Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Biomass-Derived Polyurethanes for Sustainable Future -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Chemicals for Preparation of Polyurethanes -- 1.2 Importance of Green Chemicals and Synthesis Methods -- 1.3 Characteristics of Biomaterials for Polyurethanes -- 2 Bio-Oils as a Renewable Resource for Polyurethanes -- 2.1 Epoxidation and Ring-Opening Reactions -- 2.2 Hydroformation and Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Ozonolysis -- 2.4 Thiol-Ene Reaction -- 2.5 Transesterification Reaction -- 3 Terpenes as Green Starting Chemicals for Polyurethanes -- 4 Lignin for Green Polymers -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Mechanochemistry: A Power Tool for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Mechanochemistry -- 3 Principles of Mechanochemistry -- 3.1 Mechanisms and Kinetics of Mechanochemistry -- 3.2 Effects of Reaction Parameters -- 4 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Materials -- 4.1 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Co-crystals -- 4.2 Mechanochemistry in Inorganic Synthesis -- 4.3 Mechanochemistry in Organic Synthesis -- 4.4 Mechanochemistry in Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 4.5 Mechanochemistry in Porous Organic Materials (POMs) -- 4.6 Mechanochemical Synthesis of Polymers -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Future Trends in Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Chemistry Metrics -- 2.1 Atom Economy (AE) -- 2.2 Environmental Factor (E Factor) -- 2.3 Process Mass Intensity (PMI) -- 2.4 Reaction Mass Efficiency (RME) -- 3 Application of Green Concept in Synthesis -- 3.1 Solvent-Based Organic Synthesis -- 3.2 Aqueous Medium -- 3.2.1 Micellar Media -- 3.2.2 Different Non-Aqueous Media -- Ionic Liquids -- Fluorous Media -- Supercritical Fluid -- Solvent-Free Synthesis -- 4 Future Trends -- References -- 4 Plant-Mediated Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Biosynthesis -- 3 Green Biosynthesis of Metallic NPs -- 3.1 Gold Nanoparticles -- 3.2 Platinum Nanoparticles -- 3.3 Silver Nanoparticles -- 3.4 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles -- 3.5 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles -- 4 Different Parts Used for the Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Fruit -- 4.2 Stem -- 4.3 Seeds -- 4.4 Flowers -- 4.5 Leaves -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 5 Green Synthesis of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Advantages of Green Synthesis Methods -- 3 Green Synthesis Methods for Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 3.1 Biological Methods -- 3.1.1 Using Microorganism -- Microorganisms as Reactant -- Microorganism as Template -- 3.1.2 Using Plant -- Plant as Reactant -- Plant as Template -- 3.1.3 Using Other Green Templates -- 3.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 3.2.1 Green Techniques -- 3.2.2 Green Reagents -- 3.2.3 Green Solvents -- 4 Growth Mechanism of Metal and Metal Oxide HSNs -- 4.1 Biological Method -- 4.1.1 Biomolecules as Reagents -- 4.1.2 Biomolecules as Templates -- 4.2 Physical and Chemical Methods -- 5 Applications of Hierarchically Structured Metal and Metal Oxide Nanomaterials -- 5.1 Biomedical Application -- 5.2 Environmental Remediation -- 5.2.1 Wastewater Treatment -- 5.2.2 Energy Storage -- 5.2.3 Sensing -- 6 Present Challenges and Future Prospect -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 6 Bioprivileged Molecules -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Four Carbon 1,4-Diacids -- 2.1 Succinic Acid -- 2.2 Fumaric Acid -- 2.3 Malic Acid -- 3 Furan 2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) -- 4 3-Hydroxypropionic Acid (3-HPA) -- 5 Glucaric Acid -- 6 Glycerol -- 7 Aspartic Acid -- 8 Itaconic Acid -- 9 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone -- 10 Sorbitol -- 11 Xylitol -- 12 Glutamic Acid -- 13 Levulinic Acid. , 14 Emerging Molecules -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Membrane Reactors for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemical Reaction Enzymatic MR Using Supercritical CO2-IL -- 2.1 Ionic Liquid Media Effect on Free CLAB -- 2.2 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes SC-CO2 and SC-CO2/IL -- 2.3 Butyl Propionate Synthesis Using Active Membranes in Hexane/IL -- 3 Mixed Ionic Electronic MR -- 3.1 Methane Flow Rate and Concentration Effects on Side II of Membrane -- 3.2 Steam Flow Effect on Side I of Membrane -- 3.3 Temperature Effect -- 4 Green Synthesis of Methanol in a Membrane Reactor -- 5 Green Fuel Energy -- 5.1 Green H2 Energy -- 5.2 Biofuel Energy -- 5.3 Green Fuel Additive -- 6 Biocatalyst Membrane Reactors -- 7 Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- 8 Application of Membrane in Reaction Engineering for Green Synthesis -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Membrane Reactors in Reaction Engineering -- 2.1 Syngas Production -- 2.2 Hydrogen Production -- 2.3 CO2 Thermal Decomposition -- 2.4 Higher Hydrocarbon Production -- 2.5 Methane Production -- 2.6 Ammonia Production -- 3 Environmental Impacts -- 4 Conclusions and Future Recommendations -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Photo-Enzymatic Green Synthesis: The Potential of Combining Photo-Catalysis and Enzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Principle -- 3 Enzymes Involved in Light-Driven Catalysis -- 3.1 Heme-Containing Enzymes -- 3.1.1 Cytochrome P450 -- 3.1.2 Peroxidases -- 3.2 Flavin-Based Enzyme -- 3.2.1 Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenases -- 3.2.2 Old Yellow Enzymes -- 3.3 Metal Cluster-Centered Enzyme -- 3.3.1 Hydrogenases -- 3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenases -- 4 Nanoparticle-Based Activation of Enzyme -- 5 Applications in Photo-Biocatalysis -- 5.1 Isolated Enzymes/Cell Lysates -- 6 Summary and Future Scope -- References. , 10 Biomass-Derived Carbons and Their