Note: Intro -- Preface -- Why This Book? -- Contents -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 The Arabian-Nubian Shield, an Introduction: Historic Overview, Concepts, Interpretations, and Future Issues -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 ANS: Plate Tectonic Setting -- 1.3 ANS: Geologic Investigations -- 1.3.1 Historic Developments -- 1.3.2 Mineral Resources and Exploration -- 1.3.3 Geologic Mapping, Surveys, and Findings -- 1.4 ANS: Nomenclature -- 1.5 ANS: External Boundaries -- 1.5.1 ANS Northwestern Margin -- 1.5.2 ANS Southern Margin -- 1.5.3 ANS Eastern Margin -- 1.5.4 ANS Margins in the Southwestern Arabian Peninsula -- 1.5.5 ANS Margins in the Eastern Arabian Peninsula -- 1.5.6 ANS Northern Extent -- 1.6 ANS: Internal Divisions -- 1.6.1 Volcanic Arcs -- Where, How Many, and Origin? -- 1.6.2 Mineral Belts: An Aid to Metallogenic Analysis and Exploration Targeting -- 1.6.3 Structural or Tectonic Belts and Domains -- 1.6.4 Divisions in the Egyptian Eastern Desert -- 1.6.5 Tectonostratigraphic Terranes -- 1.6.6 Isotopic Domains -- 1.6.7 Inherited Zircons -- 1.7 Concluding Comments -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 The Boundary Between the Saharan Metacraton and the Arabian Nubian Shield: Insight from Ediacaran Shoshonitic Granites of the Nuba Mountains (Sudan): U-Pb SHRIMP Zircon Dating, Geochemistry and Sr-Nd Isotope Constraints -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Granitoids in the ANS and the SmC and Change in Stress Regime -- 2.3 The SmC-ANS Boundary in Sudan -- 2.4 Geological Setting and Petrography -- 2.5 U-Pb SHRIMP Dating of Zircon -- 2.5.1 Analytical Techniques -- 2.5.2 Results -- 2.6 Geochemistry of the Late-Orogenic Granitoids -- 2.6.1 Analytical Techniques -- 2.6.2 Major and Trace Elements Chemistry -- 2.7 Sr and Nd Isotopes -- 2.7.1 Analytical Techniques -- 2.7.2 Rb-Sr and Sm-Nd Isotopic Results -- 2.8 Discussion. , 2.8.1 Lithochemistry and Structural Characterization of the Nuba Post-collisional Plutons -- 2.8.2 The Source of the Parental Magma of the Nuba Post-collisional Plutons -- 2.8.3 Timing of Magmatism, Metamorphism and Regional Correlations -- 2.8.4 Implications for the Boundary of the Saharan Metacraton in Southern Sudan -- 2.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The Southern Part of the Arabian-Nubian Shield in Kenya and Tanzania -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological Overview -- 3.3 Lithology, Formation Ages and Tectonic Setting -- 3.3.1 Sobo Unit -- 3.3.2 Galana Unit -- 3.3.3 Sagala Unit -- 3.3.4 Kinyjki Unit/Kasigau Group -- 3.3.5 Kurase Group/Eastern Granulites Metasediments -- 3.3.6 Eastern Granulites Metamagmatics -- 3.4 Isotopic Constraints -- 3.5 Tectonics and Metamorphism -- 3.6 Interpretation -- 3.7 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Tectonic Evolution of the Pan-African Belt in Western Ethiopia, Southern Arabian-Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Regional Geologic Setting -- 4.3 Lithology -- 4.3.1 Gimbi Terrane -- 4.3.2 Nejo Terrane -- 4.3.3 Asosa Terrane -- 4.3.4 Tulu Dimtu-Baruda Belt -- 4.3.5 Intrusive Rocks -- 4.3.6 Young Volcano-Sediments -- 4.4 Structures -- 4.4.1 Gimbi Terrane -- 4.4.2 Nejo Terrane -- 4.4.3 Asosa Terrane -- 4.4.4 Tulu Dimtu-Baruda Belt -- 4.4.5 NW-Trending Structures -- 4.5 Discussion and Summary -- 4.5.1 Structural Evolution -- 4.5.2 Tectonic Interpretation and Regional Correlation of Terranes -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Neoproterozoic Crustal Evolution of the Northernmost Arabian-Nubian Shield, South Jordan -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Aqaba Complex -- 5.2.1 Metamorphic Suites -- 5.2.1.1 Abu Barqa Metamorphic Suite -- 5.2.1.2 Janub Metamorphic Suite (JMS) -- 5.2.1.3 Abu Saqa Schist -- 5.2.2 Gabbroids and Granitoids. , 5.2.2.1 Duheila Hornblendic Suite (DHS) -- 5.2.2.2 Rahma Foliated Suite (RFS) -- 5.2.2.3 Darba Tonalitic Suite -- 5.2.2.4 Urf Porphyritic Suite (UPS) -- 5.2.2.5 Rumman Suite (RS) -- 5.2.2.6 Yutum Suite (YS) -- 5.3 Araba Complex -- 5.3.1 Safi Group -- 5.3.1.1 Saramuj Conglomerate Formation (SCF) -- 5.3.1.2 Haiyala Volcaniclastic Formation (HVF) -- 5.3.2 The Araba Mafic Suite -- 5.3.3 Humrat-Feinan-Mubarak Suite (HFMS) -- 5.3.4 Aheimir Volcanic Suite (AVS) -- 5.4 Ediacaran Dike Swarms -- 5.5 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Lithospheric Structure of the Arabian-Nubian Shield Using Satellite Potential Field Data -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Data -- 6.3 Methodology -- 6.3.1 EHGA Method -- 6.3.2 Parker-Oldenburg Method -- 6.4 Results -- 6.4.1 Edge Results -- 6.4.2 Moho and LAB Results -- 6.5 Discussion -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Evolution of the Arabian Nubian Shield and Snowball Earth -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Snowball Earth and Late Neoproterozoic Glaciation -- 7.3 Overview of ANS and EAO Development -- 7.4 Expected Manifestations of Neoproterozoic Glaciations in the ANS and EAO -- 7.5 Evidence for Glaciation in the ANS -- 7.5.1 Evidence for Tonian (c. 780-755 Ma) Glaciation -- 7.5.1.1 sim780 Ma Diamictite in Eastern Sudan (Meritri Group) and Central Arabian Shield (Mahd Group) -- 7.5.1.2 sim750 Ma Ghamr and Amudan Volcanosedimentary Basins, Central Arabian Shield -- 7.5.2 Evidence for Sturtian Glaciation (sim717-659 Ma) -- 7.5.2.1 Ethiopia/Eritrea-Tambien Group -- 7.5.2.2 Banded Iron Formation of Egypt and Arabia -- 7.5.2.3 Atud Diamictite (Egypt) and Nuwaybah Formation (Zaam Group) (NW Arabia) -- 7.5.2.4 Um Zariq and Zaghara Formations, Sinai Peninsula, Egypt, Northern ANS -- 7.5.2.5 Hadiyah Group, NW Arabian Shield. , 7.5.3 Evidence for Marinoan (Onset sim650-639, to sim635 Ma) and Ediacaran (sim580-550 Ma) Glaciation -- 7.5.3.1 Post-amalgamation (Ediacaran) Basins -- 7.5.3.2 Gondwanan Margin Basins -- 7.5.3.3 Role of Glaciation in the Formation of the Afro-Arabian Peneplain -- 7.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 The Arabian-Nubian Shield Within the Neoproterozoic Plate Tectonic Circuit -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 A Full-Plate Tectonic Reconstruction -- 8.3 The ANS Within the Northern 'East African Orogen' -- 8.4 The Mozambique Ocean, Azania and Afif-Abas -- 8.5 The Eastern Margin of the EAO (NW India to Oman) -- 8.6 The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) -- 8.7 The Western Margin of the EAO (the Eastern Saharan Metacraton) -- 8.8 Discussion -- 8.9 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Early Ensimatic Stage of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Rodinia Pre-rifting Configurations -- 9.2.1 SWEAT Model -- 9.2.2 "Missing-Link" Model -- 9.2.3 Other Models -- 9.3 Rodinia Rifting -- 9.4 Origins and Configurations of the Mozambique Ocean-Rift or Remnant? -- 9.5 Remnants of Rodinia Within the ANS -- 9.5.1 Rodinia Continental Signatures Within the ANS -- 9.5.2 Mozambique Ocean Signatures Within the ANS -- 9.5.2.1 Setting and Occurrence -- 9.5.2.2 Magma Type -- 9.5.2.3 Tectonic Setting -- 9.6 Conclusions and Open Questions -- References -- 10 Terrane Accretion Within the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 The Rationale -- 10.2.1 