Note: Intro -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Proceedings Volume 1: New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences -- Proceedings Volume 2: Advances in Geophysics, Tectonics and Petroleum Geosciences -- Proceedings Volume 3: Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry -- Proceedings Volume 4: Research developments in Geotechnics, Geo-Informatics and Remote Sensing -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Geomorphology: Fault Slip and Incision Rates -- 1 Cosmogenic Surface Exposure Dating Applications from Turkey -- Moraines, Alluvial Fans, Fluvial Terraces, Lava Flows and Incision Rates -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Glacial Deposits and Surfaces -- 3.2 Alluvial Fans, Landslides and Faults -- 3.3 Fluvial Terraces -- 3.4 Lava Flows -- 3.5 Erosion Rates -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Tectonic Geomorphology and Paleoseismology of the Muğla-Yatağan Fault (SW Turkey) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Slip Rate Estimation on the North Anatolian Fault Using Geomorphology and Paleoclimate Chronology: The Ganos Fault, Turkey -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geomorphological Setting and Drainage Development -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Energy Relief Analysis of the Northern Marche-Romagna Region, Northern Apennine, Central Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Data and Method -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Soil Science. , 5 Evaluation of Electromagnetic Induction Method to Map Soil Salinity in Semiarid Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Soil Properties -- 3.2 Calibration of EM38 Readings -- 3.3 Spatial Variation of Soil Salinity -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Comparison of Organic Carbon Stock of Regosols Under Two Different Climates in Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Particle Size, Bulk Density, Organic Carbon, and pH of Both Soils -- 3.2 Soil Organic Carbon Stocks of Both Soils -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Organic Carbon Stocks Evaluation After Three Years of No-Tillage Practice in a Vertisol, Northern Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Spectral Characteristics of Soil Types in Northwestern Jordan Considering Iron Oxides Effects and Colors -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Methods, and Materials -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Soil Chemical and Color Properties -- 3.2 Spectral and Chemical Characteristic -- 3.3 Correlation of Soil Colors with Chemical and Spectral Parameters -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Examining Wind-Eroded Sediment Especially the Content of Toxic Elements, Southern Hungary -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Sample Area and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Time-Scale Variation of Organic Carbon in Paddy Soil in Sanjiang Plain, China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Location of Sanjiang Plain -- 2.2 Test Soil and Sample Collection -- 2.3 Measurement Item and Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Soil Carbon Variance Analysis -- 3.2 Soil Carbon-Level Regression Analysis. , 3.2.1 Relationship Between Organic Carbon of Different Soils and Rice-Cultivation Time -- 3.2.2 Effect of Rice-Cultivation Time on Carbon Content in Different Soil Components -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Landslides and Debris Flows -- 11 Stability Assessment of a Cliff and Hazard Characterization Methodology of the "Landslide": Application to Korbous Cliff (Cap-Bon, Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Slope -- 3.2 Rainfall -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Landslide Susceptibility Modeling Using GIS and MAUT Combined with Artificial Neural Network Models -- Case of Aghribs Watershed (Neogen Basin of Tizi-Ouzou, Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 2.1 Location of the Study Area -- 2.2 Inventory Map -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Land Slide Risks Map Applying MAUT -- 3.2 ANN Results -- 3.3 Interpolation by Using Thiessen's Polygons -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Landslide Distribution Analysis in the Foglia River Basin, Northern Apennines, Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Landslides and Lithology -- 3.2 Landslides and Land Use -- 3.3 Landslides and Slope -- 3.4 Landslides and Altitude -- 3.5 Landslides and