Note: Front Cover -- Planning and Evaluation of Irrigation Projects -- Dedication -- Planning and Evaluationof Irrigation Projects Methods and Implementation -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- 1 - INTRODUCTION -- 1.1 IRRIGATION: DEFINITION, FUNCTIONS, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES -- 1.2 IRRIGATION PLANNING -- 1.3 NEED OF EVALUATION: BENCHMARKING AND WATER AUDITING -- 1.4 ORGANIZATION OF THIS BOOK -- 2 - IRRIGATION PROJECT PLANNING -- 2.1 PLANNING STAGES -- 2.1.1 PROJECT IDENTIFICATION -- 2.1.2 PROJECT PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS -- 2.1.3 PROJECT APPRAISAL -- 2.1.4 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION -- 2.1.5 MONITORING AND EVALUATION -- 2.2 INVESTIGATION PHASES AND DATA COLLECTION -- 2.2.1 DATA COLLECTION -- 2.3 SCOPE OF WORK FOR PLANNING OR PREFEASIBILITY REPORT STAGE -- 2.4 SCOPE OF WORK FOR DETAILED INVESTIGATION OR DETAILED PROJECT REPORT STAGE -- 2.4.1 ACTIVITIES FOR THE PREPARATION OF DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.4.2 DELIVERABLES AND IMPLEMENTATION PLAN TO BE INCORPORATED IN DETAILED PROJECT REPORT -- 2.5 FACTORS AFFECTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRRIGATION FACILITIES -- 2.5.1 SOIL -- 2.5.2 CLIMATE -- 2.5.3 TOPOGRAPHY -- 2.5.4 WATER SOURCE -- 2.5.5 WATER QUANTITY -- 2.5.6 WATER QUALITY -- 2.5.7 CROP(S) TO BE CULTIVATED -- 2.5.8 ENERGY -- 2.5.9 LABOR -- 2.5.10 CAPITAL -- 2.5.11 ECONOMIC FACTOR -- 2.5.12 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.13 NATIONAL POLICY AND PRIORITY -- 2.5.14 SOCIOCULTURAL ASPECTS -- 2.5.15 INSTITUTIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE -- REFERENCES -- 3 - BASIC HYDRAULIC COMPUTATIONS -- 3.1 BASIC TERMINOLOGY -- 3.1.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOW -- 3.2 CONSERVATION LAWS -- 3.2.1 LAW OF MASS CONSERVATION OR CONTINUITY EQUATION -- 3.2.2 LAW OF MOMENTUM CONSERVATION -- 3.2.2.1 Specific Force -- 3.2.3 LAW OF ENERGY CONSERVATION -- 3.2.3.1 Steady-State Flow Equation -- 3.2.3.2 Specific Energy Equation -- 3.2.3.3 Application of Specific Energy. , 3.2.3.3.1 Channel Transition -- 3.3 HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1 ELEMENTS OF HYDRAULIC JUMP -- 3.3.1.1 Chaurasia (2003) -- 3.3.1.2 Swamee and Rathie (2004) -- 3.4 COMPUTATION OF CRITICAL DEPTH -- 3.5 UNIFORM FLOW COMPUTATION -- 3.5.1 COMPUTATION OF NORMAL DEPTH -- 3.5.1.1 Explicit Method of Computing the Normal Depth -- 3.6 GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.1 CLASSIFICATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW -- 3.6.2 COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW OR WATER LEVEL PROFILE -- 3.6.2.1 Direct Integration Method -- 3.6.2.2 Direct Step Method -- 3.6.2.3 Standard Step Method -- 3.6.2.4 Predictor-Corrector Method -- 3.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 4 - HYDROLOGIC COMPUTATIONS -- 4.1 ANALYSES OF RAINFALL DATA -- 4.1.1 OPTIMUM NUMBER OF RAIN GAUGES -- 4.1.1.1 Coefficient of Variation Technique -- 4.1.2 ESTIMATION OF AVERAGE RAINFALL -- 4.1.3 ESTIMATION OF RAINFALL TRENDS FOR CLIMATIC VARIATION: THE MANN-KENDALL TEST -- 4.2 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE -- 4.2.1 COMPONENTS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE AND IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY -- 4.3 HYDROLOGIC EQUATION AND WATER BALANCE -- 4.3.1 PERIOD OF