Anmerkung: Intro -- Nano Hybrids and Composites Vol. 20 -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- WO3-TiO2 Nanocomposite and its Applications: A Review -- Nanocomposites in Controlled & -- Targeted Drug Delivery Systems -- Nanocomposites of Chalcogenide and their Applications -- Nanocomposites: Recent Trends and Engineering Applications -- Role of Nanocomposites in Agriculture -- Nanocomposite for Solar Energy Application -- Fabrication of Gelatin-Zr (IV) Phosphate and Alginate-Zr (IV) Phosphate Nanocomposite Based Ion Selective Membrane Electrode -- Development and Physico-Chemical Characterization of Conducting Polymeric Zirconium Based Advanced Nanocomposite Ion-Exchangers for Environmental Remediation -- Magnetic Nano-Сomposites and their Industrial Applications -- Keyword Index -- Author Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Graphene and Graphene/TiO2 Nanocomposites for Renewable Dye Sensitized Solar Cells -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical overview of DSSCs -- 2.1 Material Selection for DSSCs -- 3. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) -- 3.1 Electronic properties of rGO based bilayer systems -- 3.2 Thermal conductivity of rGO -- 3.3 Optical properties of rGO -- 3.4 Electrochemical performance of rGO -- 4. TiO2-rGO NC material -- 4.1 TiO2-rGO NC material's properties -- 4.2 Formation mechanism of TiO2-rGO NC material -- 4.4 Preparation of TiO2-rGO NC -- 4.4.1 Sol-Gel synthesis -- 4.4.2 Solution mixing synthesis -- 4.4.3 In-Situ growth synthesis -- 5. Conclusion -- 6. Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 -- Carbon Based Nanomaterials for Energy Storage -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbonaceous nanomaterials -- 2.1 Origin -- 2.2 Fullerenes -- 2.3 Carbon nanotubes -- 2.4 Graphene -- 2.5 Nitrogen doped carbon nanomaterial -- 2.6 Carbon gels -- 3. Energy storage system -- 3.1 Electrochemical storage system -- 3.1.1 Binder free electrodes -- 3.1.2 Super capacitors -- 3.1.3 Lithium-ion batteries -- 3.2 Nanomaterials as electrodes -- 3.3 Hydrogen storage system -- 3.4 Thermal energy storage -- 3.5 Nanomaterials as Fuel cells -- 3.6 Capture of carbondioxide and methane -- 4. Conclusion and future development -- References -- 3 -- Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Capped Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes and their Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and method -- 2.1 CNT -- 2.2 Polymer -- 2.3 Simulation strategy -- 3. Total potential energies and inter-atomic forces -- 4. Stiffness of SWCNTs -- 4.1 Modeling of SWCNTs -- 4.2 Geometry optimization -- 4.3 Dynamics -- 4.4 Mechanical properties -- 5. Results and discussion -- 6. Polymer/CNT Composites -- 6.1 Molecular model of polymer matrix -- 6.2 Elastic moduli of polymer. , 6.3 PMMA/CNT composite system -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 4 -- Fullerenes and its Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fullerenes -- 2.1 Types of fullerenes -- 2.1.1 Nanotubes -- 2.1.2 Mega tubes -- 2.1.3 Bucky ball clusters -- 2.1.4 Polymers -- 2.1.5 Nano onion -- 2.1.6 Linked "ball and chain" dimers -- 3. Structure of fullerene -- 3.1 Bucky ball structure -- 3.2 Cylindrical structure -- 4. Synthesis -- 4.1 Arc discharge vaporization of graphite -- 4.2 Low - pressure Benzene/Oxygen diffusion flame method -- 4.3 Combustion process -- 4.4 Laser ablation -- 4.5 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) -- 4.6 Chemical synthesis of fullerene -- 5. Properties -- 5.1 Physical properties -- 5.2 Size -- 5.3 Solubility -- 5.4 Chemical properties -- 5.5 Optical properties -- 5.6 Mechanical properties -- 5.7 Vibrational properties -- 5.8 Electrical properties -- 5.9 Magnetic properties -- 5.10 