Note: Intro -- Foreword -- References -- Series Editor Preface -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- Outlines -- 1 Introduction to Landscapes and Landforms of Turkey -- Abstract -- 2 The Physical Geography of Turkey: An Outline -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction to Physical Geography of Turkey -- 2.1.1 Relief -- 2.1.2 Climate -- 2.1.3 Hydrography -- 2.1.4 Phytogeography -- 2.1.4.1 The Treeless Landscape of Anatolia: What Role for Human Deforestation? -- 2.1.4.2 A High Botanic Diversity and Amount of Endemic Species -- References -- 3 The Tectonic Control on the Geomorphological Landscapes of Turkey -- Abstract -- 3.1 Tectonic History and Resulting Tectonic Regions -- 3.1.1 Palaeozoic -- 3.1.2 Mesozoic and Palaeogene -- 3.1.3 Neogene and Quaternary: The Neotectonic Control -- 3.1.4 Five Tectonic Provinces of Turkey -- 3.2 Tectonically Controlled Geomorphological Landscapes -- 3.2.1 Geomorphological Landscapes Responding to Uplift -- 3.2.1.1 Remains of Palaeozoic and Pre-Miocene Reliefs -- 3.2.1.2 Impact of the Mio-Pliocene Climate -- 3.2.1.3 Impact of Mio-Pliocene Uplift on Karstic Processes -- 3.2.1.4 Geomorphological Impact of Mio-Pliocene Volcanism on the Denudational Surfaces -- 3.2.1.5 During Pliocene and Quaternary -- 3.2.2 Antecedent and Superimposed River Courses -- 3.2.3 Uplift and Control on Karstic Landscapes -- 3.3 Geomorphological Landscapes Directed by Tectonic Networks -- 3.3.1 Depressions and Lakes Along the North and East Anatolian Fault Zones -- 3.3.1.1 The NAFZ and EAFZ: Active Fault Zones -- 3.3.1.2 Structural Intramontane Basins Along the NAFZ and the EAFZ -- 3.3.2 River Paths, Captures and Mobility of Water Divides -- 3.3.2.1 Changes in Base Levels and Headward Erosion -- 3.3.2.2 River Network in Young Tectonic Context -- 3.3.2.3 Fault-Controlled River Paths -- 3.4 Conclusion -- References. , 4 The Geomorphological Regions of Turkey -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Northern Anatolia (Black Sea Region) -- 4.2.1 Physical Geographic Context -- 4.2.1.1 Relief -- 4.2.1.2 Climate -- 4.2.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.2.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.2.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.2.2.1 The Western Black Sea Region -- 4.2.2.2 The Central Black Sea Region -- 4.2.2.3 The Eastern Black Sea Region -- 4.3 Western Anatolia (Aegean Region) -- 4.3.1 Geographic Context -- 4.3.1.1 Relief -- 4.3.1.2 Climate -- 4.3.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.3.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.3.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.3.2.1 North of the Dardanelles -- 4.3.2.2 The Sea of Marmara and the Straits -- 4.3.2.3 The Biga Peninsula -- 4.3.2.4 Peninsulas Along the Western Anatolia -- 4.3.3 Granitic Landscapes -- 4.3.4 Volcanic Landscapes -- 4.3.5 E-W Fragmentation of the Regional Landscapes by Grabens -- 4.4 Mediterranean Anatolia -- 4.4.1 Geographic Context -- 4.4.1.1 Relief -- The Western and Central Taurus -- Coastal Plains -- 4.4.1.2 Climate -- 4.4.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.4.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.4.2 Geomorphological Landscapes in the Mediterranean Anatolian Region -- 4.4.2.1 Structural Context -- 4.4.2.2 The Taurus Range -- The Teke Peninsula and the Western Taurus -- The Isparta Angle -- The Antalya Plain -- The Central Taurus -- 4.4.2.3 Landscapes in the Areas Surrounding the Eastern End of the Mediterranean Sea -- The Çukurova Plain and Delta -- The Hatay Region -- The Meeting of the Dead Sea with the Eastern Anatolian Fault Zones -- 4.5 The Central Anatolia -- 4.5.1 Geographic Context -- 4.5.1.1 Relief -- 4.5.1.2 Climate -- 4.5.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.5.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.5.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.5.2.1 Plateau Uplift and Geological Evolution -- 4.5.2.2 Summit Surfaces and Correlative Sediments in the Northern Part of Anatolia Record Several Erosion Phases. , 4.5.2.3 The Transition Plateaus in Direction of the Northern Aegean Region and the Lake District -- 4.5.2.4 The Central to Southern Parts: Plateaus Hollowed by Wide Closed Plains -- 4.5.2.5 Karstic Landforms and Landscapes -- 4.5.2.6 Volcanic Landforms and Landscapes -- 4.5.2.7 The End of the Endorheism -- 4.5.3 A Land Concentrating Exceptional Civilization Histories -- 4.5.3.1 The Cradle of Anatolian Neolithic -- 4.5.3.2 Anatolian Civilizations -- Cappadocia, the Heart of Hittite and Phrygian States -- 4.6 Eastern Anatolia -- 4.6.1 Geographic Context -- 4.6.1.1 Relief -- 4.6.1.2 Climate -- 4.6.