -- 4.5 Wavelet Transform: A Data Processing Technique -- 4.6 Efficiency Parameters -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References. , 5 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Water Resources of Ethiopia -- 5.3 Ethiopian Contribution to Global Greenhouse Emission -- 5.4 Climate Change Impacts on Water Resources in Ethiopia -- 5.4.1 Observed (Historical) Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.4.2 Potential Impacts on Water Resource -- 5.5 State Reaction for Threats of Climate Change in Ethiopia -- 5.6 Adaptation and Mitigation Techniques in Ethiopia -- 5.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- 6 Spatio-Temporal Trend Analysis of Long-Term IMD-Gridded Precipitation in Godavari River Basin, India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Study Area and Datasets Used -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.4 Results and Discussion -- 6.5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Forecasting Reference Evapotranspiration Using Artificial Neural Network for Nagpur Region -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Study Area -- 7.3 Methodology -- 7.4 Results and Discussions -- 7.5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Time-Varying Downscaling Model (TVDM) and its Benefit to Capture Extreme Rainfall -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.3.1 Data Used -- 8.3.2 Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.4.1 Calibration Period -- 8.4.2 Validation Period -- 8.5 Conclusions -- References -- 9 An Assessment of Impact of Land Use-Land Cover and Climate Change on Quality of River Using Water Quality Index -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Land Use-Land Cover -- 9.1.2 Climate Change -- 9.1.3 Water Quality Index -- 9.2 Study Area -- 9.3 Methodology -- 9.3.1 Estimation of Water Quality Index (WQI) -- 9.3.2 Analysis of WQI and Data -- 9.3.3 Relationship Between Land Use, Climate Change and Water Quality -- 9.4 Discussion -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Assessment of Tail Behavior of Probability Distributions of Daily Precipitation Data Over India -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 The Dataset -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Defining the Tail -- 10.3.2 Fitting Method -- 10.3.3 The Fitted Distribution Tails -- 10.4 Results and Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Benefit of Time-Varying Models Developed Using Graphical Modeling Approach for Probabilistic Prediction of Monthly Streamflow -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Methodology -- 11.3 Application of the Time-Varying GM Approach -- 11.3.1 Study Area and Data Source -- 11.3.2 Model Performance and Discussion -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Determination of Effective Discharge Responsible for Sediment Transport in Cauvery River Basin -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methodology -- 12.2.1 Goodness-of-Fit Test for Stream Flow Data -- 12.2.2 Determination of Effective Discharge Using MFA -- 12.2.3 Recurrence Interval Prediction -- 12.3 Study Area and Data Considered for MFA -- 12.4 Results and Discussions -- 12.4.1 KS Test for Fitting Probability Distributions to Daily Stream Flow Data -- 12.4.2 Stream Flow Distribution and Sediment Transport Analysis -- 12.4.3 Effective Discharge and Recurrence Interval Determination -- 12.4.4 Duration of Effective Discharge -- 12.5 Conclusions -- References -- 13 A Comparative Study of Potential Evapotranspiration in an Agroforestry Region of Western Ghats, India -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Penman-Monteith Method (PM) -- 13.2.2 Priestley-Taylor Method (PT) -- 13.2.3 Hargreaves Method (HG) -- 13.2.4 Turc's Method (TC) -- 13.3 Study Area -- 13.4 Results and Discussion -- 13.4.1 Comparisons of Daily ETo Methods -- 13.4.2 Comparisons of Monthly ET0 Methods -- 13.5 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Influence of Air Temperature on Local Precipitation Extremes Across India -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Study Area and Data -- 14.3 Methodology. , 14.3.1 Pairing the Maximum Daily Temperature and Daily Rainfall of Wet Days -- 14.3.2 Clausius-Clapeyron (C-C) Scaling -- 14.4 Results and Discussions -- 14.4.1 Relationship Between Rainfall and Daily Maximum Temperature -- 14.4.2 Evolution of the Scaling Relationship Over Time -- 14.4.3 Relationship Between Rainfall and Maximum Temperature of Preceding Days -- 14.