Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Artificial Neural Network -- 1.1 Network Architectures -- 1.1.1 Multilayer Feedforward Networks -- 1.1.2 Recurrent Networks -- 1.2 Perceptrons -- 1.2.1 Rosenblatt's Perceptron -- 1.2.2 Multilayer Perceptron -- 1.3 Linear Network and Bayes Classifier -- 1.4 Radial Basis Function Network -- 1.4.1 Radial Basis Function -- 1.4.2 Interpolation -- 1.4.3 Receptive Field -- 1.5 Generalized Regression Network -- 1.6 Self-organizing Network -- 1.6.1 Kohonen Self-organizing Map Network -- 1.6.2 Learning Vector Quantization Network -- 1.7 Hopfield Network -- 1.7.1 Continuous Hopfield Network -- 1.7.2 Discrete Hopfield Network -- Further Reading -- 2 Multivariate Harmonic Analysis -- 2.1 Fourier Transform -- 2.2 Discrete Fourier Transform -- 2.3 Discrete Cosine/Sine Transform -- 2.3.1 Four Forms of DCTs -- 2.3.2 Four Forms of DSTs -- 2.4 Filtering -- 2.5 Fractional Fourier Transform -- 2.5.1 Continuous FRFT -- 2.5.2 Discrete FRFT -- 2.5.3 Multivariate FRFT -- 2.6 Space--Frequency Distribution -- 2.6.1 Multivariate Windowed Fourier Transform -- 2.6.2 General Form -- 2.6.3 Popular Distributions -- 2.7 Multivariate Interpolation -- 2.7.1 Multivariate Polynomial Interpolation -- 2.7.2 Schoenberg Interpolation -- 2.7.3 Micchelli Interpolation -- 2.7.4 Interpolation on Spheres -- 2.8 Sparse Approximation -- 2.8.1 Approximation Kernels -- 2.8.2 Sparse Schemes -- 2.8.3 Greedy Algorithm -- 2.9 Spherical Harmonics -- 2.9.1 Spherical Harmonic Functions -- 2.9.2 Invariant Subspace under Fourier Transform -- 2.10 Harmonic Analysis on General Domains -- 2.10.1 Symmetric Kernels -- 2.10.2 Smooth Extensions and Approximation -- 2.11 Harmonic Analysis on Graphs -- 2.11.1 The Laplacian of a Graph -- 2.11.2 Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions -- 2.11.3 Fourier Expansions -- Further Reading -- 3 Multivariate Wavelets -- 3.1 Multiresolution Analysis. , 3.1.1 Structure of MRA -- 3.1.2 Scaling Functions -- 3.2 Multivariate Orthogonal Wavelets -- 3.2.1 Separable Wavelets -- 3.2.2 Non-separable Wavelets -- 3.2.3 p-Band Wavelets -- 3.3 Biorthogonal Wavelets -- 3.3.1 Univariate Biorthogonal Wavelets -- 3.3.2 Multivariate Biorthogonal Wavelets -- 3.3.3 p-Band Biorthogonal Wavelets -- 3.3.4 Semi-orthogonal Wavelets -- 3.4 Wavelets on Domains -- 3.4.1 Continuous Extension -- 3.4.2 Wavelet Expansion -- 3.5 Discrete Wavelet Transforms -- 3.5.1 Discrete Orthogonal Wavelet Transforms -- 3.5.2 Discrete Biorthogonal Wavelet Transforms -- 3.5.3 Discrete Biorthogonal Periodic Wavelets Transforms -- 3.5.4 Discrete Harmonic Wavelet Transforms -- 3.6 Wavelet Packets -- 3.6.1 Continuous Wavelet Packets -- 3.6.2 Discrete Wavelet Packets -- 3.7 Wavelet Variance -- 3.7.1 Generalized Wavelet Decomposition -- 3.7.2 Maximal Overlap Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 3.7.3 Wavelet Variance -- 3.8 Significant Tests -- 3.8.1 Haar Wavelet Analysis -- 3.8.2 Morlet Wavelet Analysis -- 3.9 Wavelet Threshold and Shrinkage -- 3.9.1 Wavelet Threshold -- 3.9.2 Wavelet Shrinkage -- 3.9.3 Minimax Estimation -- 3.9.4 Adaptive Denoising Algorithm -- 3.10 Shearlets, Bandelets, and Curvelets -- 3.10.1 Shearlets -- 3.10.2 Bandelets -- 3.10.3 Curvelets -- Further Reading -- 4 Stochastic Representation and Modeling -- 4.1 Stochastic Processes -- 4.1.1 Vector Stochastic Processes -- 4.1.2 Gaussian, Markov, and Wiener Processes -- 4.2 Stationarity and Trend Tests -- 4.2.1 Stationarity Tests -- 4.2.2 Trend Tests -- 4.3 Patterns and Classification -- 4.3.1 Principal Component Analysis -- 4.3.2 Factor Analysis -- 4.3.3 Cluster Analysis -- 4.3.4 Discriminant Analysis -- 4.3.5 Canonical Correlation Analysis -- 4.4 Multidimensional Scaling -- 4.5 Vector ARMA Processes -- 4.5.1 Vector MA(q) Processes -- 4.5.2 Vector AR(p) Processes. , 4.5.3 Vector ARMA(p,q) Processes -- 4.6 Monte Carlo Methods -- 4.7 Black--Scholes Models -- 4.8 Stochastic Optimization -- Further Reading -- 5 Multivariate Spectral Analysis -- 5.1 Power Spectral Density -- 5.2 Periodogram and Correlogram -- 5.2.1 Algorithms -- 5.2.2 Bias Analysis -- 5.2.3 Variance Analysis -- 5.3 Blackman--Tukey Method -- 5.3.1 Blackman--Tukey Estimator -- 5.3.2 Several Common Windows -- 5.3.3 Positive Semidefinite Window -- 5.4 Welch Method -- 5.5 Multitaper Method -- 5.6 Maximum Entropy Method -- 5.7 Rational Spectral Estimation -- 5.8 Discrete Spectral Estimation -- 5.9 Vector ARMA Spectrum -- 5.10 Multichannel Singular Spectrum Analysis -- Further Reading -- 6 Climate Modeling -- 6.1 Greenhouse Gases -- 6.2 Impacts and Feedback of Climate Change -- 6.3 Framework of Climate Models -- 6.3.1 Basic Physical Laws Used in Climate Models -- 6.3.2 Discretization and Parameterization -- 6.3.3 The Hierarchy of Climate Models -- 6.4 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project -- Further Reading -- 7 Regional Climate Change -- 7.1 Middle East and Mediterranean Region -- 7.1.1 Precipitation -- 7.1.2 Air Temperature -- 7.1.3 Climate Modeling -- 7.1.4 Desert Dust -- 7.1.5 Water Resources -- 7.1.6 Soil Temperature -- 7.2 Asia-Pacific Region -- 7.2.1 Tibetan Plateau -- 7.2.2 El Nitildeno--Southern Oscillation -- 7.2.3 Indian Monsoon -- 7.2.4 Modeling Sea Surface Temperature -- 7.3 Arctic Region -- 7.3.1 Sea Ice -- 7.3.2 Permafrost Carbon -- Further Reading -- 8 Ecosystem and Carbon Cycle -- 8.