Orientation of the Slope -- 4 Discussion and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 14 Spatial Distribution of Debris Flow-prone Catchments in Hengduan Mountainous Area in Southwestern China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Spatial Distribution of Debris-Flow Catchments in Different Units -- 3.2 Distribution of Debris Flow Catchments with Annual Rainfall Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Coastal Processes -- 15 Evolution of Shoreline Kinematics at the Bejaia Bay (East Algeria) from 1989 to 2017 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Materials and Methods -- 4 Results -- 5 Discussion -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- 16 Impact of Beach Surface Moisture on Aeolian Sand Transport Rate and Vertical Mass Flux Distribution, the Case of Atlantic Coast, Southern Morocco -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Relative Sea-Level Changes on the Southwestern Arabian Gulf since the Last Glacial Maximum -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method and Material -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Shoreline Change Analysis Using Digital Shoreline Analysis System along Southeast Romanian Coast -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Lithogolical and Geochemical Analysis of Mainland and Spit Sandy Beach Sediments: SE Baltic Sea (Lithuania) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Modeling of Lithodynamic Processes in the Area of Sea Port (Russia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Geomorphology, Soil Science, Landslides, Coastal Processes, and Geoarchaeology (T9): Geoarchaeology and Geoheritage -- 21 Geophysical Investigations of the Bronze Age Archaeological Site in the Trans-Urals, Russia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Survey Methodology and Initial Analysis of Measurements -- 3 Results of Geophysical Investigation -- 3.1 Results of Magnetic Survey. , 3.2 Results of GPR Survey -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Reconstruction of Roman Aqueduct Route that Supplied the Ancient City of Tomis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 23 The Usefulness of Geomorphology for Finding the Landscapes Drawn by Leonardo Da Vinci in the Montefeltro Region (Central Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 24 Landscape as a Cultural Resource: Science, Poetry, and Ancient Music for the Enhancement of the Marche Region, Central Italy -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Reference -- Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Paleontology, and Marine Geosciences (T14): Sedimentology-Environmental, Tectonic and Diagenetic Processses -- 25 Sedimentology and High-Frequency Cycles of the Upper Pleistocene of the Bizerte Coast (N-E Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Results -- 3 Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 26 On the Presence of Halokinetic Sequences, from Latest Aptian to Late Albian, NW Salt Province of Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 27 Geological Processes Enhancing the Reservoir Quality of Aptian "Tight" Proven Reservoirs in Northwestern Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 28 Petrophysics and Reservoir Properties of the Turonian-Coniacian Bireno and Douleb Carbonate Members in Northern-Central Tunisia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 The Turonian-Coniacian Sedimentological Characteristics -- 3.2 Petrophysical Properties. , 3.3 Diagenesis Influence on the Porosity.

Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- 1 The context of Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 The geologic and geomorphic context of southern Africa -- 1.3 Climate and environmental changes in southern Africa prior to the Quaternary -- 1.4 Models of landscape evolution in southern Africa -- 1.5 South African landscapes and environmental resources -- 1.6 About this book -- 1.7 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 A brief geological history of southern Africa -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Archaean Eon (3.85-2.65 Ga) -- 2.3 The Neoarchaean and Palaeoproterozoic Eras -- 2.4 Rodinia and Gondwana (1.6-0.5 Ga) -- 2.5 The Phanerozoic Eon -- 2.6 Summary -- References -- 3 A continental-scale perspective on landscape evolution in southern Africa during the Cenozoic -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Africa's tectonic and geologic setting -- 3.2.1 Swells -- 3.2.2 Rifts -- 3.3 Dating the African land surface -- 3.4 Landscape responses to Cenozoic climate changes -- 3.4.1 Erosional responses: the African Surfaces -- 3.4.2 Residual deposits -- 3.4.3 Depositional responses: fans -- 3.4.4 Marine deposition -- 3.5 Discussion -- 3.