Terrane Terminology -- 10.2.2 Formation of Terranes -- 10.3 Formation and Amalgamation of Gondwana Supercontinent -- 10.3.1 Neoproterozoic Pan-African Orogeny -- 10.3.2 The East African Orogen (EAO) -- 10.4 The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS) -- 10.4.1 Terrane Analysis, Amalgamation, and Accretion of the ANS -- 10.4.2 Assembly of the ANS and Crustal Growth. , 10.5 Tectonic Models of the ANS -- 10.5.1 Earlier Models of Evolution of ANS -- 10.5.1.1 A Single Immature Island Arc Evolution (Island Arc-Accretion Model) -- 10.5.1.2 Successive Formation and Accretion of Ensimatic Island Arcs Model -- 10.5.1.3 Repeated Rifting of an Older Sialic Crust -- 10.5.1.4 Microplate Accretion Model -- 10.5.1.5 Reconstruction of the ANS Model -- 10.5.1.6 Pan-African Continental Margin Model -- 10.5.2 Recent Models of ANS Evolution: Arc-Accretion Model -- 10.6 Faults and Shear Zones in the ANS -- 10.7 Ophiolite Zones as Evidence for Sutures in the ANS -- 10.7.1 Arc-Arc Sutures -- 10.7.2 Arc-Continent Sutures -- 10.7.3 The Eastern Margin of the ANS -- 10.7.4 The Western Margin of the ANS -- 10.8 Post-accretionary Structures -- 10.9 Post-amalgamation Basins of the NE Arabian Shield -- 10.10 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Tonian/Cryogenian Island Arc Metavolcanics of the Arabian-Nubian Shield -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Island Arc Volcanism of the Northern Nubian Shield -- 11.2.1 Island Arc Volcanic Rocks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt -- 11.2.1.1 Island Arc Volcanic Rocks of North Eastern Desert (NED) -- 11.2.1.2 Island Arc Volcanic Rocks of Central Eastern Desert (CED) -- 11.2.1.3 Island Arc Volcanic Rocks of South Eastern Desert (SED) -- 11.2.1.4 Mineralization Related to Island Arc Volcanism of the Eastern Desert of Egypt -- 11.2.1.5 Age of the Younger Metavolcanic Rocks of the Eastern Desert -- 11.2.2 Island Arc Volcanic Rocks of Sinai -- 11.2.3 Geochemistry and Petrogenesis of Island Arc Volcanics in the Eastern Desert of Egypt -- 11.2.3.1 Geochemical Characters of Major, Trace and REEs -- 11.2.3.2 Tectonomagmatic Discrimination Plots -- 11.2.3.3 Petrogenesis -- (i) Tholeiitic Metavolcanics -- (ii) Calc-Alkaline Metavolcanics -- (iii) Felsic Metavolcanics. , 11.2.3.4 Stages of Island Arc Volcanicity in the Eastern Desert.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Tectonics of the Eastern Desert of Egypt: Key to Understanding the Neoproterozoic Evolution of the Arabian-Nubian Shield (East African Orogen) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Proposed Models for the Arabian-Nubian Shield, East African Orogen -- 3 Rock Succession in the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 3.1 Gneisses and Migmatites -- 3.2 Relict Oceanic Lithosphere -- 3.3 Island Arc Assemblage -- 3.4 Dokhan Volcanics -- 3.5 Hammamat Molasse Sediments -- 3.6 Granites -- 4 Landsat- and ASTER-Based Mapping of the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 4.1 Remote Sensing Techniques and Lithological Discrimination -- 4.2 False-Color Composites (FCC) -- 4.3 Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- 4.4 Band Ratioing -- 4.5 Image Classification Techniques -- 5 Structural Succession and Sequence of Tectonic Events -- 6 Thrusting and Thrust Duplex System -- 7 Suture Zones -- 7.1 Allaqi-Heiani Suture -- 7.2 South Hafafit Suture (?) -- 8 Major Shear Zones in the Egyptian Eastern Desert -- 8.1 Wadi Kharit-Wadi Hodein Shear Zone -- 8.2 Nugrus Shear Zone -- 8.3 Atalla Shear Zone -- 8.4 Qena-Safaga Shear Zone -- 8.5 Mubarak-Barramiya Shear Belt -- 8.6 Hamisana