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems -- 8.1.1 Terrestrial Hydrologic Cycle -- 8.1.2 Photosynthesis -- 8.1.3 Gross and Net Primary Production -- 8.1.4 Net Ecosystem Production -- 8.1.5 Terrestrial Nutrient Cycle -- 8.2 Ocean Ecosystems -- 8.2.1 Solubility and Air--Sea Gas Exchange -- 8.2.2 Oceanic Carbon Sink -- 8.2.3 Compounds in Seawater -- 8.2.4 Biogeochemical Cycles. , Further Reading -- 9 Paleoclimate Proxies -- 9.1 Tree-Rings -- 9.1.1 Field Works -- 9.1.2 Statistical Analysis -- 9.2 Ice Cores -- 9.2.1 Ice and Isotopes -- 9.2.2 Ice Core Samples -- 9.3 Speleothems -- 9.3.1 Oxygen Isotope Ratio -- 9.3.2 Carbon Isotope Ratio -- 9.3.3 Hydrogen Isotope Ratio -- Further Reading -- 10 Strategies for Climate Change Mitigation -- 10.1 Assessment Methods and Tools -- 10.1.1 Data Envelopment Analysis -- 10.1.2 Risk Assessment -- 10.1.3 Life Cycle Assessment -- 10.2 Carbon Emissions Reduction -- 10.2.1 Industrial Sector -- 10.2.2 Agriculture Sector -- 10.2.3 The Building Sector -- 10.2.4 The Transportation Sector -- 10.2.5 The Household Sector -- 10.2.6 Low-Carbon Energy -- 10.3 Carbon Capture, Transport, Utilization, and Storage -- 10.3.1 Carbon Capture -- 10.3.2 Transport of CO2 -- 10.3.3 Geological Storage of CO2 -- 10.3.4 Utilization of CO2 -- 10.4 Geoengineering -- 10.4.1 Space-Based Geoengineering -- 10.4.2 Atmosphere-Based Geoenginnering -- 10.4.3 Land-Based Geoengineering -- 10.4.4 Ocean-Based Geoengineering -- 10.4.5 Conclusions -- Further Reading.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Keynote -- 1 Fifty Years of Paleoceanography: Major Achievements in Our Understanding of Past and Future Climate Change-Some Memories and Hearsay -- Abstract -- 1 Preliminary Note -- 2 Early Efforts -- 3 Sample Basis to Gain Empiric Proxy Data from Deep-Sea Sediments -- 4 Great Advances in the 1970s and 1980s -- 5 Some Contributions of Kiel University (Germany) -- 6 Selection of Major Findings Over the Last 20 Years -- References -- Paleoceanographic Evolution -- 2 Orbital-Scale Paleoceanographic Response to the Indian Monsoon in the Laxmi Basin of the Eastern Arabian Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Age Reconstruction at Site U1456 -- 3.2 Orbital-Scale Paleoceanographic Changes -- References -- 3 The 4.2 ka Event in the Euro-Mediterranean Region-A Study from the MISTRALS/ PALEOMEX Program -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Record of Early Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events in Adriatic Platform, Croatia -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Sedimentological and Geochemical Records of Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Successions Around Trabzon (NE Turkey): Implications for Paleoenvironmental Evolution and Paleoclimatological Conditions of Tethys -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Microfacies -- 3.2 Stable Isotope Analysis -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Paleoclimate Evolution -- 6 Paleoclimate Evolution of the Kordofan Region (Sudan), During the Last 13 ka -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy -- 3.2 Paleobiology -- 3.3 Stable Isotopes. , 3.4 Geochemistry and Clay Mineralogy -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Use of Paleoclimate Rainfall Data to Detect Mega Drought Signals -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 2.1 Chuk-Woo-Kee (Korean Ancient Rain Gauge) -- 2.2 Precipitation -- 2.3 Drought Index -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Drought Periodicity -- 3.2 Mega Drought -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Paleoclimatology Evidence of Eocene from Jaddala Formation in Northwestern Iraq -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- References -- 9 Holocene Paleoclimatic Variation Inferred from Study of Sediments in the Gulf of Tunis (North Africa) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Lithological Changes and Climatic Fluctuations -- 3.2 Mineralogical Study of Holocene Sediments -- 3.3 Evolution of the Lake Environment Recorded by Macrofauna Study -- 3.4 Study of the Organic Content of the Holocene Sediments -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Noble Gas Recharge Temperature of Sfax Deep Groundwater (Southeastern of Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Sampling and Analysis -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Time Analysis of Emberger's Pluviothermic Q Index in the SW of the Iberian Peninsula -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Method -- 3 Results and Valuation -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Systematic and Palaeoclimatic Investigations of Sivalhippus from the Late Miocene Siwaliks (Pakistan) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Systematic Palaeontology -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 The Thar Desert Calcretes: A Proxy for Understanding Late Quaternary Paleoclimate Shifts -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. , 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Paleoenvironmental Evolution -- 14 Using Environmental Isotopes and Krypton-81 to Characterize and Date Continental