WATER-BALANCE EXERCISE -- 4.3.2 PURPOSE OF WATER BALANCE -- 4.4 ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR INFLOW USING OBSERVED DATA -- 4.4.1 DETERMINATION OF CATCHMENT OR RESERVOIR YIELD -- 4.5 ESTIMATE OF CATCHMENT YIELD USING RAINFALL-RUNOFF MODELING -- 4.5.1 STRANGE TABLE -- 4.5.2 SIMPLE WATER-BALANCE MODEL -- 4.5.2.1 Components of SWMB -- 4.5.2.1.1 Upper Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.2 Lower Layer Water Balance -- 4.5.2.1.3 Subsurface Runoff -- 4.5.2.1.4 Surface Runoff -- 4.5.2.2 Runoff Routing -- 4.5.3 MODIFIED SCS-CN MODEL -- 4.5.3.1 Rainfall-Excess Computation -- 4.5.3.2 Soil Moisture Budgeting -- 4.5.3.3 Computation of Evapotranspiration -- 4.5.3.4 Catchment Routing -- 4.5.3.5 Baseflow Computation -- 4.6 INFLOW ESTIMATION IN MULTI-RESERVOIR CASE. , 4.6.1 RESERVOIR ROUTING: STORAGE-INDICATION METHOD -- 4.6.2 CHANNEL ROUTING -- 4.6.2.1 The Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.1.1 Parameter Estimation of the Muskingum Method -- 4.6.2.2 The Muskingum-Cunge Method -- 4.6.2.3 Modified Muskingum-Cunge Method (Ponce and Yevjevich, 1978) -- 4.7 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION FOR FIXING THE SPILLWAY CAPACITY -- 4.7.1 UNIT HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.1.1 Assumptions of the Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.2 Derivation of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.3 Unit Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.4 Limitations of Unit Hydrograph -- 4.7.1.5 Computation of Floods From UH Using Convolution -- 4.7.1.6 Changing the Duration of UH -- 4.7.1.6.1 Principle of Superposition -- 4.7.1.6.2 S-Hydrograph Method -- 4.7.2 SYNTHETIC HYDROGRAPH METHOD -- 4.7.2.1 Snyder's Method -- 4.7.2.2 SCS Synthetic UH Method -- 4.7.2.3 Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method of CWC -- 4.7.3 CONCEPTUAL MODELS -- 4.7.3.1 The Clark-Based IUH Model -- 4.7.3.1.1 Parameters of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.1.1 Time of Concentration, tc -- 4.7.3.1.1.2 Time-Area (TA) Diagram -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.1 TA Diagram Using the DEM -- 4.7.3.1.1.2.2 Synthetic TA and TAC Curve -- 4.7.3.1.1.3 Storage Coefficient, K -- 4.7.3.1.2 Governing Equation of the Clark Model -- 4.7.3.1.2.1 Derivation of Routing Equation -- 4.7.4 DESIGN-FLOOD ESTIMATION USING FLOOD-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS -- 4.7.4.1 Components of Frequency Analysis -- 4.8 RESERVOIR SIZING -- 4.8.1 STORAGE ZONES IN A RESERVOIR -- 4.8.2 AREA-ELEVATION AND CAPACITY-ELEVATION CURVES -- 4.8.3 DETERMINATION OF RESERVOIR CAPACITY -- 4.8.3.1 Flow-Mass Curve Analysis -- 4.8.3.2 Sequent Peak Algorithm -- 4.8.3.2.1 Graphical Procedure -- 4.8.3.2.2 Analytical Procedure -- 4.8.4 RESERVOIR OPERATION -- 4.8.4.1 Standard Operating Policy -- 4.8.5 RESERVOIR RULE CURVE -- 4.9 RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION -- 4.9.1 DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND EXTENSION OF MEASURED DATA. , 4.9.1.1 Extension of Sediment Data -- 4.9.1.2 Estimating Sediment Yield -- 4.9.2 TRAP EFFICIENCY OF RESERVOIR -- 4.9.2.1 Brune (1953) Method -- 4.9.2.2 USDA-SCS (1983) Method -- 4.9.2.3 Churchill (1948) Method -- 4.9.3 SEDIMENT DISTRIBUTION IN RESERVOIR -- 4.9.3.1 Empirical Methods for Evaluating Sediment Distribution -- 4.9.3.1.1 Area-Increment Method -- 4.9.3.1.2 Empirical Area-Reduction Method -- 4.