Shear Zone -- 9 Najd Shear Corridor -- 10 Shear Zone-Related Gneiss Domes -- 11 Transpressional Regime in the Egyptian Eastern Desert -- 12 The Active Seismotectonic Zone in the Egyptian Eastern Desert -- 13 Effect of Gravitational Tectonics -- 14 Discussion -- 14.1 Do We Have Pre-pan-African Infracrustal Rocks? -- 14.2 Thrusting, Shearing, and Folding Relations -- 14.3 Gneiss Domes Versus Metamorphic Core Complexes -- 14.4 The Conjugate Pairs of Najd-Related Shears -- 14.5 Role of Najd Shear System in Tectonic Evolution of Gneiss Domes -- 14.6 Rates and Transport Directions of Metaultramafic Nappes -- 14.7 The Voluminous Intrusives in NED. , 14.8 The Post-amalgamation Hammamat Sediments and Their Relation to Dokhan Volcanics -- 14.9 Northward Decrease in Intensity of Deformation -- References -- 2 A New Synthetic Geological Map of the Tuareg Shield: An Overview of Its Global Structure and Geological Evolution -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Regional Geological Setting -- 3 Sources and Design of the Synthetic Tuareg Shield Geological Map -- 4 Global Structure of the Tuareg Shield -- 5 Geological Evolution of the Tuareg Shield -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 The 600 Ma-Old Pan-African Magmatism in the In Ouzzal Terrane (Tuareg Shield, Algeria): Witness of the Metacratonisation of a Rigid Block -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Main Lithologies of the In Ouzzal Terrane -- 2.1 The Archean and Paleoproterozoic Granulitic Basement -- 2.2 The Pan-African Plutons -- 3 Geochronology -- 3.1 U-Pb Zircon Ages -- 3.2 Rb-Sr Isochron Ages -- 4 Geochemistry and Isotope Geochemistry -- 4.1 Major and Trace Elements -- 4.2 Sr and Nd Isotopes -- 5 Interpretation: Metacratonization of the Rigid Archean/Eburnean In Ouzzal Terrane Within the Tuareg Pan-African Orogen -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix: Analytical Techniques -- References -- 4 An Overview of the Plutons Magnetic Fabric Studies in the Hoggar Shield: Evolution of the Major Shear Zones During the Pan-African -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sampling -- 3 Magnetic Mineralogy -- 4 Magnetic Fabric -- 4.1 Main Results Obtained in the Hoggar Shield (Fig. 1, Table 1 and References Herein) -- 4.2 Data Comparison -- 5 Contributions of the Hoggar AMS Data -- 5.1 Magnetic Fabric "Tests" -- 5.2 The Different "Types" of Obtained Fabrics -- 6 Conclusion: The Pan-African Events Evidenced by the Magnetic Fabric Data -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 5 Electrical Conductivity Constraints on the Geometry of the Western LATEA Boundary from a Magnetotelluric Data Acquired Near Tahalgha Volcanic District (Hoggar, Southern Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Geophysical Settings -- 3 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3.1 Data Collection -- 3.2 Tipper/Induction Vector Data Analysis -- 3.3 Impedance Tensor Analysis (Dimensionality, Strike) -- 4 Modeling -- 4.1 Modeling Short and Medium Period Data -- 4.2 Modeling of the Central Area -- 4.3 Modeling of Long Period Data -- 5 Gravimetric and Aeromagnetic Data Constraints -- 6 Geological Interpretation -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Regional Geology and Petroleum Systems of the Main Reservoirs and Source Rocks of North Africa and the Middle East -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Why so Rich? -- 1.2 Previous Investigations -- 2 Geological History -- 3 Tectonostratigraphy -- 3.1 Basement Assembly and Infracambrian Extension -- 3.1.1 