Intercalaire Paleogroundwater (Southern Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings, Sampling and Analysis -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Chemical Composition -- 3.2 Environmental Isotopes (δ18O, δ2H, 14C, δ13C) -- 3.3 Concentration of 81Kr -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 15 Water Column Chemistry of Late Holocene Lake Bafa, Eastern Coast of the Aegean Sea (Turkey) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 16 New Reports of Messinian Lago-Mare Episodes from Tunisia: Ostracods and Paleoenvironmental Implications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Wadi El Kebir Section -- 3.2 Salakta Section -- 4 Discussion (Paleontology) -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 17 Geochemical Evidences of Paleoenvironmental Changes in Late Quaternary Lacustrine Sediments of the Konya Closed Basin (Konya, Turkey) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Detrital Influx Proxies -- 3.2 Redox Proxies -- 3.3 Paleoproductivity Proxies -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 18 Reconstruction of Holocene Paleoenvironmental Changes Along Northern Coast of Sfax: Analysis of Foraminiferal Associations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Settings -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 4.1 Tyrrhenian Sea-Level High Stand, Substage 5e -- 4.2 First Holocene Marine Transgression 2018-2419a Cal BP in Age -- 4.3 Period of Sand Spits Development, Between 2018-2419 and 1001-1804 a Cal BP) -- 4.4 Second Marine Transgression Towards 1001-1804 a Cal BP -- 4.5 High Energy Extreme Event Towards 0-502 a Cal BP -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 19 Evolution of Korba Lagoon (Cap Bon, Tunisia) During the Last Millennia Based on the Analysis of Foraminiferal Assemblages -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Lithology, Geochemistry and Sedimentology -- 3.2 Distribution of Foraminiferal Associations -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 20 Paleoenvironment Evolution of a Paralic System, El Guettiate and Dreïaa Sebkhas (Gulf of Gabès, Tunisia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Spatio-temporal Patterns of Climate Change -- 21 Testing for Collective Statistical Significance in Climate Change Detection Studies -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Statistical Tests and Synthetic Data -- 3 Application to Real-World Data -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 22 Long-Term Variability of Gauged Precipitation Over California and Its Links to Circulation Patterns -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 23 Sensitivity of IDF Curves to Rainfall Gauge Type -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Method -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 24 Structural Characteristics of Precipitation in Jordan -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Consistency -- 3.2 Randomness -- 3.3 Trend -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 25 The Shift of the Atmospheric Circulation Patterns and Its Impacts on Western Mediterranean -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 The New Meridian Atmospheric Circulation (MAC) and Its Effects on Floods and Drought in Western Mediterranean -- 3.1 "Normal" Atmospheric Circulation -- 3.2 "Current" Atmospheric Circulation -- 4 Conclusion -- References. , 26 Recent Rainfall Variability in the South-West Mediterranean Region and Links with Teleconnection Patterns -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Rainfall Variability Analysis -- 3.2 Links Between Rainfall and Climate Indices -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 27 Regionalization of Precipitation in Jordan -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Temporal Analysis (Months Clusters) -- 3.2 Spatial Analysis -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 28 Correlation Between NAO and Radio Refractive Index Over Africa -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 29 Convective Cloud Climatology Over Indian Tropics and Nearby Regions Using Multi-spectral Satellite Observations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area and Data Sets -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 30 Analysis of Trend and Variability in Time Series of Extreme Daily Temperature of Abu Dhabi City (UAE) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 31 Black Carbon Aerosol Characteristics and Its Radiative Effect in Xuzhou City, China -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Method -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Seasonal Variation of Black Carbon Aerosol Concentration -- 3.2 Radiative Forcing Caused by Black Carbon Aerosol -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Sea Level Variability: Past, Present and Future -- 32 On the Long-Term Mediterranean Sea Level Variability -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Data -- 3 Results -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 33 Impacts of Relative Sea Level Change and Sedimentary Dynamic on an Historic Site Expansion Along the Coast Between Sfax and Jebeniena, Tunisia -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction.

