Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- 1 Resolving Suppression Ambiguity in Schlumberger Sounding Data Through Joint Interpretation with Audio-Magnetotelluric (AMT) Data -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Forward Formulation -- 1.3 Global Inversion -- 1.4 Results -- 1.5 Discussions -- 1.6 Conclusions -- References -- 2 GPR and ERT Investigations of Karst Structures at the Buhui-Cuptoare Cave System, Anina Karst Region (Banat Mountains, Romania) -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Site of Investigation -- 2.3 Methodology -- 2.3.1 GPR Investigations -- 2.3.2 ERT Investigations -- 2.4 Results and Discussions -- 2.4.1 Ground Penetrating Radar -- 2.4.2 Electrical Resistivity Tomography -- 2.4.3 Discussions -- 2.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 3 Integrated Geoelectrical and Hydrochemical Investigation of Shallow Aquifers in Konkan Coastal Area, Maharashtra, India: Advanced Artificial Neural Networks Based Simulation Approach -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Geology and Hydrogeology and Data Collection in the Study Area -- 3.3 Theoretical Back Ground -- 3.3.1 Forward Modeling -- 3.3.2 Inverse Modeling -- 3.3.3 HMC-BNN -- 3.3.4 Experiment with Synthetic Data in Presence of Complex Chaotic Noise -- 3.3.5 Training Sample Generation and 2D Interpolation Scheme -- 3.4 Results and Discussions -- 3.4.1 Interpretation of VES Data from Sagareshwar-Redi-Malewad Region -- 3.4.2 True Resistivity Sections at Different Depth -- 3.4.3 Pseudo Two Dimensional Resistivity Section -- 3.4.4 Empirical Relation of Earth Resistivity with TDS -- 3.4.5 Empirical Relation of Water Resistivity with TDS -- 3.4.6 Empirical Relation of Earth Resistivity with Water Resistivity -- 3.4.7 Interpretation of Geochemical and Lithological Information of the Study Area -- 3.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements. , References -- 4 Modeling Streaming Potential in Porous and Fractured Media, Description and Benefits of the Effective Excess Charge Density Approach -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Theory -- 4.2.1 Description of the Electrical Double Layer -- 4.2.2 Electrokinetic Coupling Framework -- 4.2.3 From the Coupling Coefficient to the Effective Excess Charge Density -- 4.2.4 Determination of the Effective Excess Charge Density -- 4.2.4.1 Under Water Saturated Conditions -- 4.2.4.2 Under Partially Saturated Conditions -- 4.3 Evolution of the Effective Excess Charge -- 4.3.1 Evolution with the Salinity -- 4.3.2 Evolution with the Petrophysical Properties -- 4.3.3 Evolution with Saturation -- 4.4 Pore Network Determination of the Effective Excess Charge Density -- 4.4.1 Equations of Coupled Fluxes in a Single Capillary -- 4.4.2 2D Tube Network and Linear System for the Pressure and the Electrical Potential -- 4.4.3 Computation of the Petrophysical Parameters -- 4.4.4 Applications -- 4.5 Use of the Effective Excess Charge in Numerical Simulations -- 4.5.1 Rainwater Infiltration Monitoring -- 4.5.2 Pumping in a Fractured Medium -- 4.6 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 1: Equations for the Pressure and Electrical Potential -- Appendix 2: Computation of the Normal Permeability and Formation Factor -- References -- 5 Forward Modeling and Inversion of Very Low Frequency Electromagnetic Data Over Rugged Topography Using 2D Triangular Elements -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Forward Formulations -- 5.2.1 Computation of the {\varvec H}_{z} from 2D Triangular Current Density Distribution -- 5.3 Inversion Approach -- 5.4 Noise Removal from VLF Data -- 5.4.1 The Empirical Mode Decomposition Algorithm -- 5.5 Results -- 5.5.1 Forward Formulation -- 5.5.2 Inversion Results-Synthetic Example -- 5.5.3 Inversion Results-Field Example. , 5.6 Discussion and Conclusions -- Appendix -- References -- 6 Forward and Inverse Modeling of Large Loop TEM Data Over Multi-layer Earth Models -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Basic