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 5 - ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION AND POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.1 ESTIMATION OF LAKE EVAPORATION -- 5.2 ESTIMATION OF REFERENCE CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION -- 5.2.1 FAO-56 AND ASCE-EWRI METHOD -- 5.2.2 HARGREAVES METHOD -- 5.3 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- 6 - ESTIMATING IRRIGATION DESIGN PARAMETERS -- 6.1 ESTIMATION OF CROP WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.1.1 CROP GROWTH STAGE -- 6.1.2 CROP COEFFICIENTS -- 6.1.3 PRINCIPAL CROPS AND THEIR WATER REQUIREMENT AND CRITICAL STAGES -- 6.2 IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT -- 6.2.1 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND SOAKING, WRLS -- 6.2.2 WATER REQUIRED FOR LAND PREPARATION, WRLP -- 6.2.3 WATER REQUIRED FOR LEACHING, WRL -- 6.2.4 GROSS IRRIGATION WATER REQUIREMENT, GIWR -- 6.3 IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.3.1 WATER CONVEYANCE EFFICIENCY (EC) -- 6.3.2 WATER APPLICATION EFFICIENCY (EA) -- 6.3.3 SCHEME IRRIGATION EFFICIENCY -- 6.4 IRRIGATION COMMAND AREA -- 6.4.1 IRRIGATION INTENSITY -- 6.4.2 PEAK IRRIGATION DEMAND -- 6.4.3 WATER ALLOWANCE -- 6.4.4 DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.4.4.1 Duty, D -- 6.4.4.2 Delta, Δ -- 6.4.4.3 Base Period, B -- 6.4.5 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DUTY, DELTA, AND BASE PERIOD -- 6.5 DETERMINATION OF IRRIGATED COMMAND AREA, PROJECT DUTY, DUTY AT OUTLET HEAD AND CANAL HEAD, WATER ALLOWANCE, AND CANAL CAPACITY -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 7 - DESIGN OF IRRIGATION CANALS -- 7.1 TYPICAL CANAL GEOMETRY -- 7.2 DESIGN OF LINED CANALS. , 7.2.1 DESIGN OF THE MOST ECONOMICAL SECTION -- 7.3 DESIGN OF STABLE UNLINED CANALS USING THE REGIME THEORY -- 7.4 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING TRACTIVE FORCE APPROACH -- 7.4.1 DESIGN OF UNLINED CANAL USING KENNEDY'S THEORY -- 7.5 DETERMINING L-SECTION OF THE CANAL -- 7.6 DEVELOPMENT OF DRAW-OFF STATEMENT FOR THE CANAL -- 7.7 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 8 - DESIGN OF CANAL OUTLETS AND THEIR CALIBRATION -- 8.1 CLASSIFICATION OF OUTLETS -- 8.2 PERFORMANCE OF MODULE OR OUTLET -- 8.2.1 FLEXIBILITY -- 8.2.2 PROPORTIONALITY AND SETTING -- 8.2.3 SENSITIVITY -- 8.3 DESIGN OF OUTLETS: DISCHARGE THROUGH OUTLETS -- 8.3.1 NONMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2 SEMIMODULAR OUTLET -- 8.3.2.1 Pipe Outlet Discharging Freely Into the Water Course -- 8.3.2.2 Open Flume Outlet -- 8.3.2.3 Adjustable Orifice Semimodules -- 8.4 CALIBRATION OF OUTLET -- 8.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 9 - CANAL ARCHITECTURE -- 9.1 CANAL CLASSIFICATION -- 9.1.1 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO FUNCTION OF THE CANAL -- 9.1.2 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO ALIGNMENT -- 9.1.3 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO NATURE OF SOURCE AND SUPPLY -- 9.1.4 CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISCHARGE AND RELATIVE IMPORTANCE -- 9.2 COMMAND AREA SURVEY -- 9.2.1 SURVEY MAPS FOR INITIAL PLANNING -- 9.2.2 SURVEY MAPS FOR DETAILED PLANNING -- 9.3 CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.3.1 IMPORTANT POINTS FOR CANAL ALIGNMENT -- 9.4 MARKING AND FINALIZATION