Note: Intro -- About the 2nd Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-2), Tunisia 2019 -- Proceedings Volume 1: New Prospects in Environmental Geosciences and Hydrogeosciences -- Proceedings Volume 2: Advances in Geophysics, Tectonics and Petroleum Geosciences -- Proceedings Volume 3: Recent Research on Geomorphology, Sedimentology, and Geochemistry -- Proceedings Volume 4: Research Developments in Geotechnics, Geoinformatics and Remote Sensing -- About the Conference Steering Committee -- Preface -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Atmosphere -- 1 Climate Networks -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Climate Network Measurements -- 2.1 Degree Distribution -- 2.2 Path, Distance and Diameter -- 2.3 Clustering -- 2.4 Cut Sets and Communities -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Patterns and Teleconnections -- 3.2 El Niño -- 3.3 North Atlantic Oscillation -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 2 Assessment of Temperature Trends in Different Bioclimatic Zones of India -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area, Data and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Statistical Analysis of Wind to Assess Climate Change (Central Italy) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Impact of Estimated Wind Speed on Temperature-Based on ET0 Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Ocean -- 5 The Remote Response of Northern Hemisphere Atmosphere Circulation to ENSO in a Changing Climate -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 6 Inter-Annual Variability of Mediterranean Evaporation and Its Drivers During Summer -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Leading EOF Modes of Mediterranean Evaporation -- 3.2 Links to Regional Climate -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Low Frequency Sea-Level Oscillations in Algiers Harbour (Algeria) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Modeling Interactions Among the West Atlantic Hurricanes Through Empirical Recurrence Rates Ratio Inspired Hidden Markov Chains -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methodology -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Change-Point Identification -- 3.2 ERRR Based HMC Modeling -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- References -- 9 Performance Evaluation of a New Source Term Package ST6 of Wavewatch III in Catalan Coasts (Spain) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 10 Enhanced Methane Emission from Arctic Seas in Winter: Satellite Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Global Environmental Change (T1): Land Surface -- 11 Seasonal Heat Fluxes of Land Surface Models, NOAH and MOSAIC Within NLDAS-2 Over USA During the Period of 1979-2018 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods and Data -- 2.1 NLDAS-2System -- 2.2 MOSAIC Land Surface Model -- 2.3 NOAH Land Surface Model -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Spatial Sensible Heat Flux -- 3.2 Spatial Latent Heat Flux -- 3.3 Temporal Latent and Sensible Heat Fluxes -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 12 Ecological Security Assessment of Qinghai Province in China Based on a Pressure-State-Response Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods. , 2.1 Location of Qinghai Province and Data Sources -- 2.2 Research Methods -- 2.2.1 Assessment Model, the Assessing Index System and Index Quantization and Weight -- 2.2.2 Calculation of the Degree of Ecological Security -- 3 Results and Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- The Appendix 1 -- The Appendix 2 -- References -- 13 Detecting and Monitoring Dust Storm and Studying the Effect of Temperature and Relative Humidity Parameters Using Remote Sensing -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Dust Storm Zoning -- 2.2 Correlation of Temperature and Humidity Parameters with the Dust Index -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- References -- 14 Granulometric, Mineralogical, and HYSPLIT Analysis of Siliciclastic Sediments Derived from Sahara -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Solar Power Plant Site Selection and Thermodynamic Analysis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 System Description -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Site Comparison -- 3.2 Solar Power Plant Output -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Biogeochemistry, Geobiology, Geoecology, Geoagronomy (T2): Biogeochemical Investigations -- 16 Blue Carbon Sinks on Polar Seabeds and Their Feedbacks on Climate Change -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Measuring Benthic Blue Carbon -- 3 Major Polar Blue Carbon Feedbacks -- 3.1 Seasonal Sea Ice Loss Influences -- 3.2 Ice Shelf Disintegration Influences -- 3.3 Glacier Retreat and Emerging Fjord Influences -- 4 Discussion -- References -- 17 Climatic Conditions as Factors Influencing the Formation of High-Moor Peat Organic Part -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 18 Coastal Deltas of Big Rivers as Synergetic Transformation Elements of the Earth System-(An Example of the Don River Delta) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Definition of Delta Functional Type for the Don River -- 3.2 Don River Delta Mapping -- 3.3 Collection of Databases for the Don River Delta -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 19 Investigation of the Impacts of the Saponite-Containing Waste on Wetland Ecosystems -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 20 Evaluation of the Impact of Diamond Mining on the Radioecological State of the Arctic Zone Ecosystems (Example of Arkhangelsk Region, Russia) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biogeochemistry, Geobiology, Geoecology, Geoagronomy (T2): Geobiology and Geomicrobiology -- 21 Scientific and Methodological Foundations of Biogeology -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 22 Natural and Resource Potential of Officinal Plants Flora of Ciscaucasia (Russian Federation) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Flora of Officinal Plants of Ciscaucasia -- 3.2 Pharmacological Properties and Use of Officinal Plants -- 3.3 Cultivation of Officinal Plants -- 3.4 Rational Use of Officinal Plants -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 23 Properties of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria Isolated from Rhizospheric Soil of Citrulus colocynthis (Cucurbitaceae) in northeastern Algeria -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , 24 Microbiological Consortium of Thermokarst Lake and Its Significance in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 25 Use of Biosurfactants in Bioremediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Biosurfactant-Producing Bacterial Strain -- 2.2 Bioremediation Trials -- 2.2.1 Quantification of Oil-Degrading Bacteria -- 2.2.2 Monitoring of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) and Metal Analyses -- 2.2.3 Germination Test -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Abundance of Oil-Degrading Bacteria in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.2 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons TPHs Biodegradation in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.3 Metal Removal in Oil-Contaminated Soil -- 3.4 Germination Test -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 26 Bio-cementation of Lateritic Soil Using Microbial-Induced Calcium Carbonate Precipitation Techniques for Use as Road and Embankment Materials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Materials -- 2.1.1 Soil Sample -- 2.1.2 Microorganism -- 2.1.3 Cementation Reagent -- 2.1.4 Bacteria Solution -- 2.2 Methods -- 2.2.1 Isolation of the Bacterium Specie -- 2.2.2 The Culture Medium and Growth Conditions -- 2.2.3 Mass of Calcium Carbonate Measurements -- 2.2.4 Unconfined Compressive Strength -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Index Properties -- 3.2 Calcium Carbonate Content -- 3.3 Unconfined Compressive Strength -- 3.4 Microanalysis -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 27 Sewage Sludge Compost Disposal on a Chernozem Soil: Impacts on Bacterial Activity and Nutrient Contents -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Nutrients and Humus Contents of Soils Impacted by Sewage Sludge Compost Disposal. , 3.2 The Modifications of Soil Biology Due to the Compost Amendment.

