Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Introduction to ``Water Resources in Algeria: Water Quality, Treatment, Protection and Development´´ -- 1 Background -- 2 Chapters´ Summary -- 2.1 Water Quality and Modelling -- 2.2 Treatment and Protection -- 2.3 Development and Future of Water Resources -- References -- Part I: Water Quality -- Predicting Water Quality Indicators from Conventional and Nonconventional Water Resources in Algeria Country: Adaptive Neuro-F... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Wastewater and Drinking Water Datasets -- 3 Methodology -- 3.1 Multilayer Perceptron Neural Network (MLPNN) -- 3.2 Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) -- 3.3 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- 3.4 Performance Assessment of the Models -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Modeling DO at Boudouaou Drinking Water Treatment Plant -- 4.2 Modeling COD at Sidi Marouane Wastewater Treatment Plant -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Organic Chemical Characterization of Water of the Northwestern Algerian Dams -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Physical and Chemical Characterization -- 3.1.1 Variations in pH and Dissolved Oxygen -- 3.1.2 Dry Residue -- 3.1.3 Variations in MO, BOD5, and COD -- 3.1.4 Nitrate, Nitrite, and Ammonium -- 3.1.5 Orthophosphates (PO43-) -- 3.2 Water Pollution -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Part II: Treatment and Protection -- Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation Purposes: The Case of Aïn Témouchent Region -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussions -- 3.1 Water and Air Temperatures -- 3.2 pH -- 3.3 Electrical Conductivity (EC) -- 3.4 Suspended Matter (SM) -- 3.5 Turbidity -- 3.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) -- 3.7 Biochemical Oxygen Demand for 5 Days (BOD5) and Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) -- 3.8 Total Nitrogen. , 3.8.1 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (TKN) -- 3.8.2 Nitrites (NO2-) -- 3.8.3 Nitrates (NO3-) -- 3.8.4 Ammonium (NH4+) -- 3.9 Total Phosphorus and Orthophosphates -- 4 Conclusions -- 5 Recommendations -- References -- Protection of Water Resources in Mining Sites in Northeast of Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History and Current Situation of Mining Sector (According to the Ministry of Industry and Mines) -- 2.1 Partnership in Mining Sector -- 2.2 Development Axes in Mining Sector -- 3 Acid Mining Drainage Training Process -- 3.1 Acid Mine Drainage -- 3.2 Acid Mine Drainage Formation -- 4 Heavy Metals Pollution -- 4.1 Mercury (Hg) -- 4.2 Copper (Cu) -- 4.3 Lead (Pb) -- 4.4 Iron (Fe) -- 4.5 Zinc (Zn) -- 5 Mine Impacts on the Environment and Human Health -- 5.1 Abandoned Mines -- 5.2 Active Mines -- 6 Case Study -- 6.1 History of Ismail Mercury Mine -- 6.2 Physical Setting of Study Area -- 6.3 Geological and Mineralogical Study -- 6.3.1 Primary Minerals -- 6.3.2 Secondary Minerals (Fig. C) -- 6.3.3 Gangue Minerals (Fig. D) -- 6.3.4 Textures -- 6.4 Description of Ismail Mercurial Complex -- 6.4.1 Location -- 6.5 Environmental Consequences of Exploitation of Ismail Deposits -- 6.5.1 Why Did Our Research Work Focus on Ismail Area? -- 6.6 Sampling -- 6.7 Discussions of Results Obtained -- 6.7.1 For Waters -- 6.7.2 For Soil -- 6.8 Interpretation of Physic-Chemical Results by Statistics Methods -- 6.8.1 For Water Samples -- 6.8.2 For Soil Samples -- 7 Suggested Solutions to Clean up the Ismail Site -- 7.1 Solution 01 -- 7.2 Solution 02 -- 8 Conclusions -- 9 Recommendations -- References -- Physicochemical and Bacteriological Quality of Surface Water Resources Receiving Common Wastewater Effluents in Drylands of Al... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Study Wadis -- 2.3 Water Sampling -- 2.4 Water Physicochemical Analyses. , 2.5 Bacteriological Analyses -- 2.6 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatial Patterns of Water Physicochemical Parameters -- 3.2 Relationships Between Water Physicochemical Parameters -- 3.3 Spatial Variations of Bacterial Loads -- 3.4 Interrelationships Between Bacterial Groups -- 3.5 Spatiotemporal Variation of Water Parameters -- 3.6 Effects of Water Characteristics on Bacterial Loads -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Physicochemical Proprieties of Wadi Water -- 4.2 Effect of Water Physicochemical Factors on Bacteria Populations -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendation -- References -- Valorization of Oily Sludge in Arzew Refinery -- 1 Introduction -- 2 RA1/Z Complex Presentation -- 2.1 Production Capacity -- 2.2 Geographical Location -- 2.3 Description of the Production Areas of the Arzew Refinery -- 3 Industrial Sludge Generalities -- 3.1 Principle and Objectives of the Regulation -- 3.2 Effect of the Industrial Pollutant on Health -- 3.3 Air Pollution -- 3.4 Pollution of Soil -- 3.5 Pollution of Water -- 3.6 Muds Definitions -- 3.7 Different Types of Muds -- 3.8 Management of Muds -- 3.9 Industrials Muds -- 3.10 Technical of Reduction and Water Elimination of Muds Waste of Machining -- 3.11 Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP -- 3.11.1 Fonctionnement of Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP -- 3.11.2 Various Types of Muds of Wastewater Treatment Plant WWTP -- Primary Muds -- Muds Secondary or Activated -- Mixed Muds -- Physicochemical Muds -- 3.11.3 Different Dies Treatment from Muds -- Stabilization -- Dehydrations -- Spinneret of Elimination of Muds -- Put in Controlled Discharge -- Incineration -- Direct Spreading on the Soil -- 4 Sludge Problematic -- 5 Material and Experimental Methods -- 5.1 Objective and Analyses -- 5.2 Sampling and Analyses -- 5.2.1 Material and Taking Away -- 5.2.2 Mode of Taking Away -- 5.3 Point Intake -- 5.4 Muds Analysis Methods. , 5.4.1 Preparation of the Mud Powder for Various Analyses -- 5.4.2 Test Performed on the Mud -- Determination of the Rate of Waste Oils in Oily Mud -- 5.5 Determination of Heavy Metals in Oily Mud by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) -- 5.5.1 Preparation of Water -- 6 Results and Discussions -- 6.1 Determination of the Rate of Waste Oils in Oily Mud -- 6.2 X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) -- 6.3 Analysis by Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- 6.4 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 6.4.1 The Superposition Enters Both Diffractogram -- 6.5 Determination of the Metal Elements in Oily Mud -- 6.6 Quantification Table of the Metal Elements in the Oily Mud of 200C (OMX200) -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Part III: Water Resources Modeling and Forecasting -- Kalman Filter for Spatio-temporal Modeling and Prediction of Algerian Water Resources Variability: Case Study of Precipitation... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Development of the Discrete Kalman Filter Equations -- 3 Application to Water Resources in Algeria -- 3.1 Modeling and Prediction of Annual Stream Flows -- 3.1.1 State-Space Model Formulation -- 3.1.2 Initial Conditions -- Initial State Vector and Associated Error Covariance Matrix -- System and Measurement Noise Covariance Matrices -- Transition Matrix -- The Measurement Matrix -- 3.1.3 Kalman Filter Algorithm and Calculations -- Kalman Filter Gain -- Updated Estimate Vector Using Coming Measurement -- Error Covariance Matrix Associated to the Updated Estimate -- Prediction One Step Ahead of the Updated State Estimate -- One Step Ahead Prediction Error Covariance Matrix -- 3.1.4 Obtained Results and Discussion -- 3.2 Modeling and Prediction of Monthly Stream Flows -- 3.3 Modeling and Prediction of Annual Rainfalls -- 3.4 Modeling and Prediction of Monthly Rainfalls -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , Hydrograph Flood Forecasting in the Catchment of the Middle Cheliff -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusions -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Part IV: Development and Future of Water Resources -- Overview of Water Resources in Steppe Regions in Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Population Projection -- 3 Water Daily Need -- 4 Water Production and Cost -- 5 Methodology -- 6 Simulation of Water Demand -- 7 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Water Resources, State of Play, and Development Prospects in the Steppe Region of Naâma (Western Algeria) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Presentation of the Study Area -- 2.1 Physical Framework -- 2.2 Socioeconomic Framework -- 2.2.1 Evolution of the Population -- 2.2.2 Evolution of Agro-Pastoralism -- Agriculture -- Pastoralism -- 2.3 Climate Framework -- 2.4 Hydrological Framework (Hydrography and Hydrogeology) -- 2.4.1 Hydrogeology -- 2.4.2 Hydrographic -- 3 Potentiality of Water Resources -- 3.1 Surface Water -- 3.2 Groundwater -- 3.2.1 The Aquifer Field of the Syncline of Naâma -- 3.2.2 The Aquifer Field of the Tirkount Syncline -- 3.2.3 The Alluvial Aquifer of the Valley Breidj -- 3.3 Potentialities in Water and Their Mobilization -- 4 Threats and Environmental Challenges of Water Resources in the Naâma Region -- 4.1 Climate Threats -- 4.2 Socioeconomic Threats -- 4.2.1 Demographic Pressure -- 4.2.2 An Accelerated Urbanization Process -- 4.2.3 The Overexploitation of Groundwater and the Development of Interregional Transfers -- 4.2.4 The Wastewater -- 4.2.5 Leaks -- 4.2.6 Extension of Agricultural Irrigation in Algeria -- 4.2.7 Energy Pressure -- 4.2.8 Geopolitical Problem -- 4.3 Ecological Threats -- 4.3.1 Mining and Shale Gas -- 4.3.2 Risk of Pollution of Surface Water and Aquifers -- 4.3.3 Salinization of the Waters. , 5 Prospects for the Development of Water Resources in the Department of Naâma.