Lubricating properties -- 6. Composites of fullerenes -- 7. Applications -- 7.1 Fullerenes as wires -- 7.2 Medicinal applications -- 7.3 Fullerenes in organo photovoltaics -- 7.4 Fullerenes as hydrogen gas storage -- 7.5 Fullerenes as sensors -- Conclusion -- References -- 5 -- Graphene Oxide Composites and their Potential Applications -- 1. Supercapacitors or electrochemical capacitors -- 2. Lithium-ion batteries -- 3. Glucose sensors -- 4. H2O2 sensors -- 5. Photodegradation of organic pollutants -- 6. Cancer therapy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment: -- List of Abbreviations -- References -- 6 -- Bioceramics, Carbonaceous Composite and its Biomedical Applications -- 1. Introduction (Types of implant materials) -- 1.1 Stainless Steel -- 1.2 Cobalt-Chromium Alloys -- 1.3 Titanium Alloys -- 1.4 Commercially Pure Titanium (CP Ti) -- 1.5 Tantalum -- 1.6 Ultra High Molecular Weight Polyethylene (UHMWPE) -- 1.7 Ceramics -- 1.8 Composite Materials -- 1.9 Trabecular Metal. , 1.10 Bioabsorbable Materials -- 1.11 Silicone -- 2. Features of an ideal medical implants material -- 3. History of bioceramics origin -- 4. Bioceramics and its early uses -- 5. Overview of bioceramics applications -- 6. Subdivision of bioceramics -- 6.1 Bioinert -- 6.1.1 Alumina (Al2O3) -- 6.1.2 Zirconia (ZrO2) -- 6.2 Bioactive -- 6.2.1 Synthetic hydroxyapatite [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2] -- 6.2.3 Bioactive glass (e.g. 45S5 Bioglass) -- 6.2.4 Apatite-wollastonite (A-W) glass-ceramic -- 6.3 Bioresorbable -- 6.4 Porous ceramics -- 7. Ceramic Materials for Artificial Joints -- 8. Coatings for medical implants -- 8.1 Carbon coating -- 8.2 Hydroxyapatite coating -- 9. Failure of metals used for biomedical devices -- 9.1 Corrosion -- 9.2 Fatigue and fracture -- 9.3 Wear -- 9.4 Metal ions release -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 -- Purification of Industrial Effluent by Ultrafiltration Ceramic Membrane based on Natural Clays and Starch Powder -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Characterization of the starting materials -- 2.1 Chemical composition of the powder -- 2.2 Particle size distribution (PSD) of the kaolin powder used in the tubular support elaboration -- 2.3 Phase identification -- 2.4 Thermal analysis -- 3. Support elaboration and characterization -- 3.1 Tubular porous support elaboration -- 3.2 Support characterization -- 4. Ultrafiltration layer deposition and characterization -- 4.1 Ultrafiltration layer deposition -- 4.2 Characterization of the slip -- 4.3 Membrane characterization -- 4.3.1 SEM analysis and pore size distribution -- 4.3.2 Water permeability -- 5. Application to the treatment of the industrial wastewater -- 5.1 Wastewater characteristics -- 5.2 Ultrafiltration treatment -- 5.3 Wastewater characterization -- 5.4 Membrane regeneration -- Conclusion -- References -- 8 -- Environmental Detoxification Using Carbonaceous Composites. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Carbon based materials -- 2.1 Fullerenes -- 2.2 Carbon Nanotubes -- 2.3 Graphene based material -- 3. Engineered carbon nanomaterials (ECNM) -- 4. Removal of ionic pollutants -- 5. Removal of organic pollutants -- 6. Removal of air pollution -- 7. Properties -- 8. Photocatalysis and sorbents -- 9. Carbonaceous nanomaterials as sorbents -- 10. Composite filters -- 11. Renewable energy -- 12. Antimicrobials agents -- 13. Sensor based on carbon nanomaterials -- Conclusion -- References -- 9 -- Recent Innovation and Advances in Utilization of Graphene Oxide Based Photocatalysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Graphene oxide (GO) -- 2.1 Synthesis of GO from graphite powder/flakes -- 3. Reduced graphene oxide (RGO) -- 3.1 RGO synthesis -- 3.2 