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 15 Effect of Spatial and Temporal Land Use-Land Cover Change on the Rainfall Trend: A Case Study in Kerala -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Study Area and Description -- 15.3 Data and Methodology -- 15.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 15.3.2 Land Use-Land Cover Maps -- 15.3.3 Rainfall Trend -- 15.4 Results and Discussion -- 15.4.1 Land Use-Land Cover Change -- 15.4.2 Rainfall Trend Estimation -- 15.4.3 Relating LULC Modification to Rainfall Change -- 15.5 Conclusion -- References -- 16 Innovations and Application of Operational Ocean Data Products for Security of Marine Environment -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.1.1 Argo Floats -- 16.1.2 Drifter Program -- 16.1.3 Soop/XBT -- 16.1.4 Moored Buoy -- 16.1.5 Satellite Oceanography -- 16.2 Ocean Data and Information System (ODIS) -- 16.3 Ocean Information and Advisory Services -- 16.4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Statistical Downscaling of Sea Level by Support Vector Machine and Regression Tree Approaches -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Methods -- 17.2.1 Support Vector Regression -- 17.2.2 Regression Tree -- 17.3 Data Collection -- 17.4 Identification of Predictors -- 17.5 Development of Statistical Downscaling Model -- 17.6 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Assessing the Impacts of Climate Change on Crop Yield in Upper Godavari River Sub-basin Using H08 Hydrological Model -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Study Area and Database Development -- 18.3 Methodology and Hydrological Model: H08 -- 18.4 Results and Discussion. , 18.5 Conclusions -- References -- 19 Evaluation of Time Discretization of Daily Rainfall From the Literature for a Specific Site -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Site Description -- 19.3 Time Distribution Curves from the Literature -- 19.4 Data and Methodology -- 19.5 Results and Discussion -- 19.6 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Quality Checks on Continuous Rainfall Records: A Case Study -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Site Description -- 20.3 Screening of Hydrological Data -- 20.3.1 Check for Trend: Spearman's Rank Correlation Method -- 20.3.2 Check for Trend: Kendall's Tau Test -- 20.3.3 Test for Change Point: Cumulative Deviation from the Mean -- 20.3.4 Check for Stability of Variance: Fisher's Test -- 20.3.5 Check for Stability of Means: T-Test -- 20.3.6 Check for Persistence of Data: Lag 1 Serial Correlation Coefficient Test -- 20.3.7 Check for Randomness: Wald-Wolfowitz Test -- 20.4 Conclusions -- References -- 21 Assuring Water Intake Sustainability Under Changing Climate -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 Motivation and Objective -- 21.3 Methodology -- 21.4 Basic Governing Equations -- 21.5 Results and Discussion -- 21.6 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Characteristics of Gldas Evapotranspiration and Its Response to Climate Variability Across Ganga Basin, India -- 22.1 Introduction -- 22.2 Study Area -- 22.3 Datasets -- 22.3.1 Evapotranspiration -- 22.3.2 Rainfall -- 22.3.3 Temperature -- 22.4 Methods -- 22.4.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.4.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 22.5 Results and Discussion -- 22.6 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature and Its Correlation with Maximum Sustained Wind Speed in Bay of Bengal -- 23.1 Introduction -- 23.2 Data and Methodology -- 23.3 Results and Discussion -- 23.4 Conclusions -- References. , 24 Comparison of CMIP5 Wind Speed from Global Climate Models with In-Situ Observations for the Bay of Bengal.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1 Understanding Drought: Definitions, Causes, Assessments, Forecasts, and Management -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Drought Definitions -- 1.2.1 Drought Types -- 1.2.1.1 Meteorological Drought -- 1.2.1.2 Agricultural Drought -- 1.2.1.3 Hydrological Drought -- 1.2.1.4 Groundwater Drought -- 1.2.1.