Note: Intro -- Series Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I: Introducing the Book -- Introduction to ``Water Resources in Algeria: Assessment of Surface and Groundwater Resources´´ -- 1 Background -- 2 Chapters´ Summary -- 2.1 Current Status of Water Resources -- 2.2 Climate Change Impact and Hydrogeological Investigations -- 2.3 Aquifer Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Resources -- 2.4 Toward a Sustainable Development -- References -- Overview of Water Resources, Quality, and Management in Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Algerian´s Water Statistics from Scopus Database -- 3 Rivers in Algeria -- 3.1 Cheliff River -- 3.2 Tafna River -- 3.3 Oued Isser River -- 3.4 Seybouse River -- 3.5 Soummam River -- 3.6 El Harrach River -- 4 Lakes and Wetlands in Algeria -- 4.1 Oubeira Lake -- 4.2 Mellah -- 4.3 Tonga -- 4.4 Chott Merouane -- 4.5 Reghaia Lake -- 4.6 Megarine Lake -- 4.7 Other Wetlands -- 5 Dams and Reservoirs in Algeria -- 5.1 Cheffia Dam -- 5.2 Beni Haroun Dam -- 5.3 Zit Amba Dam -- 5.4 Mexa Dam -- 5.5 Foum El Gherza Dam -- 5.6 Babar Reservoir -- 6 Groundwater in Algeria -- 7 Conclusions -- 8 Recommendations -- References -- Part II: Current Status of Water Resources -- Origin and Quality of Groundwater of the Taoura Syncline Aquifer in North-Eastern of Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geological and Hydrogeological of the Study Area -- 2.1 Geological and Structural Features -- 2.2 Hydrogeological Features -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results and Discussions -- 4.1 Hydrochemical Types -- 4.2 Principal Component Analysis -- 4.3 Cross-Plot Analysis -- 4.4 The Base Exchange Index (BEI) and Saturation Indices (SI) -- 5 Neuronal Model Contributions -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Impact of Toxic Metals on Water Quality Around an Abandoned Iron Mine, Bekkaria, Algeria -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Characteristics of the Study Area -- 3 Impact of the Abandoned Mine on Water Quality -- 3.1 Impact on Surface Water Quality -- 3.1.1 Evolution of Major Elements in Surface Water -- 3.1.2 Evolution of Trace Elements in Surface Water -- 3.2 Impact on Groundwater Quality -- 3.2.1 Evolution of Major Elements in Groundwater -- 3.2.2 Evolution of Trace Elements in Groundwater -- 4 Confirmation of Contamination by Sr2+/Ca2+ Ratio -- 4.1 Surface Water -- 5 Confirmation of Contamination by Modeling -- 5.1 Presentation of the Method -- 5.2 Connections Between the Neurons -- 5.3 Creation of the Model -- 5.4 Choice of the Execution Criteria -- 5.5 Modeling Results -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendation -- References -- Impacts of Pesticides on Soil and Water Resources in Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Man´s Relationship with the Environment and Pesticides -- 3 General Presentation of the Study Area -- 4 The Scarce Soil and Water Resources -- 4.1 Soil Resources -- 4.2 Water Resources -- 5 Agriculture and Environment -- 6 Environmental Impact of Pesticides -- 6.1 Environmental Issues -- 6.2 Pesticides Impacts on Biodiversity -- 6.3 Pesticides Impacts on Soils -- 7 Arresting Emerging Pollution Problems -- 8 Improving the Management of Scarce Natural Resources -- 9 The Future of Pollution Prevention Using Green Chemistry -- 10 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- Part III: Climate Change Impact and Hydrogeological Investigations -- Analysis of Flood Characteristics in the Context of Climate Variability in Northern Algeria: Case of Cheliff Watershed -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Annual Maximum Flows (Variability and Duration of Recurrence) -- 3.1.1 Ababsa Station (011715) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.2 Djenane Ben Ouadah Station (Code 011514). , Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.3 Ponteba Station Flows (Code 012203) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.4 Arib Cheliff Station -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.5 Rahouia Station (Code 012701) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.6 Ain Hamara Station (013302) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.7 Station of Ténès (020207) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.1.8 Station of Sidi Aek Djilali (013401) -- Interannual Fluctuations -- Recurrence Times -- 3.2 Monthly Variations of Maximum Flows -- 3.2.1 Ababsa Station (011715) (Harreza Watershed) -- 3.2.2 Djenane Ben Ouadah Station (011514) -- 3.2.3 