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Infracambrian Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.2 Cambrian to Carboniferous Passive Margin -- 3.2.1 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Cambrian Reservoirs -- 3.2.2 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Ordovician Reservoirs -- 3.2.3 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Silurian Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.2.4 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Devonian Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.2.5 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Carboniferous Reservoirs -- 3.3 Hercynian Orogeny -- 3.4 Post-Hercynian Breakup of Gondwana -- 3.4.1 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Late Carboniferous-Permian Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.4.2 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Triassic Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.4.3 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Jurassic Reservoirs and Source Rocks. , 3.4.4 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Early Cretaceous Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.5 Collision with Eurasia -- 3.5.1 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Late Cretaceous-Paleocene Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.5.2 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Early to Middle Eocene Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 3.6 Red Sea Rifting and Closing of Neotethys -- 3.6.1 Habitats and Stratigraphy of the Main Neogene Reservoirs and Source Rocks -- 4 Petroleum Systems -- 4.1 Infracambrian Petroleum System, Oman -- 4.2 Paleozoic Petroleum Systems -- 4.2.1 North Oued Mya, Hassi R'Mel and Hassi Messaoud-El Biod Arch Petroleum Systems, Algeria -- 4.2.2 Illizi Basin Petroleum System, Algeria -- 4.2.3 Ghadames Basin Petroleum System, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya -- 4.2.4 Murzuq Basin Petroleum System, Libya -- 4.2.5 Arabian Plate, Silurian Petroleum Systems -- 4.3 Mesozoic Petroleum Systems -- 4.3.1 Pelagian Basin (Offshore Libya and Tunisia), Jurassic-Cretaceous Petroleum System -- 4.3.2 Sirt Basin Petroleum System, Libya -- 4.3.3 Western Desert Petroleum Systems, Egypt -- 4.3.4 Gulf of Suez Petroleum System, Egypt -- 4.3.5 Jurassic Petroleum System on the Arabian Plate and Adjacent Areas -- 4.3.6 Cretaceous Petroleum System on the Arabian Plate and Adjacent Areas -- 4.4 Cenozoic Petroleum Systems -- 4.4.1 Pelagian Basin (Offshore Libya and Tunisia) Bou Dabbous-Cenozoic Total Petroleum System -- 4.4.2 Nile Delta Petroleum System, Egypt -- 4.4.3 Tamar Petroleum System-Levantine Basin -- 4.4.4 Eastern Mediterranean "Zohr" Carbonate Play -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Paleomagnetism of the Western Saharan Basins: An Overview -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological Setting -- 3 Sampling and Analysis Procedure -- 4 Rock magnetism -- 5 Paleomagnetic Results -- 6 Discussion. , 6.1 Apparent Polar Wander Path (APWP) for the Gondwana and Its Implications -- 6.2 Structural Implications -- 6.3 Geochemical Implications -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Archaeoseismology in Algeria: Observed Damages Related to Probable Past Earthquakes on Archaeological Remains on Roman Sites (Tel Atlas of Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Algerian Archaeological Sites Located in Earthquake Prone Areas -- 3 Seismicity of Algeria and Earthquakes of the Ancient Times -- 4 Damage Identification on Archaeological Sites -- 5 Seismic and Non-seismic Damage on Archaeological