Energy Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Types of Biomass Materials -- 2.1 Plant-Based Carbons -- 2.2 Fruit-Based Carbons -- 2.3 Animal-Based Carbons -- 2.4 Microorganism-Based Carbons -- 3 Activation of Biomass-Derived Carbons -- 3.1 Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.1 Chemical Activation of Carbons -- 3.1.2 Carbon Activation Through Physical Method -- 3.1.3 Self-activation of Carbons -- 3.2 Pyrolysis Techniques -- 3.2.1 Effect of Temperature -- 3.2.2 Effect of Residence Time -- 3.2.3 Heating Rate Effect -- 3.2.4 Size of the Particle -- 3.3 Microwave-Assisted Technique -- 3.4 Carbonization by Hydrothermal -- 3.5 Ionothermal Carbonization -- 3.6 Template Method -- 4 Energy Storage Applications of Biomass Carbons -- 4.1 Supercapacitors -- 4.2 Li/Na-Ion Batteries -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 Green Synthesis of Nanomaterials via Electrochemical Method -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Green Synthesis -- 2.1 Application of Biology in Green Synthesis -- 2.2 Green Synthesis Based on the Application of Solvent -- 3 Computational Data and Analysis -- 4 Electrochemical Method -- 5 Electrodeposition Method -- 5.1 Experimental Setup for Electrodeposition -- 6 Research Work: Using Green Electrochemical Methods for Nanomaterials Synthesis -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine Class of Bio-heterocycles: Green Avenues and Sustainable Developments -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [Abbreviated as 2-Aryl-IPs]. -- 2.1 Synthesis of Fused Bicyclic Heteroaryl Boronates and Imidazopyridine-Quinazoline Hybrids Under MW-irradiations -- 2.2 MW-Irradiated Synthesis of IPs Using Multi-Component Strategy Under Neat Conditions. , 2.3 One-Pot, Three-Component Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-H-Imidazo[1,2-α]pyridine Under MW-Irradiations -- 2.4 Microwave-Assisted Amine-Triggered Benzannulation Strategy for the Preparation of 2,8-Diaryl-6-Aminoimidazo-[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.5 MW-Assisted NaHCO3-catalyzed Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in PEG400 Media and Its Practical Application in the Synthesis of 2,3-Diaryl-IP Class of Bio-Heterocycles -- 2.6 MW-Irradiated, Ligand-Free, Palladium-Catalyzed, One-Pot 3-component Reaction for an Efficient Preparation of 2,3-Diarylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.7 MW-Assisted Water-PEG400-mediated Synthesis of 2-Phenyl-IP via Multi-Component Reaction (MCR) -- 2.8 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Under Neat, Catalyst-Free Conditions -- 2.9 Green Synthesis of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines in H2O -- 2.10 Microwave-Assisted Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]Pyridines -- 2.11 Microwave-Assisted Nano SiO2 Neat Synthesis of Substituted 2-Arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines -- 2.12 Microwave-Assisted NaHCO3-Catalyzed Synthesis of 2-phenyl-IPs -- 3 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of 3-amino-2-arylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines [3-amino-2-aryl-IPs] -- 3.1 Microwave-Irradiated Synthesis of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via Fluorous Multi-component Pathway -- 3.2 MW-Irradiated Synthetic Protocol for 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines via MCR Pathway -- 3.3 MW-Assisted Sequential Ugi/Strecker Reactions Involving 3-Center-4-Component and 3-Center-5-Component MCR Strategy -- 3.4 One-Pot, 4-component Cyclization/Suzuki Coupling Leading to the Rapid Formation of 2,6-Disubstituted-3-Amino-IPs Under Microwave Irradiations -- 3.5 ZnCl2-catalyzed MCR of 3-aminoimidazo[1,2-a]pyridines Using MW Conditions -- 3.6 Microwave-Promoted Preparation of N-(3-arylmethyl-2-oxo-2,3-dihydroimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-3-Yl)Benzamides. , 3.7 MW-Assisted Multi-component Neat Synthesis of Benzimidazolyl-Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- 1 Chemical Valorization of CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 CO2-Derived Fuels and Chemicals -- 2.1 Methane -- 2.2 Methanol -- 2.3 Dimethyl Ether -- 2.4 Formic Acid -- 2.5 Ethanol -- 2.6 CO2-Fischer-Tropsch Liquid Fuels -- 2.7 Carbon Monoxide-Syngas -- 3 CO2 Chemically Derived Materials -- 3.1 Polymers -- 3.2 CO2-Derived Building Materials -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 2 Progress in Catalysts for CO2 Reforming -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Technologies for Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide -- 3 Technologies for Using Carbon Dioxide -- 4 Methane Dry Reforming Process -- 4.1 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1928-1989) -- 4.2 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (1990-1999) -- 4.3 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2000-2009) -- 4.4 Progress in Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming (2010-2019) -- 4.5 Current Status in the Catalysts for Methane Dry Reforming -- 5 Dry Reforming of Other Compounds -- 6 Use of Steam or Oxygen in Dry Reforming of Methane and Other Compounds -- 7 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Fueled with Biogas -- 8 Commercialization of Dry Reforming Process -- 9 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Fuel Generation from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Approaches for Directly Converting CO2 to Fuels -- 2.1 Pure CO2 Decomposition Technology -- 2.2 Reagent-Based CO2 Conversion Technology -- 2.2.1 Dry Deformation of Methane Technology -- 2.2.2 Catalytic Hydrogenation of CO2 -- 3 Biological CO2 Fixation for Fuels -- 3.1 Thermochemical Conversion -- 3.1.1 Torrefaction -- 3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 3.1.3 Thermochemical Liquefaction -- 3.1.4 Gasification -- 3.1.5 Direct Combustion -- 3.2 Biochemical Conversion -- 3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 3.2.3 Biomethane -- 3.2.4 Biohydrogen -- 3.2.5 