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Hominin origins and evolution during the Neogene -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Origin of the basal hominins -- 4.3 Diversification of the archaic hominins -- 4.4 Dispersal of hominins into South Africa -- 4.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Hominin evolution in Africa during the Quaternary -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 The emergence of genus Homo -- 5.3 Paranthropus and the 'robust' australopithecine hypodigm -- 5.4 Emergence of modern humans -- 5.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 6 Quaternary environmental change on the southern African coastal plain -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Palaeoenvironments of the coastal plain -- 6.3 Life on the edge: The coastal plain and human evolution -- 6.4 Summary -- References -- 7 Dating the southern African landscape -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The most commonly used dating techniques -- 7.3 Dating the evolution of the southern African landscape -- 7.3.1 Denuding landscapes -- 7.3.2 Aggrading deposits -- 7.3.3 Palaeoanthropology and archaeological deposits -- 7.3.4 Palaeoclimate -- 7.4 Discussion -- 7.4.1 Interpretation of the dating context -- 7.4.2 Insight into the suitability of the dating technique to the target event -- 7.4.3 Reproducibility, consistency, and a body of evidence -- 7.5 Summary -- References -- 8 Glacial and periglacial geomorphology -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Setting the scene -- 8.3 Proponents for southern African glaciation during the late Pleistocene: a brief history -- 8.4 The opponent view to southern African glaciation during the late Pleistocene -- 8.5 Glacial depositional landforms in the Drakensberg -- 8.6 Palaeoclimate implications of late Pleistocene glaciation in southeastern Africa -- 8.7 Periglacial phenomena -- 8.8 Discussion -- 8.9 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Colluvial deposits and slope instability -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Slope processes in the long-term landscape evolution of southern Africa -- 9.3 Colluvial processes -- 9.3.1 Hillslope colluviation -- 9.3.2 Distribution of colluvium in southern Africa -- 9.3.3 Dating of colluviation -- 9.4 Palaeoenvironmental interpretation of colluvial and slope deposits -- 9.4.1 Present-day dynamics: land surface degradation -- 9.5 Summary -- References -- 10 Desert dune environments -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Southern African dunes as Quaternary palimpsests -- 10.2.1 Quaternary aridity -- 10.2.2 Wind -- 10.2.3 Dune origins -- 10.2.4 A date with dunes -- 10.3 Dune sensitivity and complex development -- 10.4 Regional records -- 10.4.1 Kalahari dunes -- 10.4.2 Namib and West Coast -- 10.4.3 Other dunes -- 10.5 Summary -- References -- 11 Changes in fluvial systems during the Quaternary -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Regional environmental setting -- 11.3 Nature and drivers of fluvial system responses -- 11.3.1 Pre-Quaternary and Quaternary fluvial system responses in southern Africa: an overview -- 11.3.2 Late Quaternary fluvial system responses in southern Africa: climatic versus non-climatic drivers -- 11.3.3 Holocene fluvial system responses in southern Africa: large and extreme flood events -- 11.4 Discussion -- 11.4.1 Fluvial system sensitivity to palaeoenvironmental change -- 11.4.2 Relative importance of natural and anthropogenic drivers in the late Holocene -- 11.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 12 Wetlands in southern Africa -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Controls on wetland types and their dynamics -- 12.2.1 Valley-bottom and floodplain wetlands -- 12.3 Environmental and climatic records from wetlands -- 12.4 Sensitivity of wetlands to climate and environmental changes -- 12.5 Summary -- References -- 13 Sandy coasts -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Regional setting -- 13.3 Lithified Quaternary sediments -- 13.3.1 Erosional features -- 13.3.2 Depositional features -- 13.4 Quaternary coastal and sea-level change -- 13.5 Summary -- References -- 14 Environmental change during the Pleistocene and Holocene: Estuaries and lagoons of