Arib Cheliff Station (011702) -- 3.2.4 Ponteba Station Flows (012203) -- 3.2.5 Rahouia Station (012701) -- 3.2.6 Ain Hamara Station (013302) -- 3.2.7 Station of Tnès (020207) -- 3.2.8 Station of Sidi AEK Djilali (013401) -- 4 Discussions -- 5 Conclusion -- 6 Recommendations -- References -- Assessing the Climate Change Impact on Water Resources and Adaptation Strategies in Algerian Cheliff Basin -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Description of Case Study Area -- 2.2 Methodology -- 2.2.1 Mann-Kendall Test -- 2.2.2 Sen´s Median Slope Estimator -- 2.2.3 Pettitt Test -- 2.2.4 Conceptual Model GR2M -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Precipitation -- 3.1.1 Spatiotemporal Variation in Rainfall -- 3.1.2 Evolution of Rainfall -- 3.1.3 Annual Precipitation Trends -- 3.1.4 Break Detection -- 3.2 Hydrometric Network and Presentation of Hydrometric Stations Selected -- 3.2.1 Study of the Variability Hydrometric -- 3.3 Annual and Seasonal Flow Trends -- 3.4 Surface Water Resources -- 3.5 Impact of Climate Change on Surface Water Resources -- 3.6 Water Resources Management -- 3.7 Projected Climate Change and Adaptation on Surface Water Resources. , 4 Conclusion -- 5 Recommendations for Future Work -- References -- Assessment of Projected Precipitations and Temperatures Change Signals over Algeria Based on Regional Climate Model: RCA4 Simu... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Observational Data -- 3 Regional Climate Model (RCM) Simulations -- 3.1 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) -- 4 Methodology -- 5 Results -- 5.1 Spatiotemporal Variability of Precipitation and Temperature in Algeria over the 1951-2005 Observation Period -- 5.2 Spatial Variability of Climate Zone Surface Areas in Algeria Over the 1951-2005 Observation Period -- 5.3 Comparison of the Evolution of Observed and Simulated Precipitation and Temperatures During the Period from 1951 to 2005 -- 5.4 Spatial and Temporal Projected Variability of Precipitation and Temperature over the 2006-2060 and 2045-2100 Periods -- 5.5 Climate Zone Surface Areas and Their Projected Shifts for the 2006-2060 and 2045-2100 Periods -- 6 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- Comparison of Evolving Connectionist Systems (ECoS) and Neural Networks for Modelling Daily Pan Evaporation from Algerian Dam ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 3.1 Dynamic Evolving Neural-Fuzzy Inference Systems (DENFIS) -- 3.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN) -- 3.3 Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) -- 3.4 Performance Indices -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Daily Pan Evaporation Estimation at Guelma Station -- 4.2 Daily Pan Evaporation Estimation at Jijel Station -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- New Formulation for Predicting Daily Reference Evapotranspiration (ET0) in the Mediterranean Region of Algeria Country: Optima... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Extreme Learning Machines -- 2.2 Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine (OSELM) -- 2.3 Optimally Pruned Extreme Learning Machine (OPELM). , 2.4 Performances Criteria -- 3 Study Area and Data Description -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussions -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Part IV: Aquifer Characterization and Assessment of Groundwater Resources -- Water Resources in Coastal Aquifers of Algeria Face Climate Variability: Case of Alluvial Aquifer of Mitidja in Algeria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Impact of Climate Variability on the Hydrological Parameters in Algeria -- 3 The Vulnerability of the Agricultural Sector to Climate Variability -- 4 Impact of Climate Variability on Water Resources in Coastal Aquifers -- 5 Study Area of Mitidja Plain -- 5.1 Geographic and Climatic Situation -- 5.2 Geology and Hydrogeology Context -- 5.3 Methodology -- 5.4 Results and Discussion -- 5.4.1 Precipitation Analysis -- 5.4.2 Piezometric Perturbation -- 5.4.3 Impact on Groundwater Geochemistry -- 6 Conclusion -- 7 Recommendations -- References -- Assessment of Groundwater Resources in the Jurassic Horst (Western Algeria) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical and Geological Context -- 2.1 Mounts of Tlemcen Geographical Context -- 2.2 Scarce and Irregular Rainfall -- 2.3 An Inherited and Well-Integrated Hydrographic Network -- 2.4 Lithology -- 2.4.1 The Palaeozoic -- 2.4.2 The Triassic -- 2.4.3 The Lias and Dogger -- 2.4.4 The Callovo-Oxfordian (Saida Clays) -- 2.4.5 Upper Jurassic Sandstone (Boumédiène Sandstone) -- 2.4.6 Upper Jurassic Limestones and Dolostones -- 2.4.7 Cretaceous Basal Alternations -- 2.5 Geological Structure -- 3 Karst Landforms and Underground Rivers -- 3.1 Lapiaz and Other Karst Forms -- 3.2 Sink Holes and Swallow Holes -- 3.3 Underground Rivers -- 3.4 Large Cavities -- 3.5 Deep and Inaccessible Karstification -- 3.6 Abundant Travertines -- 4 Groundwater Resources -- 4.1 Main Productive Lithological Horizons -- 4.2 Structural Position of Karstic Aquifers -- 4.3 Main Aquifers. , 4.4 Aquifer Recharge and Water Balance.