Bioelectricity -- 3.2.6 Volatile Organic Compounds. , 4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- References -- 4 Thermodynamics of CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Carbon Dioxide Capture -- 3 Carbon Dioxide Utilisations -- 4 Thermodynamic Considerations -- 5 Thermodynamics of CO2 -- 5.1 The Thermodynamic Attainable Region (AR) -- 5.2 Using Hess's Law to Transform the Extents to G-H AR @ 25˚C -- 5.3 Increasing Temperature on G-H AR -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Enzymatic CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 CO2 as a Greenhouse Gas -- 1.2 Carbon Capture, Storage, and Utilization -- 1.3 CO2 as a Chemical Feedstock -- 1.4 CO2 Conversion with Enzymes -- 2 Natural Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3 Enzymatic Conversion of CO2 in Cells -- 3.1 Conversion of CO2 by a Single Enzyme (in vitro) -- 3.1.1 Formate Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.2 Carbonic Anhydrase -- 3.1.3 Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase -- 3.1.4 Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RuBisCO) -- 3.2 Conversion of CO2 by a Multi-Enzyme Cascade in vitro -- 3.3 Other Ways (Photocatalytic CO2 Methanation) -- 4 Industrial Applications -- 4.1 Alcohols -- 4.2 Organic Acids -- 4.3 Terpenoids -- 4.4 Fatty Acids -- 4.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates -- 4.6 Calcium Carbonate -- 5 Summary and Future Prospects -- References -- 6 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Fundamentals of the Process -- 2.2 Variants of Electrochemical Conversion of CO2 -- 2.2.1 Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.2 Non-Aqueous Electrolytes -- 2.2.3 Solid Oxide Electrolytes -- 2.2.4 Molten Salt Electrolytes -- 3 Electrochemical CO2 Conversion from Molten Salts -- 3.1 Present State of Electrochemical Reduction of CO2in Molten Salts for the Production of Solid-Phase Carbonaceous Nanomaterials -- 3.2 Direct Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Chloride Melts. , 3.3 Indirect Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 in Molten Salts -- 3.4 The Mechanisms of Electrode Reactions Occurring at the Cathode and Anode -- 3.5 Prospects for CO2 Conversion in Molten Salts -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mediated Organic Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Applications of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide -- 2.1 Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.2 Asymmetric Hydrogenation Reactions -- 2.3 Diels-Alder Reaction -- 2.4 Coupling Reaction -- 2.5 Oxidation Reaction -- 2.6 Baeyer-Villiger Oxidation Reaction -- 2.7 Iodination Reaction -- 2.8 Polymerization Reaction -- 2.9 Carbonylation Reaction -- 2.9.1 Acetalization Reaction -- 2.9.2 Olefin Metathesis Reaction -- 2.9.3 Synthesis of heterocycles -- Synthesis of α-alkylidene Cyclic Carbonates -- Synthesis of 4-Methyleneoxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 5-Alkylidene-1, 3-Oxazolidin-2-Ones -- Synthesis of 6-Phenyl-3a, 4-Dihydro-1H-Cyclopenta[C]furan-5(3H)-One -- Synthesis of 3, 4, 5, 6-Tetraethyl-2H-Pyran-2-One -- 3 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Theoretical Approaches to CO2 Transformations -- Abstract -- 1 Carbon Dioxide Properties -- 2 CO2 Transformation as an Undeniable Necessity -- 3 CO2 Activation -- 3.1 Methodologies of CO2 Activation -- 4 Theoretical Insight of CO2 Transformation -- 4.1 The Theoretical Approach in CO2 Conversion to Value-Added Chemicals -- 4.1.1 Carbon Monoxide -- 4.1.2 Methane -- 4.1.3 Methanol -- 4.1.4 Formic Acid -- 4.1.5 Heterocycles -- Cyclic Carbonates -- Cyclic Carbamate -- Quiznazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-Dione -- 4.1.6 Summary and Outlook -- 5 Theoretical Designing of Novel Catalysts Based on DFT Studies -- 5.1 Theoretical Designing: Problems and Opportunities -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Methods -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of CO2. , 3 Thermo-Kinetics of CO2 Conversion -- 4 CO2 Conversion Methods and Products -- 4.1 Fischer-Tropsch Gas-to-Liquid (GTL) -- 4.2 Mineralization -- 4.3 Chemical Looping Dry Reforming -- 4.4 Enzymatic Conversion -- 4.5 Photocatalytic and Photo-Electrochemical Conversion -- 4.6 Thermo-Chemical Conversion -- 4.7 Hydrogenation -- 4.8 Reforming -- 5 Economic Assessment of CO2Alteration to Valuable Products -- 5.1 Syngas -- 5.2 Methanol -- 5.3 Formic Acid -- 5.4 Urea -- 5.5 Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) -- 6 Conclusions and Future Perspective -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Closing the Carbon Cycle -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods to Capture CO2 -- 3 CO2 Capture Technologies -- 4 CO2 Capture from the Air -- 5 Biomass and Waste-Based Chemicals -- 6 Advantages of Biomass-Based Chemicals -- 7 Replacement of Carbon-Based Energy Resources -- 8 Biomass Energy -- 9 Wind Energy -- 10 Solar Energy -- 11 Ocean Energy -- 12 Geothermal Energy -- 13 Hydrothermal Energy -- 14 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Utilization to Energy and Fuel: Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrothermal CO2 Conversion -- 2.1 Metals and Catalysts as Reductant -- 2.2 Organic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.3 Inorganic Wastes as Reductant -- 2.4 Biomass as Reductant -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex for CO2 Sequestration -- 1 Introduction -- 2 An Overview of Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) -- 3 Mechanism of Action for Biocarbonate Formation -- 4 Historical Background of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 5 Sources of Carbonic Anhydrase -- 6 Carbonic Anhydrase in Microorganism -- 6.1 Micrococcus Lylae, Micrococcus Luteus, and Pseudomonas Fragi -- 6.2 Bacillus Subtilis and Citrobacter Freundii -- 6.3 Neisseria Gonorrhoeae -- 6.4 Helicobacter Pylori -- 7 Plant Carbonic Anhydrase -- 8 Overview of CO2. , 9 Sources