Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1 Surfactants in the Food Industry -- 1.1.1 Food Additives -- 1.1.2 Biosurfactants as Food Preservatives -- 1.1.2.1 Emulsifying Agents -- 1.1.2.2 Antibiofilm Agents -- 1.1.2.3 Antimicrobial Agents -- 1.1.2.4 Antioxidant Agents -- 1.1.3 Industrial Prospects -- References -- 2: Microbial Biosurfactants for Contamination of Food Processing -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.1.1 Food Contamination -- 2.1.2 Contamination in Food Processing -- 2.2 Microbial Biosurfactants Use in Food Processing -- 2.2.1 Glycolipids -- 2.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 2.3 Application of Microbial Surfactants in Food Processing -- 2.3.1 Biofilm Control -- 2.3.2 Food Preservatives -- 2.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Antioxidant Biosurfactants -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1 Plant-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.1.1 Saponins -- Structure, Properties, and Types of Saponins -- Saponins as a Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2 Microbe-Based Biosurfactants -- 3.2.2.1 Types of Microbial Surfactants -- Glycolipids -- Rhamnolipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Succinoyl Trehalolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipids -- Xylolipids -- Mannose Lipids -- Lipopeptides or Lipoprotein -- Bacillus-Related Lipopeptides -- Surfactin -- Fengycin -- Iturin -- Kurstakins -- Lichenysins -- Pseudomonas-Related Lipopeptides -- Actinomycetes-Related lipopeptides -- Fungal-Related Lipopeptides -- Phospholipids, Fatty Acids (Mycolic Acids), and Neutral Lipids -- Polymeric Surfactants -- Particulate Surfactants -- 3.3 Factors Affecting Biosurfactant Production -- 3.3.1 pH and Temperature -- 3.3.2 Aeration and Agitation -- 3.3.3 Effect of Salt Salinity -- 3.3.4 Optimization of Cultivation Medium -- 3.3.4.1 Effect of Carbon Source -- 3.3.4.2 Effect of Nitrogen Source. , 3.3.4.3 Effect of Carbon to Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 3.4 Screening of Microorganisms for Biosurfactant Production -- 3.4.1 Oil Spreading Assay -- 3.4.2 Drop Collapse Assay -- 3.4.3 Blood Agar Method/Hemolysis Assay -- 3.4.4 Hydrocarbon Overlay Agar -- 3.4.5 Bacterial Adhesion to Hydrocarbon (BATH) Assay -- 3.4.6 CTAB Agar Plate Method/Blue Agar Assay -- 3.4.7 Phenol: Sulfuric Acid Method -- 3.4.8 Microplate Assay -- 3.4.9 Penetration Assay -- 3.4.10 Surface/Interface Activity -- 3.4.11 Emulsification Activity -- 3.5 Antioxidant Properties of Biosurfactant -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- 4: Classification and Production of Microbial Surfactants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Global Biosurfactant Market -- 4.2 Types of Biosurfactants -- 4.2.1 Glycolipids -- 4.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 4.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 4.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 4.2.2 Lipoproteins and Lipopeptides -- 4.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 4.2.4 Phospholipids -- 4.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 4.3 Factors Influencing Biosurfactant Productivity -- 4.3.1 Nutritional Factors -- 4.3.1.1 Carbon Source -- 4.3.1.2 Low-Cost and Waste Substrates -- 4.3.1.3 Nitrogen Source -- 4.3.1.4 Minerals -- 4.3.2 Environmental Factors -- 4.3.3 Cultivation Strategy -- 4.3.3.1 Solid-State Fermentation (SSF) -- 4.3.3.2 Submerged Fermentations (SmF) -- References -- 5: Microbial Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications: An Overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Classes of Biosurfactants -- 5.2.1 Glycolipids -- 5.2.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- 5.2.3 Lipopeptides and Lipoproteins -- 5.2.4 Phospholipids -- 5.2.5 Fatty Acids -- 5.3 Microbial Production of Biosurfactants -- 5.4 Genes Involved in the Production of Microbial Biosurfactants -- 5.5 Applications -- 5.5.1 In Petroleum Industry -- 5.5.1.1 Mechanism of MEOR -- 5.5.2 Biosurfactant-Mediated Bioremediation -- 5.5.3 In Food Industry -- 5.5.4 In Agriculture. , 5.5.5 In Cosmetics -- 5.5.6 Biosurfactant in Nanotechnology -- 5.5.7 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 5.5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants -- 5.5.9 Biosurfactant as Anti-Adhesive Agent -- 5.5.10 In Fabric Washing -- 5.6 Conclusions -- References -- 6: Biodegradation of Hydrophobic Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Health Related to PAHs -- 6.2.1 Consequences of Consistent of PAH Exposure by Human -- 6.2.2 Problems Associated with PAHs Via Cytochrome P450 -- 6.3 Biodegradation of PAHs -- 6.3.1 Challenges of Limited Aqueous Solubility in Water -- 6.3.2 Biodegradation Pathway of PAHs -- 6.3.2.1 Naphthalene -- 6.3.2.2 Pyrene -- 6.3.2.3 Fluoranthene -- 6.4 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1 Biosurfactants -- 6.4.1.1 Glycolipid -- Rhamnolipids -- Cellobiose Lipids -- Sophorolipids -- Trehalolipids -- Mannosylerythritol Lipid -- 6.4.1.2 Lipopeptides -- 6.4.1.3 Phospholipids -- 6.4.2 Polymeric Biosurfactants -- 6.5 Enhanced Biodegradation of PAHs by Biosurfactant -- 6.5.1 Biodegradation in Micelles -- 6.5.2 Biosurfactant Acting as Bioemulsifier -- 6.6 Conclusions -- References -- 7: Surfactin: A Biosurfactant Against Breast Cancer -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biosurfactants and Its Types -- 7.2.1 Glycolipids -- 7.2.1.1 Rhamnolipids -- 7.2.1.2 Sophorolipids -- 7.2.1.3 Trehalolipids -- 7.2.2 Lipopeptides -- 7.2.3 Fatty Acids -- 7.2.4 Phospholipids -- 7.2.5 Polymeric Biosurfactant -- 7.3 Surfactin: Structure, Membrane Interaction, Biosynthesis, and Regulation -- 7.3.1 Structure -- 7.3.2 Membrane Interaction -- 7.3.3 Biosynthesis -- 7.3.4 Regulation -- 7.4 Surfactin and Breast Cancer -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8: Anti-Cancer Biosurfactants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Biosurfactants Classification and Structure -- 8.2.1 Mannosylerythritol Lipids (MELs) -- 8.2.2 Succinoyl Trehalose Lipids (STLs) -- 8.2.3 Sophorolipids. , 8.2.4 Rhamnolipids (RLs) -- 8.2.5 Myrmekiosides -- 8.2.6 Cyclic Lipopeptides (CLPs) -- 8.2.6.1 Amphisin, Tolaasin, and Syringomycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.2 Iturin and fengycin CLPs -- 8.2.6.3 Surfactin CLP -- 8.2.7 Rakicidns and Apratoxins -- 8.2.8 Serrawettins -- 8.2.9 Monoolein -- 8.2.10 Fellutamides -- 8.3 Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1 Factors Involved in Biosurfactants Production -- 8.3.1.1 Source of Carbon -- 8.3.1.2 Source of Nitrogen -- 8.3.1.3 Effect of Ions -- 8.3.1.4 Physical Factors -- 8.4 Anti-Cancer Activity of Biosurfactants -- 8.4.1 Breast Cancer -- 8.4.2 Lung Cancer -- 8.4.3 Leukemia -- 8.4.4 Melanoma -- 8.4.5 Colon Cancer -- 8.5 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery System (DDS) -- 8.5.1 Liposomes -- 8.5.2 Niosomes -- 8.5.3 Nanoparticles -- 8.6 Conclusions and Future Challenges -- References -- 9: Biosurfactants for Oil Pollution Remediation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Oil Pollution and Its Remediation -- 9.2.1 Oil Pollution -- 9.2.2 Oil Remediation in Polluted Environments -- 9.3 Biosurfactants -- 9.3.1 Synthesis of Biosurfactants -- 9.3.2 Biosurfactant Role in Oil Degradation -- 9.4 Application of Biosurfactants Used for Oil Remediation -- 9.4.1 Oil-Polluted Soil Bioremediation -- 9.4.2 Bioremediation of Marine Oil Spills and Petroleum Contamination -- 9.4.3 Cleaning of Oil Tanks and Pipelines -- 9.4.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals and Toxic Pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10: Potential Applications of Anti-Adhesive Biosurfactants -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Biosurfactants That Display Anti-Adhesive Activity -- 10.3 Biofilms and the Adhesion Process: Mechanisms and Effects -- 10.4 Applications of Biosurfactants as Anti-Adhesive Agents -- 10.4.1 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Biomedical Field -- 10.4.2 Anti-Adhesive Applications in the Food Industry Surfaces -- 10.5 Future Trends and Conclusions -- References. , 11: Applications of Biosurfactant for Microbial Bioenergy/Value-Added Bio-Metabolite Recovery from Waste Activated Sludge -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Applications of Surfactants for Value-Added Bio-Metabolites Recovery from WAS -- 11.3 Applications of Surfactants for Energy Recovery from WAS -- 11.4 Applications of Surfactants for Refractory Organic Decontamination from WAS -- 11.4.1 PAHs Decontamination -- 11.4.2 Dye Decontamination -- 11.4.3 PCB Decontamination -- 11.5 Applications of Surfactants for WAS Dewatering -- 11.6 Applications of Surfactants for Heavy Metal Removal from WAS -- 11.7 State-of-the-Art Processes to Promote Organics Biotransformation from WAS -- 11.7.1 Co-Pretreatment -- 11.7.2 Interfacing AD with Bioelectrochemical Systems -- 11.7.3 Optimizing Process Conditions -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12: Application of Microbial Biosurfactants in the Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mechanism of Interaction of Biosurfactants -- 12.3 Physiochemical Properties -- 12.3.1 Surface Tension -- 12.3.2 Biosurfactant and Self-Assembly -- 12.3.3 Emulsification Activity -- 12.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.4.1 Biosurfactant as an Antitumor/AntiCancer Agent -- 12.4.2 Biosurfactants as Drug Delivery Agents -- 12.4.3 Wound Healing and Dermatological Applications -- 12.4.4 Potential Antimicrobial Application -- 12.4.5 Other Applications in the Pharmaceutical Field -- 12.5 Applications of Surfactin in Pharmaceutical Industry -- 12.6 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 13: Antibacterial Biosurfactants -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Glycolipids -- 13.2.1 Rhamnolipids -- 13.2.2 Sophorolipids -- 13.2.3 Trehalose Lipids -- 13.3 Lipopeptides -- 13.4 Phospholipids -- 13.5 Antibacterial Activity -- 13.6 Polymeric Surfactants -- 13.7 Fatty Acids -- 13.7.1 Bio-Sources of Fatty Acids. , 13.7.2 Role of Fatty Acids as Antimicrobials.