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 1.3 Drought Assessment -- 1.3.1 Drought Characteristics -- 1.3.2 Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.1 Univariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.2.2 Multivariate Drought Indices -- 1.3.3 Applications of Satellite Remote Sensing -- 1.3.3.1 Remote Sensing of Hydroclimate Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.3.3.2 Remote Sensing of Environmental Variables and Its Application to Drought Assessments -- 1.4 Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1 Frequency Analysis -- 1.4.1.1 Multivariate Drought Analysis -- 1.4.1.2 Copula Joint Probability Models -- 1.4.1.3 Entropy-Based Probability Models -- 1.4.2 Reliability, Resilience, and Vulnerability Analysis -- 1.4.2.1 Reliability -- 1.4.2.2 Resilience -- 1.4.2.3 Vulnerability -- 1.5 Causes of Drought -- 1.5.1 Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.5.2 Land-Atmosphere Interaction -- 1.5.3 Internal Atmospheric Variability -- 1.6 Drought and Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Global Warming Impacts on Ocean-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.2 Global Warming Impacts on Land-Atmosphere Teleconnection -- 1.6.3 Global Warming Impacts on Internal Atmospheric Teleconnection -- 1.7 Drought Forecasting -- 1.7.1 Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.1 Discrete Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.1.2 Continuous Statistical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.2 Dynamical Forecasting Methods -- 1.7.3 Hybrid Statistical-Dynamical Methods -- 1.8 Drought Impacts: Major Historical Droughts and Losses Caused by Them. , 1.8.1 The US -- 1.8.1.1 The 1930s Dust Bowl Drought -- 1.8.1.2 The 1950s Southwest Drought -- 1.8.1.3 The 1988-1989 North American Drought -- 1.8.1.4 The 2011-2017 California Drought -- 1.8.2 South America: The 2014-2017 Brazilian Drought -- 1.8.3 Europe: The 1992-1995 Spanish Drought -- 1.8.4 Africa: The Sahel Droughts, 1970s-1980s -- 1.8.5 Asia: The 2015-2016 Drought in the Mekong Delta -- 1.8.6 Oceania: The Millennium Drought in Southeast Australia during 2001-2009 -- 1.9 Drought Management -- 1.9.1 Water Conservation/Management -- 1.9.2 Soil Management -- 1.9.3 Diversification of Crops and Industries -- 1.9.4 Public Education and Risk-Sharing Systems -- 1.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2 Drought Concepts, Characterization, and Indicators -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of Droughts -- 2.2.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.2.2 Agricultural Drought -- 2.2.3 Hydrological Drought -- 2.2.4 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3 Main Types of Drought Recognized in India -- 2.3.1 Meteorological Drought -- 2.3.2 Hydrological Drought -- 2.3.2.1 Surface Water Drought -- 2.3.2.2 Groundwater Drought -- 2.3.3 Agricultural Drought -- 2.3.4 Soil Moisture Drought -- 2.3.5 Socioeconomic Drought -- 2.3.6 Famine -- 2.3.7 Ecological Drought -- 2.4 Impacts of Drought -- 2.4.1 Economic Impacts -- 2.4.2 Environmental Impacts -- 2.4.3 Social Impacts -- 2.5 Worst Droughts in History -- 2.6 Characterization of Droughts -- 2.7 Drought Indicators -- 2.7.1 Drought Characterization Using Drought Indices -- 2.7.2 Considerations for Drought Indicators -- 2.7.2.1 Suitability for Drought Types of Concern -- 2.7.2.2 Data Availability and Consistency -- 2.7.2.3 Clarity and Validity -- 2.7.2.4 Temporal and Spatial Sensitivity -- 2.7.2.5 Temporally and Spatially Specific -- 2.7.2.6 Drought Progression and Recession -- 2.7.2.7 Linked with Drought Management and Impact Reduction Goals. , 2.7.2.8 Explicit Combination Methods -- 2.7.2.9 Quantitative and Quantitative Indicators -- 2.8 Drought Indices -- 2.8.1 Percent of Normal -- 2.8.2 Deciles -- 2.8.3 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 2.8.4 Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) -- 2.8.5 US Drought Monitor (USDM) -- 2.8.6 Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) -- 2.8.7 Rainfall Departure -- 2.8.8 Statistical Z-Score (Z-Score) -- 2.8.9 Effective Drought Index (EDI) -- 2.8.10 China Z-Index (CZI) -- 2.8.11 Other Notable Drought Indices -- 2.9 Aggregation of Drought Indices -- 2.10 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Spatial Assessment of Meteorological and Agricultural Drought in Northern India -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Materials and Methodology -- 3.2.1 Study Area -- 3.2.2 Methodology -- 3.2.2.1 SPEI Calculation -- 3.2.2.2 NDVI Calculation -- 3.2.2.3 NDVI Deviation Estimation -- 3.2.2.4 VCI Estimation -- 3.2.2.5 Spatial Mapping of Agriculture Drought-Affected Regions -- 3.3 Results and Discussion -- 3.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI)-Based Meteorological Drought Detection -- 3.3.2 Remote Sensing-Based Vegetation Indicators of Agricultural Drought Detection -- 3.