Note: Front Cover -- Big Data Mining for Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Big climate data -- 1.1 Big data sources -- 1.1.1 Earth observation big data -- 1.1.2 Climate simulation big data -- 1.2 Statistical and dynamical downscaling -- 1.3 Data assimilation -- 1.3.1 Cressman analysis -- 1.3.2 Optimal interpolation analysis -- 1.3.3 Three-dimensional variational analysis -- 1.3.4 Four-dimensional variational analysis -- 1.4 Cloud platforms -- 1.4.1 Cloud storage -- 1.4.2 Cloud computing -- Further reading -- 2 Feature extraction of big climate data -- 2.1 Clustering -- 2.1.1 K-means clustering -- 2.1.2 Hierarchical clustering -- 2.2 Hidden Markov model -- 2.3 Expectation maximization -- 2.4 Decision trees and random forests -- 2.5 Ridge and lasso regressions -- 2.6 Linear and quadratic discriminant analysis -- 2.6.1 Bayes classi er -- 2.6.2 Linear discriminant analysis -- 2.6.3 Quadratic discriminant analysis -- 2.7 Support vector machines -- 2.7.1 Maximal margin classi er -- 2.7.2 Support vector classi ers -- 2.7.3 Support vector machines -- 2.8 Rainfall estimation -- 2.9 Flood susceptibility -- 2.10 Crop recognition -- Further reading -- 3 Deep learning for climate patterns -- 3.1 Structure of neural networks -- 3.2 Back propagation neural networks -- 3.2.1 Activation functions -- 3.2.2 Back propagation algorithms -- 3.3 Feedforward multilayer perceptrons -- 3.4 Convolutional neural networks -- 3.5 Recurrent neural networks -- 3.5.1 Input-output recurrent model -- 3.5.2 State-space model -- 3.5.3 Recurrent multilayer perceptrons -- 3.5.4 Second-order network -- 3.6 Long short-term memory neural networks -- 3.7 Deep networks -- 3.7.1 Deep learning -- 3.7.2 Boltzmann machine -- 3.7.3 Directed logistic belief networks -- 3.7.4 Deep belief nets -- 3.8 Reinforcement learning -- 3.9 Dendroclimatic reconstructions. , 3.10 Downscaling climate variability -- 3.11 Rainfall-runoff modeling -- Further reading -- 4 Climate networks -- 4.1 Understanding climate systems as networks -- 4.2 Degree and path -- 4.3 Matrix representation of networks -- 4.4 Clustering and betweenness -- 4.5 Cut sets -- 4.6 Trees and planar networks -- 4.7 Bipartite networks -- 4.8 Centrality -- 4.8.1 Degree centrality -- 4.8.2 Closeness centrality -- 4.8.3 Betweenness centrality -- 4.9 Similarity -- 4.9.1 Cosine similarity -- 4.9.2 Pearson similarity -- 4.10 Directed networks -- 4.11 Acyclic directed networks -- 4.12 Weighted networks -- 4.12.1 Vertex strength -- 4.12.2 Weight-degree/weight-weight correlation -- 4.12.3 Weighted clustering -- 4.12.4 Shortest path -- 4.13 Random walks -- 4.14 El Niño southern oscillation -- 4.15 North Atlantic oscillation -- Further reading -- 5 Random climate networks and entropy -- 5.1 Regular networks -- 5.1.1 Fully connected networks -- 5.1.2 Regular ring-shaped networks -- 5.1.3 Star-shaped networks -- 5.2 Random networks -- 5.2.1 Giant component -- 5.2.2 Small component -- 5.3 Con guration networks -- 5.3.1 Edge probability and common neighbor -- 5.3.2 Degree distribution -- 5.3.3 Giant components -- 5.3.4 Small components -- 5.3.5 Directed random network -- 5.4 Small-world networks -- 5.4.1 Main models -- 5.4.2 Degree distribution -- 5.4.3 Clustering -- 5.4.4 Mean distance -- 5.5 Power-law degree distribution -- 5.5.1 Price's models -- 5.5.2 Barabasi-Albert models -- 5.6 Dynamics of random networks -- 5.7 Entropy and joint entropy -- 5.8 Conditional entropy and mutual information -- 5.9 Entropy rate -- 5.10 Entropy-based climate network -- 5.11 Entropy-based decision tree -- Further reading -- 6 Spectra of climate networks -- 6.1 Understanding atmospheric motions via network spectra -- 6.2 Adjacency spectra -- 6.2.1 Maximum degree -- 6.2.2 Diameter. , 6.2.3 Paths of length k -- 6.3 Laplacian spectra -- 6.3.1 Maximum degree -- 6.3.2 Connectivity -- 6.3.3 Spanning tree -- 6.3.4 Degree sequence -- 6.3.5 Diameter -- 6.4 Spectrum centrality -- 6.4.1 Eigenvector centrality -- 6.4.2 Katz centrality -- 6.4.3 Pagerank centrality -- 6.4.4 Authority and hub centralities -- 6.5 Network eigenmodes -- 6.6 Spectra of complete networks -- 6.7 Spectra of small-world networks -- 6.8 Spectra of circuit and wheel network -- 6.9 Spectral density -- 6.10 Spectrum-based partition of networks -- Further reading -- 7 Monte Carlo simulation of climate systems -- 7.1 Random sampling -- 7.1.1 Uniform distribution -- 7.1.2 Nonuniform distribution -- 7.1.3 Normal distribution -- 7.2 Variance