OF AREA PROPOSED TO BE IRRIGATED BY EACH CHANNEL -- 9.5 DESIGN OF CANAL -- 9.6 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- REFERENCES -- FURTHER READING -- 10 - IRRIGATION METHODS -- 10.1 METHODS OF IRRIGATION -- 10.1.1 BASIN IRRIGATION -- 10.1.2 FURROW IRRIGATION -- 10.1.3 BORDER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.4 SPRINKLER IRRIGATION -- 10.1.5 DRIP IRRIGATION -- 10.2 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SELECTION OF IRRIGATION METHOD -- 10.3 LAYOUT OF BASIN IRRIGATION. , 10.4 LAYOUT FOR FURROW IRRIGATION.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- 1 River Basins of India and Water Resources -- 1.1 River Systems -- 1.1.1 Himalayan Rivers -- 1.1.2 Coastal Rivers -- 1.1.3 Deccan Rivers -- 1.1.4 Inland Drainage Basins -- 1.2 Classification of Indian River Basin Based on Drainage Area -- 1.3 Water Resources of India -- 1.3.1 Surface Water Resources -- 1.3.2 Ground Water Resources -- References -- 2 Salient Features of the Yamuna River Basin -- 2.1 Tributaries of the Yamuna River -- 2.2 Yamuna River Catchment Area -- 2.3 Water Allocation -- 2.4 Uses of Yamuna River Water -- 2.4.1 Abstractive Uses -- 2.4.1.1 Domestic Water Supplies -- 2.4.1.2 Irrigation -- 2.4.1.3 Western Yamuna Canal (WJC) -- 2.4.1.4 Eastern Yamuna Canal (EJC) -- 2.4.1.5 Agra Canal -- 2.4.1.6 Gurgaon Canal -- 2.4.2 In-Stream Uses -- 2.4.2.1 Hydropower -- 2.4.2.2 Fisheries -- 2.4.2.3 Growing Aquatic Plants -- 2.4.2.4 Navigation -- 2.4.2.5 River Bathing and Washing -- 2.4.2.6 Recreational Uses -- 2.4.2.7 Cattle Bathing and Washing -- 3 Climate of the Basin -- 3.1 Rainfall -- 3.1.1 Average Rainfall -- 3.1.2 Probability Analysis of Annual Rainfall -- 3.1.3 Quantile Estimates of Daily Maximum and Annual Rainfall -- 3.1.4 Onset of Effective Monsoon and Number of Rainydays -- 3.2 Temperature -- 3.3 Wind -- 3.4 Humidity -- 3.5 Evapotranspiration -- 3.6 Aridity Index and Climate Classification -- 3.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 4 Pattern Changes in Climatic Variables -- 4.1 Statistical Test for Climatological Data -- 4.1.1 Persistence -- 4.1.2 Trend -- 4.1.2.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 4.1.2.2 Modified Mann-Kendall Test -- 4.1.2.3 Mann-Kendall Test with Pre-whitening -- 4.1.3 Periodicity -- 4.1.3.1 Statistical Significance Test -- 4.2 Application -- 4.2.1 Data Processing -- 4.3 Results and Discussions -- 4.3.1 Persistence -- 4.3.2 Trend Analysis -- 4.3.3 Periodicity. , 4.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 5 Geomorphology and Geology -- 5.1 Topographic Characteristics -- 5.2 Major Tributaries -- 5.3 Geomorphologic Characteristics -- 5.3.1 Geomorphologic Parameters -- 5.3.1.1 Basin Order and Channel Order -- 5.3.1.2 Basin Area -- 5.3.1.3 Basin Shape -- 5.3.1.4 Basin Slope -- 5.3.1.5 Drainage Basin Similarity -- 5.3.1.6 Drainage Density -- 5.3.2 Determination of Hortons Ratio -- 5.3.2.1 Bifurcation Ratio Rb -- 5.3.2.2 Stream-Length Ratio R1 -- 5.3.2.3 Stream-Area Ratio Ra -- 5.4 Geology of the Basin -- 5.5 Lithology and Hydrogeology of the Basin -- 5.5.1 Himalayan Region -- 5.5.2 National Capital Region (NCR) Region -- 5.5.3 Ken and Betwa Catchment -- 5.5.4 Chambal Catchment -- References -- 6 Soil, Landuse and Agriculture -- 6.1 Soil Classification -- 6.2 Landuse -- 6.2.1 Forests and Protected Areas -- 6.2.2 National Parks and Sanctuaries -- 6.2.3 Biodiversity -- 