Thermal reduction -- 3.3 Chemical reduction -- 3.4 Photoreduction of GO -- 3.5 Solvothermal method -- 3.6 Green reduction strategies -- 4. Chemical modification or functionalization -- 5. Utilization and application of GO and RGO -- 5.1 Role in photocatalysis -- 5.2 Role of GO/RGO in the photocatalytic hydrogen generation and oxidation reduction processes -- 6. Mode of biomedical application -- 7. Future perspective and exploration -- 8. Conclusion -- References -- 10 -- A Critical Review on Spectroscopic Characterization of Sustainable Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nano Fillers -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Carbon nano-fillers -- 1.2 Polymer nanocomposites -- 2. Characterization of nanomaterials -- 2.1 X-ray diffraction -- 2.2 Raman spectroscopy -- 2.3 Scanning tunneling microscopy and transmission electron microscopy -- 2.3.1 Principle of scanning tunneling microscopy -- 2.3.2 Transmission electron microscopy -- 2.3.3 Examples of STM and TEM -- 2.4 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy -- 2.4.1 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. , 2.4.2 Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- 2.4.3 Examples of measurements of XPS and FTIR -- 2.5 UV-Visible spectroscopy -- 2.6 Other techniques -- 3. Future trend -- Conclusions -- References -- 11 -- Biochar and its Composites -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biochar structure and composition -- 3. Biomass conversion methodology -- 4. Biochar production -- 4.1 Pyrolysis -- 4.2.1 Materials required for pyrolysis process -- 4.2.2 Working principle -- 4.2.3 Factors influencing the process of pyrolysis -- 4.3 Biomass gasification -- 4.3 Hydrothermal carbonisation -- 5. Biochar characterization -- 5.1 Physical characterization -- 5.2 Chemical characterization -- 6. Biochar composites -- 7. Environmental impacts of biochar -- 8. Applications -- 8.1 Biochar as sorbents -- 8.2 Biochar in agriculture -- 8.3 Carbon sequestration -- Conclusion -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index.

Anmerkung: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Chapter 1 -- Biopolymers in Devices for Environmental Monitoring and Protection -- Abstract -- 1. Materials for Electronics and Photonics -- 1.1. Substrates and Insulators -- 1.2. Semi-Conductors -- 1.3. Conductors -- 1.4. Photonic Materials -- 2. Materials with Envisaged Use Both in Electronics and Photonics -- 3. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Preparing Components for RES and Batteries -- 3.1. membranes for Fuel Cells -- 3.2. solid Polymer Electrolyte System for Rechargeable Batteries -- 3.3. materials for Solar Cells Application -- 4. Biopolymer-Based Materials for Environment Monitoring Sensors -- 4.1. Chitosan -- 4.2. Other Polysaccharides -- 4.3. deoxyribonucleic Acid -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Biopolymers for in Vivo and in Vitro Controlled Drug Delivery -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Modification of Biopolymers -- 1.2. Modification of Chitosan -- 1.3. Modification of Alginate -- 1.3.1. Graft Polymerisation of Alginates -- 1.3.2. Acetylation of Alginates -- 1.3.3. Sulfation of Alginates -- 1.3.4. Phosphorylation of Alginates -- 1.3.5. Hydrophobic Modification of Alginates -- 1.3.6. Covalent Cross Linking of Alginates -- 1.3.7. Modification by Cell Signalling Molecule -- 1.3.8. Modification of Gelation -- 1.4. Application of Biopolymer -- 1.5. Application of Chitosan -- 1.6. Application of Alginate -- 1.7. Application of Gelatin -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Removal of Heavy Metal Ions by Adsorption through Biopolymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effect of Different Heavy Metals on