southern Africa -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Origins of South African estuaries -- 14.3 Quaternary estuarine evolution: Sea-level change and sedimentation. , 14.4 Estuaries of previous interglacial highstands -- 14.5 Lowstand deltas, estuaries and incised valleys -- 14.6 Holocene estuarine deposits on the continental shelf -- 14.7 Late Holocene estuary evolution -- 14.7.1 East coast -- 14.7.2 West coast -- 14.8 Sediment supply, sea-level rise and valley geometry -- 14.9 Summary -- References -- 15 Soils and duricrusts -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Weathering and soils -- 15.2.1 Factors significant in pedogenesis -- 15.2.2 Soils and geomorphology -- 15.3 Soils and landscape units in South Africa -- 15.4 Duricrusts -- 15.4.1 Calcretes -- 15.4.2 Silcretes -- 15.4.3 Ferricretes -- 15.5 Economic importance of duricrusts -- 15.6 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 Karstic systems -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 The distribution of karst in southern Africa -- 16.3 Caves and speleothems as archives of the past -- 16.4 High-resolution palaeoenvironmental time-series from speleothems -- 16.5 Summary -- References -- 17 Terrestrial ecosystem changes in the late Quaternary -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Late Pleistocene climate and ecosystems in southern Africa -- 17.2.1 Summer rainfall zone -- 17.2.2 Winter rainfall zone -- 17.3 Holocene climate and ecosystems -- 17.3.1 Summer rainfall zone -- 17.3.2 Winter rainfall zone -- 17.4 Human impacts on terrestrial ecosystems -- 17.5 Summary -- References -- 18 Faunal evidence for mid- and late Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Mammalian turnover and biogeography in southern Africa -- 18.3 The southern African faunal record -- 18.3.1 The end of the early Pleistocene: the Cornelian LMA -- 18.3.2 Black wildebeest Connochaetes gnou as a proxy for open habitat -- 18.3.3 The middle and late Pleistocene: the Florisian LMA. , 18.3.4 Florisian wetlands and the end-Pleistocene extinction -- 18.4 Summary -- References -- 19 Pollen, charcoal and plant macrofossil evidence of Neogene and Quaternary environments in southern Africa -- Abstract -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.1.1 The major biomes of South Africa during the Neogene -- 19.2 Quaternary case studies -- 19.2.1 Tswaing (I and II) and Wonderkrater: Savanna Biome -- 19.2.2 Braamhoek and Mahwaqa: Grassland Biome -- 19.2.3 Mfabeni peatland, Lakes Sibaya and Eteza: Indian Ocean Coastal Belt Biome (IOCB) -- 19.2.4 Cederberg: Fynbos Biome -- 19.2.5 Macrobotanical remains: Fynbos, Savanna and IOCB -- 19.3 Future research directions and potential -- 19.4 Summary -- References -- 20 Minerogenic microfossil records of Quaternary environmental change in southern Africa -- Abstract -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Microfossil types and their environmental significance -- 20.2.1 Siliceous microfossils -- 20.2.2 Calcareous microfossils -- 20.3 Southern African microfossils: Case studies -- 20.3.1 Braamhoek wetland, South Africa -- 20.3.2 Lake Tritrivakely, Madagascar -- 20.3.3 Makgadikgadi, Botswana -- 20.3.4 Offshore Namibia -- 20.4 Discussion -- 20.5 Summary -- References -- 21 Development of the archaeological record in southern Africa during the Earlier Stone Age -- Abstract -- 21.1 Introduction -- 21.2 The earliest archaeology -- 21.2.1 Oldowan (2.6-1.76 Ma) -- 21.2.2 Early Acheulean (1.76-> -- 1 Ma) -- 21.2.3 Assessment of the early archaeology record -- 21.3 The Acheulean from ~1 Ma -- 21.4 Summary -- References -- 22 Development of the archaeological record during the Middle Stone Age of South Africa -- Abstract -- 22.1 Introduction and background -- 22.2 Technological behaviour in the Middle Stone Age -- 22.3 Subsistence behaviour and site maintenance -- 22.4 Discussion and summary -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 23 Later Stone Age hunter-gatherers and herders.