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Keynote -- 1 Using Water Chemistry to Understand Ancient Maya Land and Water Use Interactions -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Water Quality Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental Assessment and Monitoring of Agrisilvicultural Systems -- 2 Digital Diffusion for Inclusive Agroecosystems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approach -- 3 Use Cases -- 3.1 Sustainable Intensification of Rice Fallows -- 4 Towards Restoring Lost Agro-Ecosystems -- References -- 3 Climate and Territorial Suitability for the Vineyards Developed Using GIS Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Projected Small-Scale Range Reductions of Cedrus atlantica Forests Due to Climate Change at the Belezma National Park (Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Predicted Current Species Distribution -- 3.2 Predicted Future Species Distributional Range -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Sinuosity of Meandering Channels in Upper Krishna River Basin, India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Cut off or Link Channels -- 3.2 Sinuosity and Link Channel -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Environmental Impacts and Restoration Ecology of Natural and Agricultural Habitats -- 6 An Assessment of Environmental Impact on Agriculture in the Indus Delta Pakistan -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Environmental Impact on Agriculture -- 3.1 Land Submerged by Sea Invasion -- 3.2 Temporal Loss of Cultivated Area by Sea Intrusion -- 3.3 Loss of Productivity -- 3.4 Micro Economic Loss to Farmers -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 7 Conservation of Wetlands on Tunisian Islands: Kerkennah and Kuriat Islands as a Case Study -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Areas and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Vegetation Analysis of Chott Tinsilt and Sebkhet Ezzemoul (Two Ramsar Sites in Algeria) in Relation to Soil Proprieties -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area and Vegetation Sampling Design -- 2.2 Data Collection and Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatiotemporal Plant Composition and Diversity -- 3.2 Vegetation Structure and Soil Effects -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Nabkha Morphometry and Properties of Aeolian Sediments Around Native Plants in Kuwait -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 The Ecological Role of Cornulalca aucheri (Amaranthaceae) in the Stabilization of Degraded Sandy Soils in Kuwait: The Case Study of Liyah Area -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 11 Orchard Understory Species Diversity in Relation to Orchard Age and Soil Factors (in Ibadan, Southwestern Nigeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Investigations and Applications in Environmental Biotechnology -- 12 Effect of Climatic Factors on Essential Oil Accumulation in Two Lamiaceae Species from Algerian Semiarid Lands -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Plant Collection and Screening -- 2.2 Data Management and Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Yearly and Specific Essential Oil Yields -- 3.2 Climatic Effects on Essential Oil Yields -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- Appendix 1 -- References. , 13 A Biotechnological Method for Breeding Grapes Using in Vitro Growth Stimulants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 14 Effects of Inoculation with Rhizospheric Pseudomonas on Physiological Responses in the Broad Bean (Vicia Faba) Grown Under Copper Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Total Chlorophyll Content -- 3.2 Proline Content -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Spatiotemporal Patterns of Marine Biodiversity and Terrestrial Paleobiodiversity -- 15 Arcellinida (Testate Lobose Amoebae) as Sensitive Bioindicators of Arsenic Contamination in Lakes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results, Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 16 Massive Molluscan Shell Accumulation on the Sea Side of Land Strips of Amvrakikos Gulf Lagoon Complex (NW Greece) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Identification -- 4 Discussion -- References -- 17 Vertical Distribution of Recent Benthic Ostracoda at Pullivasal and Kurusadai