of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 10 Effect of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) -- 11 Carbon Dioxide Capturing -- 12 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration -- 13 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Sequestration by Carbonic Anhydrase -- 14 Separation System for CO2 Sequestration -- 15 Cryogenic Separation -- 16 Membrane Separation -- 17 Absorption -- 18 Adsorption -- 19 Bioreactors for CO2 Sequestration -- 20 Carbonic Anhydrase Immobilization -- 21 Ethylenediamine for Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Capturing -- 22 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration with Ethylenediamine-Carbonic Anhydrase Complex -- 23 CO2 Capturing and Sequestration Design and Optimization: Challenges and Future Prospects -- 24 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Green Pathway of CO2 Capture -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Molecular Structure of Carbon Dioxide -- 3 CO2 Capture System -- 3.1 Post-Combustion System -- 3.2 Pre-Combustion System -- 3.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion System -- 4 Absorption Technology -- 4.1 Green Absorption with Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.1 Properties and Uses of Ionic Liquids -- 4.1.2 CO2 Solubility in PILs -- 4.1.3 CO2 Absorption in PILs with Carboxylate Anion -- 4.2 Reaction Mechanism Involved in CO2-Absorption -- 5 Adsorption Technology -- 5.1 Organic Adsorbents -- 5.1.1 Activated Charcoal -- 5.1.2 Biochar -- 5.1.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 5.2 Other CO2 Adsorbents -- 5.2.1 Metal Oxide-Based Absorbents -- 5.2.2 Zeolites -- 5.3 Biological Processes of CO2Sequestration -- 5.3.1 Carbon Utilization by Forest and Agricultural Management -- 5.3.2 Ocean Fertilization -- 5.3.3 CO2 Capture by Microalgae -- 5.4 Electrochemical Ways for CO2 Capture -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Carbon Derivatives from CO2 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Artificial Photoreduction -- 3 Electrochemical Reduction -- 4 Hydrogenation -- 5 Synthesis of Organic Carbonates -- 6 Reforming. , 7 Photocatalytic Reduction of CO2 with Water.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Microwaves in Organic Synthesis -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Microwave catalysis in organic synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. History -- 1.2. Early development in utilization of microwave heating for organic synthesis -- 2. Factors influencing microwave heating in organic reactions -- 2.1. Microwave heating mechanism -- 2.1.1. Dipolar polarization mechanism -- 2.1.2. Ionic conduction mechanism -- 2.2. Dielectric properties and loss tangent -- 2.3. Superheating effect -- 2.4. Interaction of microwaves with different materials -- 3. Comparison of microwave with conventional heating -- 4. Microwave-assisted catalytic organic reactions -- 4.1. Coupling reactions -- 4.1.1. Suzuki reaction (or Suzuki-Miyaura coupling) -- 4.1.2. Stille coupling reaction -- 4.1.3. Sonogashira coupling -- 4.1.4. Heck reaction -- 4.2. Microwave-assisted heterocyclic chemistry -- 4.2.1. Nitrogen-containing heterocycles -- 4.2.2. Oxygen-containing heterocycles -- 4.2.3. Sulfur-containing heterocycles -- 4.3. Multicomponent reactions -- 4.3.1. Hantzsch reaction -- 4.3.2. Ugi reaction -- 4.3.3. Biginelli reaction -- 4.3.4. Mannich reaction -- 4.3.5. Strecker reaction -- 4.4. Alkylation reactions -- 4.4.1. N-Alkylation -- 4.4.2. C-Alkylation -- 4.4.3. O-Alkylation -- 4.5. Esterification and transesterification reactions -- 5. Microwave reactors -- 6. Current challenges in microwave-assisted synthesis -- 6.1. Energy efficiency -- 6.2. Scale-up of microwave-assisted organic reactions -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Microwave-assisted CN formation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. N-Arylations, N-alkylations, and related reactions -- 2.1. Palladium-catalyzed processes-Buchawald-Hartwig amination. , 2.2. Copper-catalyzed reactions-The Ullmann coupling -- 2.3. Application of other metal catalysts -- 2.4. Metal-free transformations -- 2.5. The Petasis borono-Mannich reaction -- 2.6. Three-component propargylations -- 3. Amidations -- 3.1. Direct amidations -- 3.2. Amidation by reacting esters and amines -- 3.3. Transamidations -- 3.4. Oxidative amidations -- 3.5. Miscellaneous processes -- 4. Ring-forming reactions -- 4.1. Rings with one nitrogen atom -- 4.1.1. Synthesis of three- and four-membered rings -- 4.1.2. Synthesis of five-membered rings -- 4.1.3. Six-membered and larger rings -- 4.1.4. Condensed rings: Indoles and structural isomers -- 4.1.5. Condensed rings: Quinolines and isoquinolines -- 4.1.6. Molecules with multiple rings -- 4.2. Ring systems with two nitrogen atoms -- 4.2.1. Synthesis of diazoles -- 4.2.2. Six-membered rings -- 4.2.3. Condensed rings -- 4.2.4. Molecules with multiple rings -- 4.3. Rings with three and four nitrogen atoms -- 4.3.1. Synthesis of azoles -- Synthesis of 1,2,3-triazoles -- Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles -- Synthesis of tetrazoles -- 4.3.2. Synthesis of triazines -- 4.3.3. Condensed bicyclic molecules -- 5. Polycyclic condensed ring systems with multiple nitrogen atoms -- 5.1. Molecules containing three nitrogen atoms -- 5.2. Ring systems with four and more nitrogens -- 6. Summary -- References -- Chapter 3: Microwave-assisted multicomponent reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Three-component reactions -- 2.1. Mannich reaction -- 2.2. Betti reaction -- 2.3. Petasis reaction -- 2.4. Kabachnik-Fields reaction -- 2.5. A3-coupling reaction -- 2.6. Povarov reaction -- 2.7. Strecker reaction -- 2.8. Groebke-Blackburn-Bienaymé reaction -- 2.9. Passerini reaction -- 2.10. Pauson-Khand reaction -- 2.11. Kindler reaction -- 2.12. Gewald reaction -- 2.13. Bucherer-Bergs reaction -- 2.14. Biginelli reaction. , 3. Four-component reactions -- 3.1. Ugi reactions -- 3.2. Radziszewski reaction -- 3.3. Hantzsch dihydropyridine synthesis -- 3.4. Kröhnke reaction -- 4. Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 4: Catalytic, ultrasonic, and microwave-assisted synthesis of naphthoquinone derivatives by intermolecular and -- 1. Summary -- 2. Introduction -- 3. Synthesis of 2-anilino-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 4. Synthesis of 2,3-dianilino)-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 5. Synthesis of 2-anilino-5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives -- 6. Synthesis of indolo naphthoquinone derivatives -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Microwave-assisted condensation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conceptual principles in microwave mechanism -- 3. Microwave-assisted condensation reactions -- 3.1. Microwave-assisted multicomponent condensation reaction -- 3.1.1. Multicomponent synthesis of aminopyrazolo[1,5-a][1,3,5]triazine-8-carboxylates -- 3.1.2. Multicomponent synthesis of 1,3,5,6-tetrasubstituted 2-pyridone -- 3.1.3. Multicomponent synthesis of functionalized steroidal pyridines -- 3.1.4. Multicomponent synthesis of indolyl-coumarin hybrids -- 3.1.5. Multicomponent synthesis of indole-1,3-dione derivatives -- 3.2. Microwave-assisted Knoevenagel condensation reaction -- 3.2.1. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to ethyl 2-cyano-3-phenylacrylate derivatives -- 3.2.2. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to Indole-based Heterocycles -- 3.2.3. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-c]chromen-1(2H)-ones -- 3.2.4. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to pyran-based chalcones -- 3.2.5. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to 3-acetylcoumarin and chalcone affiliates -- 3.2.6. Knoevenagel synthetic approach to 2,3-dihydropyran[2,3-c]pyrazoles -- 3.3. Microwave-assisted aldol condensation reaction -- 3.3.1. Aldol-type synthetic approach to 3-acetyl isocoumarin. , 3.3.2. Aldol-type synthetic approach to aza-fused isoquinoline motifs -- 3.3.3. Aldol-type synthetic approach to dibenzylidenecyclohexanones -- 3.3.4. Aldol-type synthetic approach to dibenzylidenecyclopentanone -- 3.3.5. Aldol-type synthetic approach to 2-benzylideneoctanal -- 3.4. Microwave-assisted Pechmann condensation reaction -- 3.4.1. Amberlyst-15 catalyzed synthetic approach to 4-methylcoumarin -- 3.4.2. Zn [(l)-proline]2 catalyzed synthetic approach to tricyclic 4-methylcoumarin -- 3.4.3. FeF3 catalyzed synthetic approach to 4,7-dimethyl-2H-chromen-2-one -- 3.4.4. Pechmann condensation reaction for synthesis of umbelliferone -- 3.4.5. Microwave-assisted synthesis via two different naphthalenediol -- 3.4.6. ZnCl2 catalyzed synthesis of linear pyranodihydrocoumarin -- 3.5. Microwave-assisted Mannich condensation reaction -- 3.5.1. Mannich synthetic approach to nitrothiazolo[3,2-c]pyrimidines -- 3.5.2. Mannich synthetic approach to 4-hydroxyacetophenone derivatives -- 3.5.3. Mannich synthetic approach to barbituric acid derivatives -- 3.5.4. Mannich synthetic approach to polymethoxychalcone -- 3.6. Other miscellaneous microwave-assisted condensation products -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Microwave-assisted oxidation reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. C-oxidation -- 2.1. Oxidation of hydrocarbons -- 2.1.1. Oxidation of sp3 hybridized carbons -- Alkane to aldehyde (RCH3RCOH) -- Alkane to glyoxal (RCOCH3RCOCOH) -- Alkane to acid (RCH3RCOOH) -- Alkane to ketone (RCH2RRCOR) -- Cyclic ethers to esters (RCH2ORRCOOR) -- 2.1.2. Oxidation of sp2 hybridized carbons -- Alkene to aldehyde (RCHCHRRCOH) -- 2.1.3. Oxidation of sp hybridized carbons -- Alkyne to glyoxal (RCCHRCOCOH) -- 2.2. Oxidation of alcohols -- 2.2.1. Alcohol to aldehyde (RCH2OHRCOH) -- 2.2.2. Clayfen -- 2.2.3. Cetyltrimethylammonium bromochromate (CTMABC) -- 2.2.4. Magtrieve. , 2.2.5. Zeolite A -- 2.3. Oxidation of aldehyde -- 2.3.1. Aldehyde to acid (RCHORCOOH) -- 2.3.2. Aldehyde to ester (RCHORCOOR1 -- R1 from solvent) -- 2.4. Oxidation of halides -- 2.4.1. Halides to aldehydes (RCH2XRCOH) -- 2.5. Oxidative cyclization -- 2.6. Oxidative aromatization -- 2.7. Oxidative amination -- 2.8. Advancements in named oxidation reactions -- 2.8.1. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation -- 2.8.2. Dess-Martin periodinane reaction -- 2.8.3. Fetizon/Fetison oxidation -- 2.8.4. Jacobsen epoxidation -- 2.8.5. Jones/chromium based oxidation -- 2.8.6. Kornblum oxidation -- 2.8.7. Noyori oxidation -- 2.8.8. Sharpless epoxidation -- Other oxidation reactions -- 3. N-oxidations -- 3.1. N-oxide formation -- 3.2. Amines to imines -- 4. S-oxidations -- 4.1. Sulfides to sulfoxides -- 4.2. Thiols to disulfides -- References -- Chapter 7: Microwave-assisted reduction reactions -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Fundamental aspects of microwave radiation -- 1.2. Microwave apparatus -- 1.3. Advantages and disadvantages of microwave irradiation -- 2. Microwave-assisted organic reduction reactions -- 3. Microwave-assisted reduction for the development of inorganic raw materials -- 4. Microwave-assisted reduction for production composites -- 5. Microwave-assisted reduction for nanoparticle synthesis -- 6. Microwave-assisted reduction for catalyst purpose -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8: Microwave-assisted stereoselective organic synthesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microwave-assisted diastereoselective and enantioselective reactions -- 3. Microwave-assisted diastereoselective organic transformation reactions -- 4. Microwave-assisted enantioselective organic transformation reactions -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Microwave-assisted heterocyclics -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Microwave-promoted synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. , 2.1. Synthesis of tetrazole-based heterocycles.