Note: Intro -- Series Editor Preface -- Preface -- Contents -- Short Biodata of Authors -- 1 Landscapes and Landforms of South Africa---An Overview -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Geological Overview -- 1.3 Geomorphic Evolution of the Southern African Landscape -- 1.4 Geological and Structural Controls on Landscapes/Landforms -- 1.5 Climate Controls on Landscapes/Landforms -- 1.6 People and Landscapes/Landforms -- 1.7 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Sandstone Landforms of the Karoo Basin: Naturally Sculpted Rock -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Geological Setting -- 2.3 Sandstone Landscapes -- 2.4 Sandstone Landforms -- 2.5 Biological Influences on Sandstone Formations -- 2.6 Sandstone Geomorphology and Cultural Heritage -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 The Mpumalanga/Limpopo Escarpment: Geology and Fluvial Landforms -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geological Setting and Evolution -- 3.3 Landscapes and Landforms of the Escarpment Edge -- 3.3.1 Weathering and Erosional Landforms -- 3.3.2 Headward Fluvial Erosional Features: Southern Escarpment -- 3.3.3 Headward Fluvial Erosional Features: Northern Escarpment -- 3.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Landscape and Landforms of the Vredefort Dome: Exposing an Old Wound -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geological Setting -- 4.3 Landscape of the Vredefort Dome -- 4.4 Fluvial Landforms -- 4.5 Landforms Likely Associated with Glaciation -- 4.6 Landscape and Human Dynamics -- 4.7 Summary -- References -- 5 Geomorphological Evolution of the Pilanesberg -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Geological Setting and Landscape History -- 5.2.1 Geologic History -- 5.2.2 Landscape and Park History -- 5.3 The Pilanesberg Event -- 5.4 Geomorphology of the Pilanesberg -- 5.4.1 Topography -- 5.4.2 Basins and Valley Fills. , 5.4.3 Rivers and Drainage Patterns -- 5.5 Denudation History and the Pre-Karoo Land Surface -- 5.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 The Drakensberg Escarpment: Mountain Processes at the Edge -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Geological Setting and Pre-Quaternary Landscape Evolution -- 6.3 Landscape and Climate Dynamics During the Quaternary and Holocene -- 6.4 Description of Drakensberg Geomorphology -- 6.4.1 Rock Weathering Phenomena -- 6.4.2 Periglacial and Glacial Features -- 6.4.3 Mass Movements -- 6.4.4 Fluvial Landforms -- 6.5 Present Management Issues in the Drakensberg Escarpment Region -- 6.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Rocky Shorelines of the Wild Coast -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Geologic Setting -- 7.3 Erosional Features -- 7.3.1 Cliffs and Caves -- 7.3.2 Bedrock Shore Platforms -- 7.3.3 Arches and Stacks -- 7.3.4 Small-Scale Erosion Features -- 7.4 Depositional Features -- 7.4.1 Tidal Inlets -- 7.4.2 Sandy Beaches and Sand Dunes -- 7.4.3 Aeolianite and Beachrock -- 7.5 Relationship of Rocky Coast Landforms to Quaternary and Holocene Sea-Level Changes -- 7.6 Environmental Issues Affecting the Wild Coast -- 7.7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 The Augrabies Falls Region: A Fluvial Landscape Divided in Flow but Magnificent in Spectacle -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Geographical and Environmental Setting -- 8.3 Overview of Landforms and Landscape -- 8.3.1 Upstream of the Falls -- 8.3.2 Around the Falls -- 8.3.3 Downstream of the Falls -- 8.4 Development of the Fluvial Landscape -- 8.4.1 Waterfall and Gorge Development -- 8.4.2 Controls on Waterfall Initiation -- 8.4.3 Timescales and Rates of Waterfall Retreat and Gorge Formation -- 8.5 Significance of the Fluvial Landscape in the Augrabies Falls Region -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 9 The Richtersveld: An Ancient Rocky Wilderness -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Geological History -- 9.3 Long-term Landscape Evolution -- 9.4 Landscape Terrain Classification -- 9.4.1 Orange River Canyon -- 9.4.2 Eastern Richtersveld -- 9.4.3 Central Richtersveld -- 9.4.4 Western Richtersveld -- 9.5 The Richtersveld as a Planetary Landscape -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 The Cederberg: A Rugged Sandstone Topography -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Environmental Setting -- 10.3 Geology -- 10.4 Geologic Controls on Cederberg Topography -- 10.5 Large-Scale Geomorphology -- 10.6 Sandstone Weathering -- 10.7 Occupation of Cederberg Landscapes -- 10.8 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Table Mountain: Wonder of Nature at the Foot of Africa -- Abstract -- 11.1 Geographical and Environmental Setting -- 11.2 Geological Evolution of Table Mountain -- 11.3 Geomorphology of Table Mountain -- 11.4 Table Mountain Landscapes: The Nature and Extent of Human Influence -- 11.5 Geoheritage -- References -- 12 The Cape Winelands -- Abstract -- 12.1 Geographical and Environmental Setting -- 12.2 Landscape -- 12.3 Geomorphology and Cape Wines -- 12.4 The Nature and Extent of Human Influence -- 12.5 Geoheritage -- References -- 13 The Kruger National Park: Geology and Geomorphology of the Wilderness -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Setting -- 13.3 Landscapes and Landforms of Kruger -- 13.3.1 Landforms Associated with Rock Weathering -- 13.3.2 Erosional Fluvial Landforms -- 13.3.3 Depositional Fluvial Landforms -- 13.4 Geologic and Geomorphic Controls on Soils and Vegetation -- 13.5 Recent Geomorphology of Kruger and the Natural/Human Environment -- 13.5.1 Rivers and Their Associated Ecosystems -- 13.5.2 Archaeology and Cultural Landscapes -- 13.