Structures -- 6 Observed Damage on Archaeological Sites -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 A Glimpse at the History of Seismology in Algeria -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Pre-French Period (Before 1830) -- 3 French Period (1830-1962) -- 3.1 1845: The First Compilation of Earthquakes of Algeria -- 3.2 1847: The Perrey Earthquake Lists -- 3.3 1856: First Comprehensive Descriptions of the Effects of an Earthquake, Early Attempt to Record the Ground Motion, and First Picture on the Damage Caused by a Seismic Event in Algeria -- 3.4 1858: Creation of the Algiers Observatory -- 3.5 1864: The Earthquakes in the Algerian Scientific Periodicals -- 3.6 1867: A Step Toward Teamwork, from a Simple Pendulum in 1856 to a Seismograph, First Mapping of Geological Effects,… -- 3.7 1891: Very First Questionnaires -- 3.8 1906: First Seismicity Map of Algeria and Its Adjacent Areas -- 3.9 1907-1910: Creation of the Service of Seismology, First Seismic Stations, Use of Reinforced Concrete… -- 3.10 1916: First Intensity Estimate? -- 3.11 1919: Annals of the Institute of Earth Physics of Strasbourg -- 3.12 1922: First Macroseismic and Instrumental Study and First Attempt of the Identification of the Causative Fault. , 3.13 1924 Questionnaires and First Isoseismal Map Drawn by a Contemporaneous Author.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Why This Book? -- Content -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 History of the Geological Research in Egypt -- Abstract -- 1.1 Stages Before the Geological Survey and Stages After -- 1.1.1 Hume's Book -- 1.1.2 Said's '62 & -- '90 Books -- 1.2 History of Geological Mapping in Egypt -- 1.2.1 Introduction -- 1.2.2 First Episode of Mapping -- 1.2.3 Second Episode of Mapping -- 1.2.4 Third Episode of Mapping -- 1.3 Geological Remote Sensing Publications in Egypt: Some Statistics on Satellite Sensors and Techniques -- 1.3.1 Introduction -- 1.3.2 A Review on Geological Remote Sensing Publications in Egypt (from 1998 till 2017): Statistical Approach -- 1.3.2.1 Publications on Utilization of Remote Sensing Techniques for Geological Mapping -- 1.3.2.2 Publications on Utilization of Remote Sensing Techniques for Mineral Exploration -- 1.3.2.3 Remote Sensing Techniques -- 1.3.3 Concluding Remarks -- 1.4 Monitoring Spatiotemporal Variabilities in Egypt's Groundwater Resources Using GRACE Data -- 1.4.1 Introduction -- 1.4.2 Data and Methods -- 1.4.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.4.4 Summary and Conclusions -- 1.5 Geochronological Measurements -- 1.6 Airborne Geophysical Mapping -- 1.6.1 Period from 1962-1978 -- 1.6.2 Period from 1980-1984 -- References -- 2 Precambrian Basement Complex of Egypt -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nature and Evolution of the Basement Crust -- 2.3 Review of the Egyptian Basement Classifications -- 2.3.1 Classification of Hume (1934) -- 2.3.2 Classification of Schürmann (1953, 1966) -- 2.3.3 Classification of El Ramly and Akaad (1960) -- 2.3.4 Classification of El Shazly (1964) -- 2.3.5 Classification of Akaad and Noweir (1969, 1980) -- 2.3.6 El Ramly's (1972) Classification -- 2.3.7 The Classification of Ries et al. (1983) -- 2.3.8 Classification of Bentor (1985). , 2.3.9 The Classification of El Gaby et al. (1988, 1990) -- 2.3.10 The Classification of Ragab and El Alfy (1996) -- 2.4 The Precambrian Basement Succession -- 2.4.1 Metacratonic Gniesses of Uweinat-Kamil Inlier -- 2.4.1.1 Geologic and Geochronologic Overview -- 2.4.1.2 Gabal Uweinat Massif -- 2.4.1.3 Gabal Kamil Massif -- 2.4.2 Infrastructural