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.6.1.4 The Anatolian Diagonal -- 4.6.1.5 Hydrography -- The Euphrates River, the Largest River of the Eastern Anatolian Region -- The Headwaters of the Aras River -- The Headwaters of the Seyhan and Ceyhan Rivers -- 4.6.2 Geological Context -- 4.6.2.1 Geological Context Since the Late Miocene Uplift -- 4.6.2.2 The Domal Structure Below the Eastern Anatolian Plateau -- 4.6.2.3 Volcanism in Eastern Anatolia Since the Late Miocene -- 4.6.2.4 Obsidians in Eastern Anatolia: The Prehistoric Sites of Near Middle East -- 4.6.3 Geomorphological Landscapes of the Eastern Anatolian Region -- 4.6.3.1 Important Control of Recent Tectonics on the Organization of the Relief -- Tectonically Controlled Flat Plains Stretching in the Highlands -- Antecedence of the Main Rivers and the Record of an Old Fluvial Network -- Grid Patterns of the Hydrographic Network on the Local and Regional Scales -- Frequent Occurrence of Captures of Rivers and Closed Basins -- 4.6.3.2 Geomorphological Landscapes Associated with Volcanism -- Volcanoes on the North and East of Lake Van -- Eastern Anatolian Volcanism Today -- 4.6.3.3 Karstic Landscapes -- The Gypsum Karst Landscapes in Sivas Region -- Karstic Landscapes in the Highlands and Closed Basins. , 4.6.3.4 Glacial Landscapes at High Altitudes -- 4.7 South-eastern Anatolia -- 4.7.1 Geographic Context -- 4.7.1.1 Relief -- 4.7.1.2 Climate -- 4.7.1.3 Phytogeography -- 4.7.1.4 Hydrography -- 4.7.2 Geomorphological Landscapes -- 4.7.2.1 Landscapes in the Plateaus -- Stratigraphy -- Landscape Evolution in the Plateaus -- Landscapes in the Plateaus, Recording Impacts of Pleistocene Uplift -- The Tectonic Plains Scattered Along the Turkish-Syrian Border -- 4.7.2.2 Volcanic Landscapes and Landforms -- Volcanic Landscapes in the West -- The Karacadağ Volcano -- 4.7.2.3 Karstic Landscapes -- Laterally Developed Karst -- Gypsum Karst -- Jura-Type Landscapes in Folded Highlands -- 4.7.2.4 Human Occupation Since Palaeolithic -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Karst -- 5 Karstic Landscapes and Landforms in Turkey -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Outline of the Karst Geomorphology of Turkey -- 5.2.1 Taurus Mountains Karst Region (TMK) -- 5.2.1.1 Central Taurus Mountains Karst Area (TMKc) -- 5.2.1.2 Western Taurus Mountains Karst Area (TMKw) -- 5.2.2 Western Anatolian Karst Region (WAK) -- 5.2.3 Thrace and the Black Sea Mountains Karst Region (BMK) -- 5.2.3.1 Thrace Karst Area (BMKt) -- 5.2.3.2 Western Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKw) -- 5.2.3.3 Central Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKm) -- 5.2.3.4 Eastern Black Sea Mountains Karst Area (BMKe) -- 5.2.4 Central Anatolian Karst Region (CAK) -- 5.2.4.1 Greater Konya Basin Karst Area (CAKo) -- 5.2.4.2 Upper Kızılırmak Basin Karst Area (CAKk) -- 5.2.4.3 Upper Sakarya and Central Kızılırmak Basin Karst Area (CAKsk) -- 5.2.5 Eastern Anatolian Karst Region (EAK) -- 5.2.5.1 Plateau Karst Area (EAKp) -- 5.2.5.2 Folded Zone Karst Area (EAKf) -- 5.2.6 Southeast Anatolian Karst Region (SEAK) -- 5.2.7 Central Anatolian Plateaus Zone -- 5.2.8 Development Stages of Karst Geomorphology -- 5.3 Conclusions. , Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Gypsum Karst Landscape in the Sivas Basin -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geological Setting -- 6.3 Salt Tectonics -- 6.4 Karst Features -- 6.4.1 Karren -- 6.4.2 Dolines -- 6.4.2.1 Solution Dolines -- 6.4.2.2 Suffosion (Alluvial) Dolines -- 6.4.2.3 Collapse Dolines -- 6.4.3 Poljes -- 6.4.4 Caves -- 6.5 Natural Hazard in the Gypsum Terrain -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 The Antalya Tufas: Landscapes, Morphologies, Age, Formation Processes and Early Human Activities -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Antalya Tufa -- 7.1.2 Environmental, Biological and Physical Conditions of Tufa Formation -- 7.1.2.1 Tufa Deposition and Climate -- 7.1.2.2 Processes of Tufa Formation -- 7.1.3 Facies Types of Antalya Tufa -- 7.2 Geomorphology and Landscapes -- 7.2.1 Three Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.2 Age of the Antalya Tufa and Formation of the Three Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.3 Formation of the Three Tufa Plateaus and Origin of the Cliffs -- 7.2.4 Karstification Processes in the Tufa Plateaus -- 7.2.5 Impact of Human Activities on the Tufa Landscapes of the Antalya Plain -- 7.3 The Importance of the Antalya Plain for the Mediterranean and European Prehistory -- 7.3.1 Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.1 Lower Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.2 Middle Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.3 Upper Palaeolithic -- 7.3.1.4 Epipalaeolithic -- 7.3.2 The Holocene Period (After 11.4 Ka Cal BP) -- 7.