Principles -- 6.1.2 Large Loop TEM Methods -- 6.1.3 Brief Outline of Forward and Inverse Modeling -- 6.2 Theoretical Background of Forward and Inverse Modeling -- 6.2.1 Forward Modeling -- 6.2.2 Inverse Modeling -- 6.3 Modeling Results -- 6.3.1 Forward Modeling Results -- 6.3.2 Inverse Modeling Results -- 6.3.2.1 Homogeneous Earth Model -- 6.3.2.2 Two Layer Earth Models -- 6.3.2.3 Three Layer Earth Model -- 6.3.2.4 Four Layer Earth Model -- 6.3.3 Error Variation -- 6.4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Global Optimization of Near-Surface Potential Field Anomalies Through Metaheuristics -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 PSO -- 7.2.2 DEA -- 7.2.3 DSA -- 7.2.4 Forward Modelling -- 7.2.4.1 SP Anomaly -- 7.2.4.2 Magnetic Anomaly -- 7.2.4.3 Gravity Anomaly -- 7.3 Applications -- 7.3.1 Synthetic Data -- 7.3.1.1 SP Data Inversion Through PSO -- 7.3.1.2 Magnetic Data Inversion Through DEA -- 7.3.1.3 Gravity Data Inversion Through DSA -- 7.3.2 Field Data -- 7.3.2.1 Surda Anomaly -- 7.3.2.2 Lachlan Fold Belt Anomaly -- 7.3.2.3 Cuba Anomaly -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Global Optimization of Model Parameters from the 2-D Analytic Signal of Gravity and Magnetic Anomalies Over Geo-Bodies with Idealized Structure -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Methodology -- 8.2.1 Forward Modeling: Total Gradient -- 8.2.2 Forward Modeling: Normal Gradient -- 8.2.3 Inversion: VFSA Global Optimization -- 8.3 Results and Discussion -- 8.3.1 Theoretical Examples -- 8.3.1.1 Parameter Search Space -- 8.3.1.2 Gravity -- 8.3.1.3 Magnetic -- 8.3.1.4 Effect of Noise -- 8.3.2 Field Examples -- 8.3.2.1 Gravity Profile. , Mobrun Massive Sulphide Body, Noranda, Quebec, Canada -- 8.3.2.2 Magnetic Profile -- Kesikköprü Anomaly, Turkey -- Marmara Anomaly, Northwest Turkey -- Barraute, North-West Quebec, Canada -- 8.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Role of Euler Deconvolution in Near Surface Gravity and Magnetic Applications -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 Little Bit from the History -- 9.2 Theory -- 9.2.1 Euler Theorem -- 9.2.2 Structural Index -- 9.3 Algorithm of the Classical (Standard) Euler Deconvolution Method -- 9.3.1 Solution of the Euler Equation -- 9.3.2 Selection of Correct Solutions -- 9.3.3 Stabilization of Numerical Derivatives in Euler Deconvolution Algorithm -- 9.3.4 REGDER: A Software Realization of Classical (Standard) Euler Deconvolution -- 9.3.5 Modifications of the Method -- 9.4 Synthetic Examples and Real World Applications -- 9.4.1 Simple Model Studies -- 9.4.2 Complex Model Studies -- 9.4.3 Real World Datasets Interpretation -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix 1: Derivation of the Euler's Equation -- Appendix 2: Derivation of Structural Index Values for Selected Bodies -- 2D-Horizontal Cylinder, Gravimetry -- 2D-Inclined Sheet, Magnetometry -- 2D-Semiinfinite Horizontal Sheet, Gravimetry -- References -- 10 Magnetic Data Interpretation Using Advanced Techniques: A Comparative Study -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Theory and Methodology -- 10.2.1 The Magnetic Anomaly Due to 2D Inclined Dike Expression -- 10.2.2 The Gradient Method -- 10.2.3 The Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) -- 10.2.4 Werner Deconvolution Method -- 10.2.5 Euler Deconvolution Method -- 10.2.6 The Moving Average Method -- 10.2.7 The Modular Neural Network Inversion Method (MNN) -- 10.3 Case Examples -- 10.3.1 Synthetic Example -- 10.3.2 Field Examples -- 10.3.2.1 Quseir Field Example, Egypt. , 10.3.2.2 Pishabo Lake Field Example, Canada -- 10.4 Discussion -- 10.5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Coal Fire Study Over East Basuria Colliery -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Coal Fire Study Using SP Data -- 11.2.1 SP Data Acquisition -- 11.2.2 Synthetic Model Study -- 11.2.3 Source Optimization Based on SP Data Using PSO -- 11.3 Coal Fire Study