Gneissic Complexes -- 2.4.2.1 Characteristics and Distribution -- 2.4.2.2 Age and Tectonic Evolution -- 2.4.2.3 Hafafit, Meatiq and Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complexes -- 2.4.3 Ophiolite Sequences -- 2.4.3.1 Historic Perspective -- 2.4.3.2 Spatial Distribution -- 2.4.3.3 Ophiolite Components -- 2.4.3.4 Age and Tectonic Setting -- 2.4.3.5 CED Ophiolites -- 2.4.3.6 SED Ophiolites -- 2.4.4 Arc Metavolcanics -- 2.4.4.1 Overview -- 2.4.4.2 Metavolcanics of the SED -- 2.4.4.3 Metavolcanics of the CED -- 2.4.4.4 Metavolcanics of Sinai -- 2.4.5 Metasediments -- 2.4.5.1 Metasediments of the Eastern Desert -- Atud Diamictite -- Banded Iron Formation -- 2.4.5.2 Metasediments of the Sinai -- 2.4.6 Alaskan-Type Mafic-Ultramafic Complexes -- 2.4.7 Metagabbro-Diorite Complex -- 2.4.8 Egyptian Granitoids -- 2.4.8.1 Overview -- 2.4.8.2 Island Arc Older Granites -- 2.4.8.3 Postcollisional Younger Granites -- 2.4.9 Dokhan Volcanics -- 2.4.10 Hammamat Group -- 2.4.11 Post Hammamat Felsites -- 2.4.12 Postcollisional Layered and Gabbro Intrusions -- 2.4.12.1 Layered Mafic-Ultramafic Intrusions -- 2.4.12.2 Younger Gabbro Intrusions -- 2.4.13 Katherina A-Type Volcanics -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Structural and Tectonic Framework of Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt: From Gneiss Domes to Transpression Belts -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Egyptian Precambrian Basement in the Context of NE African Geology -- 3.2.1 The East African Orogen (EAO) -- 3.2.2 The Arabian-Nubian Shield (ANS). , 3.2.2.1 Egyptian Eastern Desert Terrane, The North, Central and South Eastern Deserts, and The Southern Sinai -- 3.3 Earliest Neoproterozoic Deformation Events -- 3.3.1 Feiran-Solaf Metamorphic Complex -- 3.3.2 Sa'al-Zaghra Metamorphic Complex -- 3.4 Arc Accretion Stage -- 3.4.1 Arc-Arc Sutures: Timing and Kinematics of the Arc Collisions -- 3.4.2 Tectonic Environment of the Ophiolitic Material -- 3.4.3 Mechanisms of Emplacement of the Ophiolitic Mélange -- 3.4.4 Calc-Alkaline 'Subduction'-Related ('Older') Granitoids of the Arc and Arc-Collision Stage -- 3.4.4.1 Arc Plutons -- 3.4.4.2 Syn-Collision Plutons -- 3.4.4.3 Late- to Post-Collision Plutons -- 3.4.5 Further Models for the Arc-Collision Stage of the ANS -- 3.4.5.1 Models Preferring Additional Suture Zones Within the CED -- 3.4.5.2 Two-Tier Models of Infrastructure-Suprastructure (Westward Obduction) -- 3.4.5.3 Two-Tier Model (Thin-Skin Thrusting) -- 3.4.5.4 Two-Tier Model-Partitioned Strain in Strike-Slip Corridor -- 3.5 Orogenic Extension Stage -- 3.5.1 Early Recognition and Interpretation of Extensional Tectonism in the NED -- 3.5.2 Tectonic Extension in the Areas South of the NED -- 3.5.2.1 Central Eastern Desert -- 3.5.2.2 South Eastern Desert -- 3.5.3 Geological Features that Have Been Attributed to the Tectonic Extension Stage -- 3.5.3.1 Dyke Swarms -- 3.5.3.2 Dokhan Volcanics -- 3.5.3.3 Hammamat Molasse Basins -- 3.5.3.4 A-Type Granites -- 3.5.3.5 Regional Low-Angle Normal Shear Zones and Metamorphic Core Complexes -- 3.5.4 Proposed Mechanisms of the sim600 Ma Extension Tectonic Event -- 3.5.4.1 Continental Rifting -- 3.5.4.2 Extensional Collapse -- 3.5.4.3 Tectonic Escape and Rigid Indenters -- 3.5.4.4 Thermal/Gravity Assisted Rise of Gneiss Domes -- 3.6 Post-extensional Compressional Deformation Events. , 3.6.1 E-W to NE-SW Trending Folds and Thrusts (Post-Hammamat NW-SE Compression Event) -- 3.6.2 NW-SE Trending Folds and Thrusts (NE-SW Compression Event) -- 3.6.3 NW-SE Sinistral Najd Faulting and E-W Transpression -- 3.6.4 N-S Shortening Zones -- 3.7 Commentary on Major Points Covered in This Chapter -- References -- 4 Crustal Evolution of the Egyptian Precambrian Rocks -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sinai -- 4.3 Eastern Desert -- 4.3.1 The North Eastern Desert -- 4.3.2 The Central Eastern Desert -- 4.3.3 The South Eastern Desert -- 4.4 Aswan and the Southwestern Desert -- 4.5 Buried Crust of the Western Desert -- 4.