6.2.3.1 Haryana -- 6.2.3.2 Rajasthan -- 6.2.3.3 Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand -- 6.3 Agriculture in the Basin -- 6.3.1 Agro-climatic Zones -- 6.3.2 Crop Seasons -- 6.3.2.1 Cropping Pattern -- 6.3.2.2 State-Wise Agro-ecosystem -- 6.3.2.3 Cropping Intensity -- 6.4 Irrigation -- 6.5 State-Wise Agriculture -- 6.5.1 Uttar Pradesh -- 6.5.2 Madhya Pradesh -- 6.5.3 Rajasthan -- 6.5.4 Delhi -- 6.5.5 Haryana -- 6.6 Fertilizer and Pesticides Application -- 6.7 Practice of IPM and IPNM -- References -- 7 Socio-economic Status -- 7.1 Demography -- 7.1.1 Urban and Rural Population -- 7.1.2 Population Density -- 7.1.3 Population Growth Rate -- 7.1.4 The Rate of Urbanization -- 7.1.5 Migrants -- 7.2 Sex Ratio -- 7.3 Literacy -- 7.4 Main and Marginal Workers -- 7.4.1 Cultivator and Agricultural Labourer -- 7.5 Health: Vital Statistics -- 7.6 Population Below Poverty Line (BPL) -- 7.7 Human Development Index -- 7.8 Livelihood and Employment -- 7.9 Livestock Population. , 7.10 Water Supply -- 7.10.1 Water Auditing -- 7.10.1.1 Transmission Losses -- 7.10.1.2 Water Conservation -- References -- 8 Water Resources and Water Budgeting -- 8.1 Water Resources Assessment -- 8.1.1 Surface Water Resources -- 8.1.1.1 Surface Water Storage -- 8.1.2 Groundwater Resources -- 8.1.3 Soil Moisture Storage -- 8.2 Water Demand Estimation -- 8.2.1 Agricultural Water Demand -- 8.2.2 Surplus and Deficit Analysis -- 8.3 Flood Hydrograph Estimation for the Catchments -- 8.3.1 Regional Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Technique -- 8.3.2 Geomorphology Based Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Technique -- 8.3.2.1 Derivation of Geomorphologic Unit Hydrograph (GUH) -- 8.3.2.2 The Nash Model -- 8.3.2.3 Geomorphology Based Parameter Estimation of Nashs GIUH -- 8.3.2.4 Application of the GIUH Methodology -- References -- 9 Water Pollution -- 9.1 Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.1 Point Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.1.1 Domestic Pollution -- 9.1.1.2 Industrial Pollution -- 9.1.2 Non Point or Diffused Sources of Pollution -- 9.1.2.1 Agricultural Pollution -- 9.1.3 Dumping of Garbage and Dead Bodies -- 9.1.4 Immersion of Idols -- 9.1.5 Pollution Due to In-Stream Use of Water -- 9.2 Water Quality Issues in Yamuna River -- 9.2.1 High Organic Contents -- 9.2.2 High Nutrients -- 9.2.3 Excessive Presence of Pathogens -- 9.2.4 Accumulation of Pollutants in the Catchment Area -- 9.2.5 Aesthetic Value -- 9.2.6 Deforestation in the Catchment Area -- 9.2.7 Reduction in the Quantity of Water -- 9.2.8 Discharges from Sewage Treatment Plants -- 9.2.9 Role of Barrages -- 9.3 River Segmentation -- 9.4 Water Quality Monitoring -- 9.5 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Water Quality Parameters -- 9.6 Water Quality Standards -- References -- 10 Wastewater Generation and Treatment -- 10.1 Urbanization in the Yamuna Basin -- 10.2 Water Supply and Wastewater Generation. , 10.3 Trends in Sewage Generation and Treatment -- 10.4 Inventory of Water Treatment and Sewage Treatment Plants -- 10.5 Industrial Wastewater Generation, Treatment and Disposal -- 10.6 Pollution Load Generation from Industrial Sources -- 10.7 Wastewater Discharged into the Yamuna -- 10.7.1 Wastewater Discharged from Delhi -- 10.7.1.1 Pollution Load Generation from Domestic Sources in Delhi -- 10.7.1.2 Pollution Load Generation from Industrial Sources -- 10.7.1.3 Pollution Loads Contributed to Yamuna and Agra Canal Through Drains -- 10.