Note: Intro -- front-matter -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- 1 -- Transition Metal-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction beyond Ni, Co, Fe -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Towards transition metal alloys beyond Ni, Co and Fe applied for OER -- 3. Metal oxides for OER beyond Ni, Co, and Fe -- 3.1 Transition metal binary oxide-based electrocatalyst -- 3.2 Perovskites oxides electrocatalysts -- 4. Transition-metals carbides, nitrides, and phosphides applied for OER -- 4.1 Carbides -- 4.2 Nitrides -- 4.3 Phosphides -- Conclusions -- References -- 2 -- Fe-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction -- 3. Fe-based catalysts for OER -- 3.1 Fe-based oxides catalysts -- 3.2 Fe-based (oxy)hydroxides catalysts -- 3.3 Fe-based lamellar layered double hydroxide catalysts -- 3.4 Other Fe-based composites -- Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 3 -- Co-Based Electrocatalysts for Hydrogen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Various Co-based electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Co metal, alloy, and their composites -- 2.2 Co nitrides -- 2.3 Co phosphides -- 2.4 Co oxide -- 2.5 Cobalt (Co) sulfides -- 2.6 Cobal selenides -- 2.7 Binary nonmetal cobalt compounds -- Conclusions and outlook -- References -- 4 -- Metal Free Catalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 1.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2. Factors affecting the efficiency of electrochemical water splitting -- 3. Electrochemical matrices used for determining talent of the catalyst -- 4. Electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 5. Carbon based metal free catalyst -- 5.1 Graphene based electrocatalysts for water splitting -- 5.2 Carbon nanotube based electrocatalysts for water splitting. , 5.3 Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based electrocatalysts for overall water splitting -- 6. Future aspects and outlook -- Reference -- 5 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalyst for Full Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water splitting -- 2.1 Brief history and basics of water splitting -- 2.2 Few parameters related to t oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction and catalytic activity -- 2.3 Mechanism of electrochemical water splitting -- 2.3.1 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 2.3.2 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 2.4 Recent advances on materials and performance of Ni based materials for overall water splitting -- 2.4.1 Ni- based oxides and hydroxides -- 2.4.2 Ni-based phosphides -- 2.4.3 Ni-based nitrides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based sulfides -- 2.4.4 Ni-based selenides -- Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 -- Transition-Metal Chalcogenides for Oxygen-Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Mechanism of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 1.2 Kinetic parameters used to find the suitable catalysts for OER -- 1.2.1 Overpotential -- 1.2.2. Exchange current density -- 1.2.3 Tafel equation and Tafel plot -- 1.2.4 Electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) -- 1.2.5 Faraday efficiency (FE) -- 1.3 Experimental methods used to study the OER behavior and stability of catalysts -- 2. Transition metal chalcogenides as replacement of state-of-art catalyst for OER -- 2.1 Transition metal sulphide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.2 Transition metal selenide for oxygen evolution reaction -- 2.3 Transition metal telluride for oxygen evolution reaction -- Conclusion and Future prospective -- References -- 7 -- Interface-Engineered Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 1. The surface/interface mechanism in photoelectrochemical water splitting. , 2. Enhanced photoelectrochemical water splitting performance by interface-engineered electrocatalysts -- 2.1 Impurity doping -- 2.2 Surface plasmon resonance effect -- 2.3 Z-scheme system -- References -- 8 -- Application of Prussian Blue Analogues and Related Compounds for Water Splitting -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The coordination chemistry of Prussian blue analogues and other metal cyanides -- 3. Crystal structure of Prussian blue analogues and related coordination polymers -- 4. Photo-induced charge transfer in Prussian blue analogues and related solids -- 5. Electrochemical behavior of PBAs in aqueous solutions -- 6. The water splitting reaction using transition metal cyanides -- 6.1 Oxygen evolution reaction (OER) -- 6.2 Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) -- 6.3 Use as co-catalyst in photoelectrochemical cells -- Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 -- Ni-Based Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Evolution Reaction -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The mechanism involved in oxygen evolution reaction and judging parameters -- 3. Nickel based OER catalysts -- 3.1 Ni-hydroxide based OER catalysts -- 3.2 Ni-oxide based OER catalysts -- 3.3 Ni-sulphides and selenides for OER -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- back-matter -- Keyword Index -- About the Editors.