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Suture(s) and Major Shear Zones in the Neoproterozoic Basement of Egypt -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Arc-Arc Sutures -- 5.2.1 Allaqi-Heiani Suture -- 5.2.2 South Hafafit Suture (?) -- 5.3 Shear Zones in the Egyptian Nubian Shield -- 5.3.1 Syn-accretion Shear Zones -- 5.3.2 Post-accretion Shear Zones -- 5.3.2.1 Najd-Related NW-Trending Shear Zones -- Kharit-Hodein Shear Zone -- Nugrus Shear Zone -- Atalla Shear Zones -- 5.3.2.2 ENE- (to E-) Trending Shear Zones -- Idfu-Mersa Alam Shear Zone -- Mubarak-Barramiya Shear Belt -- Abu Dabbab Seismotectonic Zone -- 5.3.3 Shear Zone-Related Gneiss Domes -- 5.4 Shear Zone-Related Mineralizations -- 5.5 Discussion -- References -- 6 The Metamorphism and Deformation of the Basement Complex in Egypt -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Precambrian Basement Rocks of Egypt -- 6.2.1 Tier 1 and Tier 2 Crustal Levels -- 6.2.2 Opposing Interpretations of Tier 1 and Tier 2 -- 6.2.3 The ANS and the Mozambique Belt -- 6.3 Gneissic Complexes of the Eastern and Western Deserts and Sinai -- 6.3.1 Gabal Meatiq Complex -- 6.3.2 Gabal El-Sibai Complex -- 6.3.3 El-Shalul Complex -- 6.3.4 Wadi Um Had Complex -- 6.3.5 Ras Barud Complex. , 6.3.6 Migif-Hafafit Complex -- 6.3.7 Wadi El-Hudi Complex -- 6.3.8 Wadi Haimur-Abu Swayel Complex -- 6.3.9 Wadi Beitan Complex -- 6.3.10 Wadi Kharit and Wadi Khuda Complexes -- 6.3.11 Western Desert Complexes -- 6.3.12 Gneisses Belts in Southern Sinai -- 6.3.12.1 Wadi Feiran-Solaf Complex -- 6.3.12.2 Wadi Sa'al-Zaghara Complex -- 6.3.12.3 Taba-Elat Complex -- 6.3.12.4 Wadi Kid Complex -- 6.4 The Question of Pre-Pan-African Crustal Beneath the Eastern Desert and Sinai -- 6.4.1 Radiometric Dating (Rb-Sr, U-Pb, Pb-Pb, Sm-Nd) -- 6.4.2 Pb Isotope Studies -- 6.4.3 Initial Sr Isotope Ratios -- 6.4.4 Initial εNd Values and Nd τDM Model Ages -- 6.4.5 Tectonic Significance of the "Gneissic Complexes" -- 6.5 Ophiolite Sequences and Ophiolitic Melange -- 6.5.1 Complete Ophiolite Sequences in the EED -- 6.5.1.1 Gabal El Rubshi -- 6.5.1.2 Qift-Quseir Road -- 6.5.1.3 Wadi Ghadir -- 6.5.1.4 Gabal Gerf -- 6.5.1.5 Sol Hamed -- 6.5.2 Serpentinites, Ophiolitic Mélange and Talc-Carbonate Rocks -- 6.5.2.1 Serpentinites -- 6.5.2.2 Ophiolitic Mélange -- 6.5.2.3 Talc-Carbonate Deposits -- 6.6 Metasediments -- 6.6.1 Mature Quartzites and Metacarbonates -- 6.6.2 Immature Metagreywackes and Metamudstones -- 6.6.3 Banded Iron Formations -- 6.7 Metavolcanics and Metapyroclastics -- 6.7.1 Older Metavolcanics -- 6.7.2 Younger Metavolcanics -- 6.8 Metamorphosed Plutonic Association -- 6.8.1 Metagabbro-Diorite Complex -- 6.8.2 Older or Synkinematic Granitoids -- 6.8.2.1 'Shaitian' Granites -- 6.8.2.2 Hafafit Tonalites -- 6.8.2.3 El-Sibai El Shush Tonalite -- 6.8.2.4 Abu Ziran Tonalite -- 6.9 Shear Zones -- 6.9.1 Nugrus Shear Zone -- 6.9.2 Sha'it Shear Zone -- 6.9.3 Eastern Desert Shear Zone -- 6.10 Hammamat Sequences -- 6.10.1 Features of the Hammamat Basins -- 6.10.2 Metamorphic Aspects of the Hammamat Basins -- 6.10.2.1 Contact Metamorphism Due to Younger Granite Intrusions. , 6.10.2.2 Dynamic Metamorphism Associated with the EDSZ.