Islands, Gulf of Mannar, Southeast Coast of India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Assemblage and Vertical Distribution -- 3.2 Cosmopolitan Species -- 3.3 Abundant Species -- 3.4 Species Diversity -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Ecological Interactions of Miocene to Pleistocene Siwalik Bovids, Suids and Giraffids Traced Out by Enamel Hypoplasia Analysis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 19 Why Anthracotheroides had Faced Family Level Extinction: Enamel Hypoplasia an Answer to the Question -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Socio-economics of Geotourism and Archaeology -- 20 Urban Accessibility and Its Economic Linkage Analysis: A Case Study in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Region, China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Data Collection -- 2.3 Methods -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 21 An Assessment of Socio-economic Profile and Sustainable Development in Tourism Potential Areas: A Case Study of Galiyat (Pakistan) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Outcomes -- References -- 22 Archaeology and Archaeometry of Ceramics of the Roman City of Thaenae (Tunisia): Between Inland Roman Africa and the Mediterranean Basin -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 23 "Giallo Antico" in Roman Architecture of Lombardy: A Preliminary Survey -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Cremona -- 3.2 Milano-Como -- 3.3 Brescia -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References.

Note: Intro -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Proceedings Volume 1: New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences -- Proceedings Volume 2: Advances in Geophysics, Tectonics and Petroleum Geosciences -- Proceedings Volume 3: Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry -- Proceedings Volume 4: Research Developments in Geotechnics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Atmosphere -- 1 Climate Networks -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Network Measurements -- 2.1 Degree Distribution -- 2.2 Path, Distance and Diameter -- 2.3 Clustering -- 2.4 Cut Sets and Communities -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Patterns and Teleconnections -- 3.2 El Niño -- 3.3 North Atlantic Oscillation -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 2 Assessment of Temperature Trends in Different Bioclimatic Zones of India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area, Data and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Statistical Analysis of Wind to Assess Climate Change (Central Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Estimated Wind Speed on Temperature-Based on ET0 Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Ocean -- 5 The Remote Response of Northern Hemisphere Atmosphere Circulation to ENSO in a Changing Climate -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 6 Inter-Annual Variability of Mediterranean Evaporation and Its Drivers During Summer -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Leading EOF Modes of Mediterranean Evaporation -- 3.2 Links to Regional Climate -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Low Frequency Sea-Level Oscillations in Algiers Harbour (Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Modeling Interactions Among the West Atlantic Hurricanes Through Empirical Recurrence Rates Ratio Inspired Hidden Markov Chains -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Change-Point Identification -- 3.2 ERRR Based HMC Modeling -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Performance Evaluation of a New Source Term Package ST6 of Wavewatch III in Catalan Coasts (Spain) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Enhanced Methane Emission from Arctic Seas in Winter: Satellite Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Land Surface -- 11 Seasonal Heat Fluxes of Land Surface Models, NOAH and MOSAIC Within NLDAS-2 Over USA During the Period of 1979-2018 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Data -- 2.1 NLDAS-2System -- 2.2 MOSAIC Land Surface Model -- 2.3 NOAH Land Surface Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Sensible Heat Flux -- 3.2 Spatial Latent Heat Flux -- 3.3 Temporal Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Ecological Security Assessment of Qinghai Province in China Based on a Pressure-State-Response Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. , 2.1 Location of Qinghai Province and Data Sources -- 2.2 Research Methods -- 2.2.1 Assessment Model, the Assessing Index System and Index Quantization and Weight -- 2.2.2 Calculation of the Degree of Ecological Security -- 3 Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- The