Using Magnetic Data -- 11.3.1 Edge Enhancement of Magnetic Anomaly -- 11.3.2 Continuation of Magnetic Anomaly at Different Levels -- 11.3.3 General Discussion -- 11.3.4 Depth Estimation of Magnetic Anomaly -- 11.4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Geothermal Potential and Circulation Depth of Hüdai Thermal Springs (Sandıklı-Afyonkarahisar, Türkiye) Using Magnetic, Geothermometry and Heat Flow Data -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Geological and Hydrogeological Setting -- 12.3 Geothermal Regime of the Turkey -- 12.4 Data and Methods -- 12.4.1 Gravity and Magnetic Data -- 12.4.2 Spectral Analysis Method and Crustal Structure -- 12.4.3 Conventional Heat Flow Method and Geothermal Gradient Data -- 12.4.4 Geothermometry and Silica Heat Flow Method -- 12.4.5 Geothermal Modeling and Thermal Parameters -- 12.5 Results -- 12.5.1 Major Ion Chemistry -- 12.5.2 Reservoir Temperatures of Hüdai Geothermal Waters -- 12.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Geophysical Characterization of Chumathang (Ladakh) Hot Spring -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Geological Setting of the Area -- 13.3 Methodology -- 13.4 Data Processing and Modelling -- 13.5 Results and Discussion -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Airborne Geophysical Surveys and Their Integrated Interpretation -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Airborne Geophysical Survey Planning and Instrumentation -- 14.3 Data Acquisition, Calibration and Processing -- 14.3.1 Magnetic Data Acquisition, Calibration and Processing. , 14.3.2 Radiometry Data Acquisition, Calibration and Processing.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Editor and Contributors -- 1 Analytical Methods in the Interpretation of Self-Potential Anomalies-A Comprehensive Review -- 1.1 General Introduction -- 1.2 Interpretation of SP Anomalies -- 1.3 Hilbert Transforms -- 1.4 Analytic Signal and Amplitude -- 1.5 2-D Horizontal Circular Cylinder -- 1.6 Spherical Structures -- 1.7 Hartley Spectral Analysis of SP Anomalies -- 1.8 Artificial Neural Network Analysis -- 1.9 Noise Analysis -- 1.10 Discussion -- References -- 2 Metaheuristics Inversion of Self-Potential Anomalies -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Forward SP Model -- 2.3 Optimization Methods -- 2.4 Inversion of Spontaneous Potential (SP) Anomalies -- 2.4.1 Ambiguity and Non-uniqueness of SP Inverse Solutions -- 2.4.2 Ambiguity Control -- 2.4.3 Formulation of the Objective/target Function for SP Problem -- 2.5 Metaheuristics Inversion of SP Anomalies -- 2.5.1 Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) -- 2.5.2 When Using Metaheuristics? -- 2.5.3 Examples of the Metaphor Based Algorithms -- 2.6 Application to Synthetic Model with and Without Noise -- 2.6.1 Application to Simple Geometrical Models -- 2.6.2 Application to Thin Sheet Model -- 2.7 Application to Field Examples -- 2.7.1 Application to Field Data Approximated by Simple Geometrical Models -- 2.7.2 Anomalies Approximated by Thin Sheet Model -- 2.8 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Self-potential Inversion and Uncertainty Analysis via the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Family -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 The Streaming Potential Forward and Inverse Problems -- 3.3 The Inverse Problem and the Topology of the Cost Function -- 3.4 The PSO Family -- 3.5 PSO Design in the SP Case -- 3.6 Modeling the Bogoslovsky and Ogilvy Dataset -- 3.7 Conclusions -- References. , 4 A Comparison of the Model Parameter Estimations from Self-Potential Anomalies by Levenberg-Marquardt (LM), Differential Evolution (DE) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithms: An Example from Tamış-Çanakkale, Turkey -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Materials and Methods -- 4.2.1 Formulation of the SP Anomaly -- 4.2.2 Algorithms -- 4.2.3 Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm -- 4.2.4 