reduction technique -- 7.2.1 Control variable method -- 7.2.2 Control vector method -- 7.3 Strati ed sampling -- 7.4 Sample paths for Brownian motion -- 7.4.1 Cholesky and Karhounen-Loève expansions -- 7.4.2 Brownian bridge -- 7.5 Quasi-Monte Carlo method -- 7.5.1 Discrepancy -- 7.5.2 Koksma-Hlawka inequality -- 7.5.3 Van der Corput sequence -- 7.5.4 Halton sequence -- 7.5.5 Faure sequence -- 7.6 Markov chain Monte Carlo -- 7.7 Gibbs sampling -- Further reading -- 8 Sparse representation of big climate data -- 8.1 Global positioning -- 8.1.1 Multidimensional scaling -- 8.1.2 Local rigid embedding -- 8.2 Embedding rules -- 8.2.1 Attractors and fractal dimension -- 8.2.2 Delay embedding -- 8.2.3 Multichannel singular spectrum analysis -- 8.2.4 Recurrence networks -- 8.3 Sparse recovery -- 8.3.1 Sparse interpolation -- 8.3.2 Sparse approximation -- 8.3.3 Greedy algorithms -- 8.4 Sparse representation of climate modeling big data -- 8.5 Compressive sampling of remote sensing big data -- 8.5.1 s-Sparse approximation -- 8.5.2 Minimal samples -- 8.5.3 Orthogonal matching pursuit -- 8.5.4 Compressive sampling matching pursuit. , 8.5.5 Iterative hard thresholding -- 8.6 Optimality -- 8.6.1 Optimization algorithm for compressive sampling -- 8.6.2 Chambolle and Pock's primal-dual algorithm -- Further reading -- 9 Big-data-driven carbon emissions reduction -- 9.1 Precision agriculture -- 9.2 Oil exploitation -- 9.3 Smart buildings -- 9.4 Smart grids -- 9.5 Smart cities -- Further reading -- 10 Big-data-driven low-carbon management -- 10.1 Large-scale data envelopment analysis -- 10.2 Natural resource management -- 10.3 Roadway network management -- 10.4 Supply chain management -- 10.5 Smart energy management -- Further reading -- 11 Big-data-driven Arctic maritime transportation -- 11.1 Trans-Arctic routes -- 11.2 Sea-ice remote-sensing big data -- 11.2.1 Arctic sea-ice concentration -- 11.2.2 Melt ponds -- 11.2.3 Arctic sea-ice extent -- 11.2.4 Arctic sea-ice thickness -- 11.2.5 Arctic sea-ice motion -- 11.2.6 Comprehensive integrated observation system -- 11.3 Sea-ice modeling big data -- 11.4 Arctic transport accessibility model -- 11.5 Economic and risk assessments of Arctic routes -- 11.6 Big-data-driven dynamic optimal trans-Arctic route system -- 11.7 Future prospects -- Further reading -- Index -- Back Cover.

Note: Front Cover -- Mathematical and Physical Fundamentals of Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Climate Change Research -- Chapter 1: Fourier Analysis -- 1.1 Fourier Series and Fourier Transform -- 1.2 Bessel's Inequality and Parseval's Identity -- 1.3 Gibbs Phenomenon -- 1.4 Poisson Summation Formulas and Shannon Sampling Theorem -- 1.5 Discrete Fourier Transform -- 1.6 Fast Fourier Transform -- 1.7 Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle -- 1.8 Case Study: Arctic Oscillation Indices -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 2: Time-Frequency Analysis -- 2.1 Windowed Fourier Transform -- 2.2 Wavelet Transform -- 2.3 Multiresolution Analyses and Wavelet Bases -- 2.3.1 Multiresolution Analyses -- 2.3.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform -- 2.3.3 Biorthogonal Wavelets, Bivariate Wavelets,and Wavelet Packet -- 2.4 Hilbert Transform, Analytical Signal, and Instantaneous Frequency -- 2.5 Wigner-Ville Distribution and Cohen's Class -- 2.6 Empirical Mode Decompositions -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 3: Filter Design -- 3.1 Continuous Linear Time-Invariant Systems -- 3.2 Analog Filters -- 3.3 Discrete Linear Time-Invariant Systems -- 3.3.1 Discrete Signals -- 3.3.2 Discrete Convolution -- 3.3.3 Discrete System -- 3.3.4 Ideal Digital Filters -- 3.3.5 Z-Transforms -- 3.3.6 Linear Difference Equations -- 3.4 Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.4.1 Four Types of Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.4.2 Structure of Linear-Phase Filters -- 3.5 Designs of FIR Filters -- 3.5.1 Fourier Expansions -- 3.5.2 Window Design Method -- 3.5.3 Sampling in the Frequency Domain -- 3.6 IIR Filters -- 3.6.1 Impulse Invariance Method -- 3.6.2 Matched Z-Transform Method -- 3.6.3 Bilinear Transform Method -- 3.7 Conjugate Mirror Filters -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 4: Remote Sensing -- 4.1 Solar and Thermal Radiation. , 4.2 Spectral Regions and Optical Sensors -- 4.3 Spatial Filtering -- 4.4 Spatial Blurring -- 4.5 Distortion Correction -- 4.6 Image Fusion -- 4.7 Supervised