Appendix 1 -- The Appendix 2 -- References -- 13 Detecting and Monitoring Dust Storm and Studying the Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity Parameters Using Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Dust Storm Zoning -- 2.2 Correlation of Temperature and Humidity Parameters with the Dust Index -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- 14 Granulometric, Mineralogical, and HYSPLIT Analysis of Siliciclastic Sediments Derived from Sahara -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Solar Power Plant Site Selection and Thermodynamic Analysis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 System Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Site Comparison -- 3.2 Solar Power Plant Output -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Biogeochemistry, Geobiology, Geoecology, Geoagronomy (T2): Biogeochemical Investigations -- 16 Blue Carbon Sinks on Polar Seabeds and Their Feedbacks on Climate Change -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measuring Benthic Blue Carbon -- 3 Major Polar Blue Carbon Feedbacks -- 3.1 Seasonal Sea Ice Loss Influences -- 3.2 Ice Shelf Disintegration Influences -- 3.3 Glacier Retreat and Emerging Fjord Influences -- 4 Discussion -- References -- 17 Climatic Conditions as Factors Influencing the Formation of High-Moor Peat Organic Part -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 18 Coastal Deltas of Big Rivers as Synergetic Transformation Elements of the Earth System-(An Example of the Don River Delta) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Definition of Delta Functional Type for the Don River -- 3.2 Don River Delta Mapping -- 3.3 Collection of Databases for the Don River Delta -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Investigation of the Impacts of the Saponite-Containing Waste on Wetland Ecosystems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Evaluation of the Impact of Diamond Mining on the Radioecological State of the Arctic Zone Ecosystems (Example of Arkhangelsk Region, Russia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biogeochemistry, Geobiology, Geoecology, Geoagronomy (T2): Geobiology and Geomicrobiology -- 21 Scientific and Methodological Foundations of Biogeology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Natural and Resource Potential of Officinal Plants Flora of Ciscaucasia (Russian Federation) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Flora of Officinal Plants of Ciscaucasia -- 3.2 Pharmacological Properties and Use of Officinal Plants -- 3.3 Cultivation of Officinal Plants -- 3.4 Rational Use of Officinal Plants -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 23 Properties of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Rhizospheric Soil of Citrulus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae) in northeastern Algeria -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 24 Microbiological Consortium of Thermokarst Lake and Its Significance in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 25 Use of Biosurfactants in Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Biosurfactant-Producing Bacterial Strain -- 2.2 Bioremediation Trials -- 2.2.1 Quantification of Oil-Degrading Bacteria -- 2.2.2 Monitoring of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and Metal Analyses -- 2.2.3 Germination Test -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Abundance of Oil-Degrading Bacteria in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TPHs Biodegradation in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.3 Metal Removal in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.4 Germination Test -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 26 Bio-cementation of Lateritic Soil Using Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Techniques for Use as Road and Embankment Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.1.1 Soil Sample -- 2.1.2 Microorganism -- 2.1.3 Cementation Reagent -- 2.1.4 Bacteria Solution -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Isolation of the Bacterium Specie -- 2.2.2 The Culture Medium and Growth Conditions -- 2.2.3 Mass of Calcium Carbonate Measurements -- 2.2.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Index Properties -- 3.2 Calcium Carbonate Content -- 3.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength -- 3.4 Microanalysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Sewage Sludge Compost Disposal on a Chernozem Soil: Impacts on Bacterial Activity and Nutrient Contents -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Nutrients and Humus Contents of Soils Impacted by Sewage Sludge Compost Disposal. , 3.2 The Modifications of Soil Biology Due to the Compost Amendment.