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Water Quality Index and Status -- 11.1 Water Quality Index -- 11.1.1 National Sanitation Foundations WQI (NSF-WQI) -- 11.1.1.1 Rating Curve for Fecal Coliform -- 11.1.1.2 Rating Curve for Total Solids -- 11.1.1.3 Rating Curve for Dissolved Oxygen -- 11.1.1.4 Rating Curve for Turbidity -- 11.1.1.5 Rating Curve for pH -- 11.1.1.6 Rating Curve for BOD -- 11.1.1.7 Rating Curve for Nitrate -- 11.1.1.8 Rating Curve for Phosphate -- 11.1.1.9 Rating Curve for Temperature Change -- 11.1.2 Multiplicative NSF-WQI -- 11.1.3 CCME WQI -- 11.1.3.1 Data Requirement -- 11.1.3.2 Calculation of Index -- 11.1.4 WQI -- 11.1.4.1 Formulation of WQI -- 11.1.4.2 Water Quality Rating Curve -- 11.1.4.3 Rating Curve for Radionuclides -- 11.1.4.4 Rating Curve for Heavy Metals -- 11.1.4.5 Rating Curve for EC -- 11.1.4.6 Rating Curve for SO4 -- 11.1.4.7 Rating Curve for Suspended Solids (SS) -- 11.1.4.8 Water Quality Classification -- 11.1.5 Universal WQI Based on European Classification Scheme (UWQI) -- 11.1.5.1 Aggregation Function of UWQI -- 11.1.6 Concluding Remarks on Water Quality Index -- 11.2 Water Quality Status Based on the Data -- 11.2.1 Water Quality Trends in the Yamuna -- 11.2.2 Water Quality Profile of the Yamuna -- 11.2.2.1 Bio-mapping of the Yamuna River. , 11.2.3 Monthly Variation in Water Quality Parameters -- 11.3 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 12 Environmental Flows -- 12.1 Definition -- 12.2 Methods for Assessment of Environmental Flows -- 12.3 The Tennant Method -- 12.3.1 The Modified Tennant Method -- 12.3.2 Application of Modified Tennant Method -- 12.4 EMC Based Environmental Flow Calculator -- 12.4.1 Establishing Environmental Flow Duration Curve -- 12.4.2 Simulating Continuous Monthly Time Series of Environmental Flows -- 12.4.3 Application of the Methodology -- 12.4.3.1 Paonta Saheb (Origin to Hathinikund reach) -- 12.4.3.2 Kalanaur Site (Hathinikund Barrage to Wazirabad Barrage Reach) -- 12.4.3.3 Delhi Railway Bridge, DRB (Wazirabad to Okhla Reach) -- 12.4.3.4 Agra site (Okhla to Agra Reach) -- 12.4.3.5 Pratappur Site (Agra to Allahabad Reach) -- 12.5 Development of Component Based Environmental Flow Estimator -- 12.5.1 Water Requirement for Assimilation of Polluted River Water -- 12.5.2 Water Required for Evaporation -- 12.5.2.1 Estimation of Evaporation -- 12.5.3 Water Required for Groundwater Conservation -- 12.5.3.1 Estimation of Wetted Perimeter -- 12.5.4 Water Required for Aquatic-Habitat Conservation -- 12.5.5 Application of Methodology -- 12.5.5.1 Data Preparation and Analysis -- 12.6 Comparison of the Approaches -- 12.7 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13 Cropping Plan for Water Resources Management -- 13.1 Landuse and Agriculture -- 13.2 Parameters of Cropping Pattern -- 13.2.1 Estimation of Crop Water Requirement -- 13.2.2 Suitability of Crops Based on Physical Environment -- 13.2.2.1 Cropping Systems -- 13.3 Identification of Suitable Crop Rotation -- 13.4 Identification of Suitable Cropping Patterns -- 13.5 Water Conservation Under Different Cropping Patterns -- 13.6 Impact of Change in Cropping Patterns on Water Allocation -- 13.7 Concluding Remarks -- References. , Appendix A Salient Feature of Dams in the Yamuna Basin.