and Unsupervised Classification -- 4.8 Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide -- 4.9 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Data Products and Climate Change -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 5: Basic Probability and Statistics -- 5.1 Probability Space, Random Variables, and Their Distributions -- 5.1.1 Discrete Random Variables -- 5.1.2 Continuous Random Variables -- 5.1.3 Properties of Expectations and Variances -- 5.1.4 Distributions of Functions of Random Variables -- 5.1.5 Characteristic Functions -- 5.2 Jointly Distributed Random Variables -- 5.3 Central Limit Theorem and Law of Large Numbers -- 5.4 Minimum Mean Square Error -- 5.5 2-Distribution, t-Distribution, and F-Distribution -- 5.6 Parameter Estimation -- 5.7 Confidence Interval -- 5.8 Tests of Statistical Hypotheses -- 5.9 Analysis of Variance -- 5.10 Linear Regression -- 5.11 Mann-Kendall Trend Test -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 6: Empirical Orthogonal Functions -- 6.1 Random Vector Fields -- 6.2 Classical EOFs -- 6.3 Estimation of EOFs -- 6.4 Rotation of EOFs -- 6.5 Complex EOFs and Hilbert EOFs -- 6.6 Singular Value Decomposition -- 6.7 Canonical Correlation Analysis -- 6.8 Singular Spectrum Analysis -- 6.9 Principal Oscillation Patterns -- 6.9.1 Normal Modes -- 6.9.2 Estimates of Principal Oscillation Patterns -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 7: Random Processes and Power Spectra -- 7.1 Stationary and Non-stationary Random Processes -- 7.2 Markov Process and Brownian Motion -- 7.3 Calculus of Random Processes -- 7.4 Spectral Analysis -- 7.4.1 Linear Time-Invariant System for WSS Processes -- 7.4.2 Power Spectral Density -- 7.4.3 Shannon Sampling Theorem for Random Processes -- 7.5 Wiener Filtering. , 7.6 Spectrum Estimation -- 7.7 Significance Tests of Climatic Time Series -- 7.7.1 Fourier Power Spectra -- 7.7.2 Wavelet Power Spectra -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 8: Autoregressive Moving Average Models -- 8.1 ARMA Processes -- 8.1.1 AR(p) Processes -- 8.1.2 MA(q) Processes -- 8.1.3 Shift Operator -- 8.1.4 ARMA(p,q) Processes -- 8.2 Yule-Walker Equation andSpectral Density -- 8.3 Prediction Algorithms -- 8.3.1 Innovation Algorithm -- 8.3.2 Durbin-Lovinson Algorithm -- 8.3.3 Kolmogorov's Formula -- 8.4 Asymptotic Theory -- 8.4.1 Gramer-Wold Device -- 8.4.2 Asymptotic Normality -- 8.5 Estimates of Means and CovarianceFunctions -- 8.6 Estimation for ARMA Models -- 8.6.1 General Linear Model -- 8.6.2 Estimation for AR(p) Processes -- 8.6.3 Estimation for ARMA(p,q) Processes -- 8.7 ARIMA Models -- 8.8 Multivariate ARMA Processes -- 8.9 Application in Climatic and Hydrological Research -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 9: Data Assimilation -- 9.1 Concept of Data Assimilation -- 9.2 Cressman Method -- 9.3 Optimal Interpolation Analysis -- 9.4 Cost Function and Three-Dimensional Variational Analysis -- 9.5 Dual of the Optimal Interpolation -- 9.6 Four-Dimensional Variational Analysis -- 9.7 Kalman Filter -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 10: Fluid Dynamics -- 10.1 Gradient, Divergence, and Curl -- 10.2 Circulation and Flux -- 10.3 Green's Theorem, Divergence Theorem, and Stokes's Theorem -- 10.4 Equations of Motion -- 10.4.1 Continuity Equation -- 10.4.2 Euler's Equation -- 10.4.3 Bernoulli's Equation -- 10.5 Energy Flux and Momentum Flux -- 10.6 Kelvin Law -- 10.7 Potential Function and Potential Flow -- 10.8 Incompressible Fluids -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 11: Atmospheric Dynamics -- 11.1 Two Simple Atmospheric Models -- 11.1.1 The Single-Layer Model -- 11.1.2 The Two-Layer Model -- 11.2 Atmospheric Composition. , 11.3 Hydrostatic Balance Equation -- 11.4 Potential Temperature -- 11.5 Lapse Rate -- 11.5.1 Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 11.5.2 Buoyancy Frequency -- 11.6 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation -- 11.6.1 Saturation Mass Mixing Radio -- 11.6.2 Saturation Adiabatic Lapse Rate -- 11.6.3 Equivalent Potential Temperature -- 11.7 Material Derivatives -- 11.8 Vorticity and Potential Vorticity -- 11.9 Navier-Stokes Equation -- 11.9.1 Navier-Stokes Equation in an Inertial Frame -- 11.9.2 Navier-Stokes Equation in a Rotating Frame -- 11.9.3 Component Form of the Navier-Stokes Equation -- 11.10 Geostrophic Balance Equations -- 11.11 Boussinesq Approximation and Energy Equation -- 11.12 