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Pamukkale Travertines: A Natural and Cultural Monument in the World Heritage List -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Evolution of Travertine Deposits in Pamukkale -- 8.2.1 Terraced-Mound Travertines -- 8.2.2 Fissure-Ridge Travertines -- 8.2.3 Self-built Channel Travertines -- 8.3 Historical Background -- 8.4 Historical Buildings and Ancient Structures -- 8.4.1 Historical Buildings. , 8.4.2 Ancient Structures.

Note: Intro -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Proceedings Volume 1: New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences -- Proceedings Volume 2: Advances in Geophysics, Tectonics and Petroleum Geosciences -- Proceedings Volume 3: Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry -- Proceedings Volume 4: Research developments in Geotechnics, Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Geomorphology: Fault Slip and Incision Rates -- 1 Cosmogenic Surface Exposure Dating Applications from Turkey -- Moraines, Alluvial Fans, Fluvial Terraces, Lava Flows and Incision Rates -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Glacial Deposits and Surfaces -- 3.2 Alluvial Fans, Landslides and Faults -- 3.3 Fluvial Terraces -- 3.4 Lava Flows -- 3.5 Erosion Rates -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Tectonic Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Muğla-Yatağan Fault (SW Turkey) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Slip Rate Estimation on the North Anatolian Fault Using Geomorphology and Paleoclimate Chronology: The Ganos Fault, Turkey -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological Setting and Drainage Development -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Energy Relief Analysis of the Northern Marche-Romagna Region, Northern Apennine, Central Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data and Method -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Soil Science. , 5 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Induction Method to Map Soil Salinity in Semiarid Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Soil Properties -- 3.2 Calibration of EM38 Readings -- 3.3 Spatial Variation of Soil Salinity -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Comparison of Organic Carbon Stock of Regosols Under Two Different Climates in Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Particle Size, Bulk Density, Organic Carbon, and pH of Both Soils -- 3.2 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Both Soils -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Organic Carbon Stocks Evaluation After Three Years of No-Tillage Practice in a Vertisol, Northern Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Spectral Characteristics of Soil Types in Northwestern Jordan Considering Iron Oxides Effects and Colors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Methods, and Materials -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Soil Chemical and Color Properties -- 3.2 Spectral and Chemical Characteristic -- 3.3 Correlation of Soil Colors with Chemical and Spectral Parameters -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Examining Wind-Eroded Sediment Especially the Content of Toxic Elements, Southern Hungary -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sample Area and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Time-Scale Variation of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soil in Sanjiang Plain, China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Location of Sanjiang Plain -- 2.2 Test Soil and Sample Collection -- 2.3 Measurement Item and Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Soil Carbon Variance Analysis -- 3.2 Soil Carbon-Level Regression Analysis. , 3.2.1 Relationship Between Organic Carbon of Different Soils and Rice-Cultivation Time -- 