Environment -- 2.1. Copper -- 2.2. Cadmium -- 2.3. Lead -- 2.4. Arsenic -- 2.5. Mercury -- 3. Different Methods Used for the Removal of Heavy Metals -- 3.1. Chemical Precipitation -- 3.2. Solvent Extraction -- 3.3. Coagulation-Flocculation -- 3.4. Reverse Osmosis. , 3.5. Evaporation -- 3.6. Ultrafiltration -- 3.7. Electrodialysis -- 3.8. Flotation -- 3.9. Ion Exchange -- 3.10. Adsorption -- 3.11. Bioadsorption -- 3.11.1. Seaweeds -- 3.11.2. Alginate -- 3.11.3. Chitin and Chitosan -- 3.11.4. Chitosan/a-Alumina Composite -- 3.11.5. Manganese Copper Ferrite/Polymer (AA, MA, VA) Composite -- 3.11.6. Gum Tragacanth Based Biopolymer -- Concluding Remarks and Future Scope -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Biopolymer Drived Hydrogels and Their Diverse Applications: A Review -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Classification of Hydrogel Products -- 1.1.1. Classification Based on Source -- 1.1.2. Classification According to Polymeric Composition -- 1.1.3. Classification Based on Configuration -- 1.1.4. Classification Based on Type of Cross-Linking -- 1.1.5. Classification Based on Physical Appearance -- 1.1.6. Classification According to Network Electrical Charge -- 1.2. Hydrogel Product Sensitive to Environmental Conditions -- 1.3. Utilization of Hydrogel Products -- 1.4. Preparation of Hydrogels -- 1.4.1. Use of Crosslinkers -- 1.4.2. Use of Gelling Agent -- 1.4.3. Use of Irradiation and Freeze Thawing -- 1.4.4. Synthesis of Hydrogel in Industry -- 2. Characterization -- 2.1. Solubility -- 2.1.1. Method A -- 2.1.2. Method B -- 2.2. Swelling Measurement -- 2.2.1. Method A -- 2.2.2. Method B -- 2.2.3. Method C -- 2.3. FTIR -- 2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- 2.5. Light Scattering -- 2.6. Other Techniques -- 3. Application of Hydrogels -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Waste Derived Biochar Based Bio Nanocomposties: Recent Progress in Utilization and Innovations -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Biochar -- 1.2. Magnetic Biochar -- 2. Production of Biochar -- 2.1. From Agricultural Wastes -- 2.2. From Industrial Waste -- 2.3. From Household Waste -- 3. Modification of Biochar. , 3.1. Chemical Modification -- 3.2. Physical Modification -- 3.3. Slow Pyrolysis -- 3.4. Fast Pyrolysis -- 3.5. Gasification -- 4. Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar Based Material -- 4.1. In-situ Synthesis -- 4.2. Impregnation -- 4.3. Coating -- 5. Application as Adsorbent -- 5.1. Removal of Heavy Metals: Effects of Functional Groups and Mechanism -- 5.2. Removal of Dyes and Organic Pollutants: Factors and Mechanisms -- 6. Soil Enrichment and Detoxification -- 7. Porosity and Surface Area -- 8. Cation Exchange Capacity -- 9. Other Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Biodegradable Polymers -- 1.2. Naturally Occurring Biodegradable Polymers -- 1.2.1. Starch -- 1.2.2. Cellulose -- 1.2.3. Pectin -- 1.2.4. Chitosan -- 1.2.5. Guar Gum -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Progress from Composite Materials to Biocomposite Materials and Their Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classification of Composite Materials -- 2.1. Organic Matrix Composites (OMCs) -- 2.1.1. Polymer Matrix Composites (PMCs) -- 2.1.2. Carbon Carbon Composites -- 2.2. Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) -- 2.3. Ceramic Matrix Composites (CMCs) -- 2.3.1. Fibre Reinforced Composites (FRCs) -- 2.3.2. Laminar Composites -- 2.3.3. Particulate Composites -- 3. Biopolymer Based Composites -- 3.1. Starch Based Biocomposites -- 3.2. Pectin Based Biocomposites -- 3.3. Cellulose Based Biocomposites -- 3.4. Chitosan Based Biocomposites -- 3.5. Guargum Based Biocomposites -- 4. Applications of Biocomposite Materials -- 4.1. Environmental Protection -- 4.2. Optical Applications -- 4.3. Magnetic Applications -- 4.4. Biomedical Applications -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8. , Biological Traits of Nanocomposites: Nanofertilizers, Nanopesticides, Anticancer and Antimicrobials -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Nanocomposites and Their Antimicrobial Activity -- Chitosan/Ag Nanocomposites -- Polyacrylic Acid/Silver Nanocomposite Hydrogels -- Polyaniline/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Ag Nanocomposites -- Copper-Polymer Nanocomposites -- Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent -- Nanocomposite as a Potential Anticancer Agent -- Nanofertilizers and Nanopesticides -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Biobased-Nanocomposites for Food Packaging Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymers -- 2.1. Polysaccharide Films -- 2.1.1. Applications of Polysaccharide Films -- 2.2. Protein Films -- 2.2.1. Applications of Protein-Based Films -- 3. Modification of Biopolymer Films towards Better Properties -- 3.1. Biopolymer Based Nanocomposites -- 3.1.1. Properties of Bio- Nanocomposite Films -- 3.1.1.1. Antimicrobial ability -- 3.1.1.2. Oxygen Inhibitors -- 4. Food Packaging Applications -- 5. Impression on Human Health -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Natural Fibre Reinforced Biodegradable Composite Materials -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural Fibres -- 2.1. Classification of Natural Fibres -- 2.1.1. Animal Fibres -- 2.1.2. Mineral Fibres -- 2.1.3. Plant Fibres -- 2.2. Composition of Natural Fibres -- 2.3. Advantages of Natural Fibre -- 2.4. Limitations of Natural Fibres -- 2.5. Surface Modification of Natural Fibres -- 2.5.1. Graft Copolymerization -- 2.5.2. Chemical Methods -- 2.5.2.1. Alkaline Treatment -- 2.5.2.2. BenzoylationTreatment -- 2.5.2.3. SilaneTreatment -- 2.5.2.4. Acetylation Treatment -- 2.5.2.5. Isocyanate Treatment -- 2.5.2.6. Sodium Chlorite Treatment -- 2.5.2.7. Maleated Coupling Agents -- 2.5.2.8. Permanganate Treatment -- 2.5.2.9. Peroxide Treatment -- 3. Biodegradable Polymeric Materials. , 4. Natural Fibre Reinforced Biopolymer Based Composites -- References -- Chapter 11 -- Bio-Inspired Polymer Composites: Robust Biomedical Application Podium -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymer Oriented Smart Drug Delivery Systems -- 3. Biopolymer-Nanocomposites for Drug Delivery -- 4. Situate Explicit or Selective Targeting -- 5. Biopolymer Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 6. Magnetic Nanoferrites Based Hyperthermia -- 6.1. Nanoferrites as Fascinating Carrier for Targeted Drug Delivery -- 6.2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging -- 6.3. Functionalized Magnetic Nano-Ferrites in Bio-Sensing -- References -- Chapter 12 -- Biopolymer Modifications Using Ionic Liquids for Industrial and Environmental Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biopolymers -- Pectin -- Chitosan -- Xylan -- Galactoglucomannan -- Lignin -- 3. Modification of Biopolymers -- Plasticization -- Physical blending -- 4. Need for Modification of Biopolymers -- 5. Ionic Liquids Modified Biopolymers -- Modification Types of Ionic Liquids -- Modification of Cellulose in Ionic Liquids -- Modification of Chitosan in Ionic Liquids -- 6. Synthetic Approaches of Modified Biopolymers -- Synthetic Approaches for Polymer-Protein Hybrid Structures -- 7. Applications of Biopolymers -- Medical Applications -- Agricultural Applications -- Packaging -- Cellulose-Based Packaging Materials -- Food Industry -- Environmental Applications -- 8. Environmental Benefits of Biopolymers -- Conclusion -- References -- Editor Contact Information -- Index -- Blank Page.