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 14 The Maputaland Corridor: A Coastal Geomorphological Treasure -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Geographical/Environmental Setting -- 14.3 Evolutionary Process of Maputaland Landforms/Landscapes -- 14.3.1 Lebombo Mountains -- 14.3.2 Cretaceous Zululand Group Marine Rocks -- 14.3.3 Uloa/Umkwelane Pliocene Shoreline -- 14.3.4 Tshongwe--Sihangwane Megaridge -- 14.3.5 KwaMbonambi Formation Parabolic Dunes and Interdune Wetlands -- 14.3.6 Forested Composite Coastal Barrier Dune -- 14.3.7 Polygenetic Coastal Lakes -- 14.3.8 Wetland Landscapes -- 14.3.9 Coastline and Continental Shelf Landforms -- 14.4 Threats from Future Environmental Change -- 14.5 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Of Dunes, Depressions and Dry Valleys: The Arid Landscapes of the Kalahari Desert -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Long-Term Landscape Evolution -- 15.3 Dry Valleys -- 15.4 Dunes and Dunefields -- 15.5 Pan Environments -- 15.6 Summary -- References -- 16 The Western Free State Panfield: A Landscape of Myriad Pans and Lunettes -- Abstract -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Climate and Geology -- 16.3 Pans and Lunettes -- 16.4 Pan-Lunette Sites -- 16.5 Pan and Lunette Characteristics -- 16.6 Florisbad -- 16.7 The Significance of Western Free State Pans and Lunettes -- 16.8 Summary -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 17 The Sterkfontein Caves: Geomorphology and Hominin-Bearing Deposits -- Abstract -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Geological Context -- 17.3 Karstification -- 17.4 Cave Geomorphology -- 17.5 Cave Deposits -- 17.6 Summary -- References -- 18 Military Geography: Landscapes of the Anglo-Boer War -- Abstract -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Military Geography of the Anglo-Boer War -- 18.2.1 Kopjes and Ridges -- 18.2.2 River Crossings and Adjacent Valley Floors -- 18.2.3 Valleys and Mountain Passes. , 18.3 Terrain and Tactics in the Battlefields Around Colenso (Natal) -- 18.4 Military Geoheritage and Tourism -- 18.5 Conclusions and a Military Geography Agenda -- References -- 19 Geoheritage and Geotourism in South Africa -- Abstract -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 The Importance of Geoheritage in the South African Landscape -- 19.3 Legislative and Management Context of Landscapes and Geoheritage Sites in South Africa -- 19.4 Examples of Geoheritage and Geotourism in South Africa -- 19.4.1 West Coast Fossil Park -- 19.4.2 The Drakensberg San Rock Art Sites -- 19.4.3 The Makapan Valley Heritage Site -- 19.5 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Description based upon print version of record , Landscapes and Landforms of South Africa - an overviewSandstone Landforms of the Karoo Basin: Naturally Sculpted Rock -- The Mpumalanga/Limpopo Escarpment: Geology and Fluvial Landforms -- Landscape and Landforms of the Vredefort Dome: Exposing an Old Wound -- Geomorphological evolution of the Pilanesberg -- The Drakensberg escarpment: mountain processes at the edge -- Rocky shorelines of the Wild Coast -- The Augrabies Falls region: a fluvial landscape divided in flow but magnificent in spectacle -- The Richtersveld: an ancient rocky wilderness -- The Cederberg: a rugged sandstone topography -- Table Mountain: Wonder of Nature at the Foot of Africa -- The Cape Winelands -- The Kruger National Park: geology and geomorphology of the wilderness -- The Maputaland Corridor: a coastal geomorphological treasure -- Of dunes, depressions and dry valleys: the arid landscapes of the Kalahari Desert -- The Western Free State Panfield: a landscape of myriad pans and lunettes -- The Sterkfontein Caves: geomorphology and hominin-bearing deposits -- Military Geography: Landscapes of the Anglo-Boer War -- Geoheritage and geotourism in South Africa.