3.2.2 Effect of Rice-Cultivation Time on Carbon Content in Different Soil Components -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Landslides and Debris Flows -- 11 Stability Assessment of a Cliff and Hazard Characterization Methodology of the "Landslide": Application to Korbous Cliff (Cap-Bon, Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Slope -- 3.2 Rainfall -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Landslide Susceptibility Modeling Using GIS and MAUT Combined with Artificial Neural Network Models -- Case of Aghribs Watershed (Neogen Basin of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Location of the Study Area -- 2.2 Inventory Map -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Land Slide Risks Map Applying MAUT -- 3.2 ANN Results -- 3.3 Interpolation by Using Thiessen's Polygons -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Landslide Distribution Analysis in the Foglia River Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Landslides and Lithology -- 3.2 Landslides and Land Use -- 3.3 Landslides and Slope -- 3.4 Landslides and Altitude -- 3.5 Landslides and Orientation of the Slope -- 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Spatial Distribution of Debris Flow-prone Catchments in Hengduan Mountainous Area in Southwestern China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatial Distribution of Debris-Flow Catchments in Different Units -- 3.2 Distribution of Debris Flow Catchments with Annual Rainfall Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Coastal Processes -- 15 Evolution of Shoreline Kinematics at the Bejaia Bay (East Algeria) from 1989 to 2017 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Impact of Beach Surface Moisture on Aeolian Sand Transport Rate and Vertical Mass Flux Distribution, the Case of Atlantic Coast, Southern Morocco -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Relative Sea-Level Changes on the Southwestern Arabian Gulf since the Last Glacial Maximum -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method and Material -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Shoreline Change Analysis Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System along Southeast Romanian Coast -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Lithogolical and Geochemical Analysis of Mainland and Spit Sandy Beach Sediments: SE Baltic Sea (Lithuania) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Modeling of Lithodynamic Processes in the Area of Sea Port (Russia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Geoarchaeology and Geoheritage -- 21 Geophysical Investigations of the Bronze Age Archaeological Site in the Trans-Urals, Russia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Survey Methodology and Initial Analysis of Measurements -- 3 Results of Geophysical Investigation -- 3.1 Results of Magnetic Survey. , 3.2 Results of GPR Survey -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Reconstruction of Roman Aqueduct Route that Supplied the Ancient City of Tomis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 23 The Usefulness of Geomorphology for Finding the Landscapes Drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci in the Montefeltro Region (Central Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 24 Landscape as a Cultural Resource: Science, Poetry, and Ancient Music for the Enhancement of the Marche Region, Central Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Reference -- Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Marine Geosciences (T14): Sedimentology-Environmental, Tectonic and Diagenetic Processses -- 25 Sedimentology and High-Frequency Cycles of the Upper Pleistocene of the Bizerte Coast (N-E Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Results -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 26 On the Presence of Halokinetic Sequences, from Latest Aptian to Late Albian, NW Salt Province of Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 27 Geological Processes Enhancing the Reservoir Quality of Aptian "Tight" Proven Reservoirs in Northwestern Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 28 Petrophysics and Reservoir Properties of the Turonian-Coniacian Bireno and Douleb Carbonate Members in Northern-Central Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Turonian-Coniacian Sedimentological Characteristics -- 3.2 Petrophysical Properties. , 3.3 Diagenesis Influence on the Porosity.