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Assessment of Meteorological Drought Characteristics in Brazil -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Standard Precipitation Index and Drought Assessment -- 4.2.1 Details of Rainfall Data -- 4.3 Drought Assessment -- 4.3.1 Polygons 1 and 2 -- 4.3.2 Polygons 3 and 4 -- 4.3.3 Polygons 5 and 6 -- 4.3.4 Polygon 7 -- 4.3.5 Polygon 8 -- 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Drought in Rio de Janeiro State, Southeast Brazil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Study Area -- 5.2.1.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 5.2.3 Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) and the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). , 5.2.4 Statistical Tests -- 5.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.3.1 Rainfall Data -- 5.3.2 SPI-Based Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.1 Temporal Drought Analysis -- 5.3.2.2 Spatial Drought Analysis -- 5.3.3 Two Case Studies of Drought Assessment over the State of Rio de Janeiro -- 5.3.3.1 North and Northwest Regions -- 5.3.3.2 Middle Paraíba Region -- 5.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6 The Mexican Drought (2011): Insight into the 29-Month Drought in Aguascalientes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology -- 6.2.1 Study Area and Data -- 6.2.2 Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) -- 6.2.3 Climate Indices -- 6.3 Results and Discussion -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 7 Investigating the Relationship between the Temporal Distribution of Precipitation and Flow Shortness Volume over Lake Urmia Basin, Iran -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Case Study -- 7.2.2 Precipitation Concentration Index (PCI) -- 7.2.3 Dryness Volume Shortage Index (DVSI) -- 7.2.3.1 Extracting the Flow Shortness Volume from Daily River Flow Rate -- 7.2.4 Trend Analysis -- 7.2.5 Sen's Slope Estimator -- 7.3 Results and Discussion -- 7.3.1 Results of Evaluation of the PCI Data in LUB -- 7.3.2 Results of Investigating DVSI in LUB -- 7.3.3 Trend Analysis of Flow Shortness Volume and PCI Values Using Hydrological Sub-Basin -- 7.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 8 Long-Term Drought Study in Algeria Based on Meteorological Data -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Study Area Description -- 8.3 Materials and Methodology -- 8.4 Results and Discussion -- 8.5 Variation of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.1 Site-Dependent Annual Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.2 Site-Dependent Monthly Summaries of Meteorological Parameters -- 8.5.3 Annual Trends of Mean, Maximum, and Minimum Ambient Temperature -- 8.5.4 Annual Variability of Relative Humidity. , 8.5.5 Annual Total Precipitation Trends -- 8.5.6 Aridity Index -- 8.5.7 Annual Mean Wind Speed Trend Analysis -- 8.5.8 Atmospheric Pressure Variability -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 Severe Droughts in India -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and Methodology -- 9.3 Droughts in the Indian Summer Monsoon -- 9.3.1 Hydrometeorological Variability -- 9.3.2 Variability of Large-Scale Circulation -- 9.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Comparison of Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index with Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index: The Case of Okavango Delta, Botswana -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Materials and Methods -- 10.2.1 Data Description -- 10.2.2 Methods -- 10.2.2.1 Method for Computation of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.2.2.2 Method for Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) -- 10.3 Results of Analyses -- 10.3.1 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 10.3.2 Bhalme-Mooley Drought Index (BMDI) Analysis -- 10.3.3 Drought Map -- 10.3.4 Association between SPEI and BMDI -- 10.4 Discussion of Results -- 10.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Analysis of Drought Using a Modified Version of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Materials and Methods -- 11.2.1 Study Area -- 11.2.2 Trend Analysis -- 11.2.3 Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) -- 11.3 Results and Discussion -- 11.3.1 Results of Extraction of Di Values and Fitness with Statistical Distributions -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 12 Evaluation of an Evapotranspiration Deficit-Based Drought Index and Its Impacts on Carbon Productivity in the Levant and Iraq -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.1.1 Drought Definition and Characteristics -- 12.1.2 Drought Indices. , 12.1.3 Drought Impacts on Ecosystem Vegetation and Productivity.