Quasi-Geostrophic Potential Vorticity -- 11.13 Gravity Waves -- 11.13.1 Internal Gravity Waves -- 11.13.2 Inertia Gravity Waves -- 11.14 Rossby Waves -- 11.15 Atmospheric Boundary Layer -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 12: Oceanic Dynamics -- 12.1 Salinity and Mass -- 12.2 Inertial Motion -- 12.3 Oceanic Ekman Layer -- 12.3.1 Ekman Currents -- 12.3.2 Ekman Mass Transport -- 12.3.3 Ekman Pumping -- 12.4 Geostrophic Currents -- 12.4.1 Surface Geostrophic Currents -- 12.4.2 Geostrophic Currents from Hydrography -- 12.5 Sverdrup's Theorem -- 12.6 Munk's Theorem -- 12.7 Taylor-Proudman Theorem -- 12.8 Ocean-Wave Spectrum -- 12.8.1 Spectrum -- 12.8.2 Digital Spectrum -- 12.8.3 Pierson-Moskowitz Spectrum -- 12.9 Oceanic Tidal Forces -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Chapter 13: Glaciers and Sea Level Rise -- 13.1 Stress and Strain -- 13.2 Glen's Law and Generalized Glen's Law -- 13.3 Density of Glacier Ice -- 13.4 Glacier Mass Balance -- 13.5 Glacier Momentum Balance -- 13.6 Glacier Energy Balance -- 13.7 Shallow-Ice and Shallow-Shelf Approximations -- 13.8 Dynamic Ice Sheet Models -- 13.9 Sea Level Rise -- 13.10 Semiempirical Sea Level Models -- Problems -- Bibliography. , Chapter 14: Climate and Earth System Models -- 14.1 Energy Balance Models -- 14.1.1 Zero-Dimensional EBM -- 14.1.2 One-Dimensional EBM -- 14.2 Radiative Convective Models -- 14.3 Statistical Dynamical Models -- 14.4 Earth System Models -- 14.4.1 Atmospheric Models -- 14.4.2 Oceanic Models -- 14.4.3 Land Surface Models -- 14.4.4 Sea Ice Models -- 14.5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project -- 14.6 Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project -- Problems -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Literaturangaben

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Time series analysis -- 1.1 Stationary time series -- 1.2 Prediction of time series -- 1.3 Spectral analysis -- 1.4 Autoregressive moving average models -- 1.5 Prediction and modeling of ARMA processes -- 1.6 Multivariate ARMA processes -- 1.7 State-space models -- 2 Chaos and dynamical systems -- 2.1 Dynamical systems -- 2.2 Henon and logistic maps -- 2.3 Lyapunov exponents -- 2.4 Fractal dimension -- 2.5 Prediction -- 2.6 Delay embedding vectors -- 2.7 Singular spectrum analysis -- 2.8 Recurrence networks -- 3 Approximation -- 3.1 Trigonometric approximation -- 3.2 Multivariate approximation and dimensionality reduction -- 3.3 Polynomial approximation -- 3.4 Spline approximation and rational approximation -- 3.5 Wavelet approximation -- 3.6 Greedy algorithms -- 4 Interpolation -- 4.1 Curve fitting -- 4.2 Lagrange interpolation -- 4.3 Hermite interpolation -- 4.4 Spline interpolation -- 4.5 Trigonometric interpolation and fast Fourier transform -- 4.6 Bivariate interpolation -- 5 Statistical methods -- 5.1 Linear regression -- 5.2 Multiple regression -- 5.3 Case study: Tree-ring-based climate reconstructions -- 5.4 Covariance analysis -- 5.5 Discriminant analysis -- 5.6 Cluster analysis -- 5.7 Principal component analysis -- 5.8 Canonical correlation analysis -- 5.9 Factor analysis -- 6 Numerical methods -- 6.1 Numerical integration -- 6.2 Numerical differentiation -- 6.3 Iterative methods -- 6.4 Difference methods -- 6.5 Finite element methods -- 6.6 Wavelet methods -- 7 Optimization -- 7.1 Newton's method and steepest descent method -- 7.2 The variational method -- 7.3 The simplex method -- 7.4 Fermat rules -- 7.5 Karush-Kuhn-Tucker optimality conditions -- 7.6 Primal and dual pairs of linear optimization -- 7.7 Case studies -- 8 Data envelopment analysis -- 8.1 Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes DEA models. , 8.2 Banker-Charnes-Cooper DEA models -- 8.3 One-stage and two-stage methods -- 8.4 Advanced DEA models -- 8.5 Software and case studies -- 9 Risk assessments -- 9.1 Decision rules under uncertainty -- 9.2 Decision trees -- 9.3 Fractile and triangular methods -- 9.4 The ε-constraint method -- 9.5 The uncertainty sensitivity index method -- 9.6 The partitioned multiobjective risk method -- 9.7 The multiobjective multistage impact analysis method -- 9.8 Multiobjective risk impact analysis method -- 9.9 The Leslie model -- 9.10 Leontief's and inoperability input-output models -- 10 Life cycle assessments -- 10.1 Classic life cycle assessment -- 10.2 Exergetic life cycle assessment -- 10.3 Ecologically-based life cycle assessment -- 10.4 Case studies -- Index.