Parameter Estimation Studies -- 4.2.5 Synthetic Examples -- 4.2.6 Field Example -- 4.3 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Estimation of the Buried Model Parameters from the Self-potential Data Applying Advanced Approaches: A Comparison Study -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology -- 5.2.1 Forward Modeling -- 5.2.2 Least Squares Inversion Technique -- 5.2.3 Particle Swarm Optimization -- 5.2.4 Neural Network Algorithm -- 5.3 Synthetic Examples -- 5.3.1 Sphere Model -- 5.3.2 Horizontal Cylinder Model -- 5.4 Field Example -- 5.4.1 Malachite Mine, USA Real Data -- 5.5 Conclusions -- References -- 6 Determining the Structure Factor and Parameters of a Buried Polarized Structure from Self Potential Anomalies -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Theory of the Method -- 6.2.1 Determination of X0 and V(0) -- 6.3 Theoretical and Field Applications -- 6.4 Conclusion -- Appendix: Determination of Roots of Non-linear Equations -- Regula False Method -- Bisection Method -- References -- 7 Ensemble Kalman Inversion for Determining Model Parameter of Self-potential Data in the Mineral Exploration -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Methodology -- 7.2.1 Ensemble Kalman Inversion -- 7.2.2 Forward Modeling -- 7.2.3 Inversion Using EKI -- 7.3 Synthetic Model -- 7.3.1 EKI in Single Anomaly -- 7.3.2 EKI in Multiple Anomalies -- 7.4 Field Examples -- 7.4.1 Neem-Ka-Thana, India -- 7.4.2 Malachite Mine, Jefferson County, Colorado, USA -- 7.4.3 Surda Anomaly, Portugal -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References. , 8 Advanced Analysis of Self-potential Anomalies: Review of Case Studies from Mining, Archaeology and Environment -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Self-potential Observations: Common Disturbances -- 8.2.1 Different Kinds of Noise in SP Observations -- 8.3 Review of Quantitative Interpretation Methods -- 8.4 Some Common Aspects of Magnetic and SP Fields -- 8.4.1 Quantitative Analysis of SP Anomalies by the Use of Advanced Methodologies Developed in Magnetic Prospecting -- 8.4.2 SP Observations on an Inclined Profile -- 8.5 Quantitative Analysis of SP Anomalies -- 8.5.1 Testing on Theoretical Models -- 8.5.2 Mining Geophysics -- 8.5.3 Archaeological Sites -- 8.5.4 Environmental Geophysics -- 8.5.5 Technogenic Geophysics -- 8.5.6 Generalization of the Calculated Self-Potential Moments -- 8.6 Conclusions -- References -- 9 Preferential Water Flow Pathways Detection in Sinkholes Using Self-Potential (SP) Method. The Study Case of Anina Karst Region (Banat Mountains, Romania) -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Study Area and Investigation Sites Description -- 9.3 Self-Potential as Geophysical Method -- 9.4 Methodology -- 9.5 Results -- 9.5.1 Mărghitaș Plateau -- 9.5.2 Colonovăț Plateau -- 9.5.3 Cârneală Plateau -- 9.5.4 Brădet Plateau-Culmea Neagră Area -- 9.6 Discussions and Conclude Remarks -- References -- 10 Interpretation of Self-Potential (SP) Log and Depositional Environment in the Upper Assam Basin, India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Geology -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 The Determination of Formation Water Resistivity (Rw) -- 10.3.2 The Determination of Volume of Shale (Vsh) in the Formations -- 10.3.3 SP Log Shape Analysis -- 10.4 Estimation of Petrophysical Parameters -- 10.4.1 Estimation of Water Saturation in the Formations -- 10.4.2 Estimation of porosity Φ(s) -- 10.4.3 Estimating the Types of Shale -- 10.5 Results and Discussions. , 10.6 Depositional Environment -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 High Resolution Electrical Resistivity Tomography and Self-Potential Mapping for Groundwater and Mineral Exploration in Different Geological Settings of India -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Interpretation of 2D Inverted Resistivity and Induced Polarization Models -- 11.2.1 Results and Discussions -- 11.3 Conclusions -- References.