Note: Intro -- Green Sustainable Process for Chemical and Environmental Engineering and Science: Analytical Techniques for Environmental a... -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Conventional and advanced techniques of wastewater monitoring and treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Water pollutants: Origin and consequences -- 3. Wastewater analysis -- 3.1. Lab-based analytical methods -- 3.2. Field monitoring techniques -- 3.2.1. Biosensors -- Biosensors for detection of organic contaminants in wastewater -- Biosensors for detection of inorganic contaminants in water -- Biosensors for detection of microorganisms in water -- 3.2.2. Nanoparticle-assisted sensing platform -- 3.2.3. Paper-based microfluidics sensors -- 3.2.4. Soft sensors -- 3.3. Wireless sensor networks -- 4. Wastewater treatment -- 4.1. Conventional wastewater treatment methods -- 4.1.1. Primary treatment -- 4.1.2. Secondary treatment -- Aerobic treatment -- Anaerobic treatment -- Activated sludge process -- Biological filters -- Vermifiltration -- Rotating biological contractors -- Phytoremediation -- Microbial fuel cells -- 4.1.3. Tertiary treatment -- 4.2. Advanced wastewater treatment methods -- 4.2.1. Membrane filtration -- 4.2.2. Advanced oxidation processes -- 4.2.3. UV irradiation -- 4.2.4. Other advanced methods -- 4.3. Commercialized wastewater treatments -- 5. Future perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2: UV-vis spectrophotometry for environmental and industrial analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The electromagnetic spectrum -- 2.1. Electronic photophysical process -- 3. Limitations of Beer-Lambert Law -- 4. Importance of UV-vis spectroscopy for analysis -- 4.1. Quantitative analysis -- 4.2. Qualitative analysis -- 4.3. UV-vis spectrophotometry for environmental analysis -- 5. Water analysis -- 6. Polymer analysis -- 7. Microcarbon analysis -- 8. Dye analysis. , 8.1. Measurement of change in coloration -- 8.2. Removal of metal salts -- 8.3. Regulations in environmental control -- 8.4. Wastewater fingerprinting -- 8.5. Colored ink -- 8.6. UV-vis spectrophotometry for industrial analysis -- 8.6.1. Presence of colorants -- 8.6.2. Removal of colorants -- 8.7. Presence of organic content -- 8.8. Presence of natural products -- 8.9. Petrochemical industry -- 8.10. Waste management -- 9. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Chemical oxygen demand and biochemical oxygen demand -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Redox chemistry in water -- 3. Oxygen demand [1, 2] -- 4. Biological oxygen demand -- 5. Analysis of biochemical oxygen demand -- 5.1. Standard method -- 5.1.1. Winkler's method [6] -- 5.2. Technological advancement in standard methods -- 5.3. BOD methods for rapid determination of results -- 6. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) -- 6.1. Chemical reactions involved in COD determination [16] -- 6.2. Modification of conventional COD method -- 6.3. Mercury free methods -- 6.4. Electrochemical and photocatalytic methods (lesser chemical use) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Soil and sediment analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods for analysis of organic compounds -- 2.1. Pharmaceuticals -- 2.2. Phenols-alkylphenols and bisphenol A -- 2.3. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 2.4. Phthalates -- 2.5. Organometallic and organometalloid compounds -- 3. Microplastics -- 4. Quality assurance -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 5: Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques for environmental analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Advances in extraction techniques of environmental samples for LC-MS -- 2.1. Microextraction techniques -- 2.2. Extraction techniques involving nanomaterials -- 2.3. Extraction techniques involving ionic liquids -- 3. Advances in liquid chromatography instrumentation. , 4. Advances in mass spectrometry detection -- 5. Applications of LC/MS for environmental analysis -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 6: Green analytical chemistry for food industries -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical detection -- 2.1. Qualitative methods -- 2.2. Quantitative methods -- 3. Emerging extraction technologies -- 3.1. Supercritical fluid extraction -- 3.2. Pressurized liquid extraction -- 3.3. Microwave-assisted extraction -- 3.4. Ultrasound-assisted extraction -- 4. Miniaturization of online emerging extraction techniques with analytical detection: Current trends in the use of SFE a ... -- 4.1. Sample preparation: Extraction vessel packaging -- 4.2. Extraction mode -- 4.2.1. Selection of the mobile phase -- 4.3. Separation and detection of analytes -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Immunoassays applications -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional vs microscale immunoassay sensors -- 3. Substrates -- 3.1. Silicon -- 3.2. Glass -- 3.3. Polymers -- 3.4. Paper -- 3.5. Hybrid -- 4. Fluid transport mechanisms -- 4.1. Active -- 4.2. Passive -- 5. Detection methodologies -- 5.1. Colorimetric -- 5.2. Fluorescence -- 5.3. Surface plasmon resonance -- 5.4. Electrochemical -- 5.5. Mechanical -- 6. Conclusions and outlook -- References -- Chapter 8: High-performance liquid chromatographic techniques for determination of organophosphate pesticides in complex matr -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental fate of pesticides -- 3. Analytical methods used for pesticides determination -- 4. High-performance liquid chromatography -- 4.1. Types of HPLC -- 4.1.1. Normal-phase HPLC -- 4.1.2. Reverse-phase HPLC -- 4.2. HPLC column -- 4.3. Mode of elution -- 4.3.1. Isocratic HPLC -- 4.3.2. Gradient HPLC -- 4.4. Detectors used for the analysis of organophosphate pesticides -- 5. Sample preparation for HPLC analysis of organophosphate pesticides. , 6. Detection and quantification of organophosphate pesticides from complex matrices using high-performance liquid chromat ... -- References -- Chapter 9: Application of the GC/MS technique in environmental analytics: Case of the essential oils -- 1. Introduction -- 2. GC/MS as a modern technique for analysis of essential oils -- 3. Practical application of the polar column in the analysis of essential oils -- 4. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Remote sensing for environmental analysis: Basic concepts and setup -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Practical examples -- 2.1. Improving environmental assessments through remote sensing -- 3. Key concepts to/in remote sensing -- 4. Historical background of remote sensing -- 4.1. Historical beginning -- 4.2. Remote sensing to environment applications -- 4.2.1. Hyperspectral imaging -- 4.2.2. Field spectrometry -- 4.2.3. Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) -- 5. Remote sensing sensors -- 5.1. Imaging sensors -- 5.2. Non-imaging sensors -- 6. Quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) in environmental monitoring by remote sensing -- 7. Perspectives and conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Materials science and lab-on-a-chip for environmental and industrial analysis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Lab-on-a-chip concept and components -- 3. Materials science on LOC technology -- 4. Environmental analysis and pollutant monitoring -- 5. Autonomous LOC prototype -- 6. Challenges and future prospects of LOC technology -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Destructive and nondestructive techniques of analyses of biofuel characterization and thermal valorization -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials preparation -- 2.1. Thermal densification processes -- 2.2. Mechanical densification processes -- 3. Destructive analyses for materials characterization -- 3.1. Generalities on destructive methods. , 3.2. Destructive methods in solid biofuel characterization -- 3.2.1. Thermogravimetry analysis (ATG) -- 3.2.2. High heating value determination -- 3.2.3. Ultimate analysis -- 4. Nondestructive methods for material characterization -- 4.1. Generalities -- 4.2. Nondestructive methods in solid biofuel characterization -- 4.2.1. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy technique -- 4.2.2. Gaseous emission analysis using TESTO equipment -- 4.2.3. Particulate matter (PM) measurements -- 4.2.4. Bottom ash characterization and measurements -- References -- Chapter 13: Application of nanoparticles as a chemical sensor for analysis of environmental samples -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) -- 2.1. Platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) -- 2.2. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) -- 2.3. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) -- 2.4. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) -- 2.5. Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) -- 2.6. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) -- 2.7. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) -- 2.8. Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) -- 3. Characterization of nanoparticles -- 4. Properties of nanoparticles -- 4.1. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and color of NPs -- 4.2. Surface area -- 4.3. Magnetic properties -- 4.4. Electronic properties -- 5. Different class of chemical substances -- 5.1. Heavy metals -- 5.1.1. Essential metals -- 5.1.2. Toxic metals -- 5.2. Pesticides and fungicides -- 5.3. Aromatic and VOC's compounds -- 5.4. Surfactants -- 5.5. Other chemical substances -- 6. Analytical techniques for detection of chemical substance in environmental samples -- 6.1. Colorimetric sensing -- 6.2. Fluorescence sensing -- 6.3. Electrochemical sensing -- 6.4. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) sensing -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Toxic Geogenic Contaminants in Serpentinitic Geological Systems: Occurrence, Behavior, Exposure Pathways, and Human Health Risks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Serpentinitic Geological Systems -- 1.2.1 Nature, Occurrence, and Geochemistry -- 1.2.2 Occurrence and Behavior of Toxic Contaminants -- 1.3 Human Exposure Pathways -- 1.3.1 Occupational Exposure -- 1.3.2 Non-Occupational Exposure Routes -- 1.4 Human Health Risks and Their Mitigation -- 1.4.1 Health Risks -- 1.4.2 Mitigating Human Exposure and Health Risks -- 1.5 Future Perspectives -- 1.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Benefits of Geochemistry and Its Impact on Human Health -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 General Overview of Geochemistry and Human Health -- 2.2.1 Types of Geochemistry -- 2.2.2 Some Beneficial Effect of Some Mineral With Health Benefits -- 2.2.3 Application of Geochemistry on Human Health -- 2.3 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 3 Applications of Geochemistry in Livestock: Health and Nutritional Perspective -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 General and Global Perspective About Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.3 Types of Geochemistry and Their Numerous Benefits -- 3.3.1 Analytical Geochemistry -- 3.3.2 Isotope Geochemistry -- 3.3.3 Low Temperature Geochemistry -- 3.3.4 Organic and Petroleum Geochemistry -- 3.4 Application of Geochemistry in Livestock -- 3.5 Geochemistry and Animal Health -- 3.6 General Overview of Geochemistry in Livestock's Merits of Geochemistry/Essential Minerals in Livestocks -- 3.6.1 Specific Examples of Authors That Have Used Essential Minerals in Livestock -- 3.6.2 Livestock in Relation to Geominerals -- 3.6.3 Trace Minerals Parallel Importance in Livestock -- 3.6.4 Heavy Metals Impact Livestock -- 3.7 Conclusion and Recommendations. , References -- 4 Application in Geochemistry Toward the Achievement of a Sustainable Agricultural Science -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 General Overview on the Utilization of Geochemistry and Their Wide Application on Agriculture -- 4.2.1 Classification -- 4.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rocks -- 4.2.3 Effect of Some Beneficial Minerals in Agriculture -- 4.2.4 Beneficial Mineral Nutrients That are Crucial to the Development of Plants -- 4.3 Role of Geochemistry in Agriculture -- 4.4 Geochemical Effects of Heavy Metals on Crops Health -- 4.5 Conclusion and Recommendations -- References -- 5 Geochemistry, Extent of Pollution, and Ecological Impact of Heavy Metal Pollutants in Soil -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Material and Methods -- 5.2.1 Review Process -- 5.2.2 Ecological Risk Index -- 5.3 Toxic Heavy Metal and Their Impact to the Ecosystems -- 5.3.1 Arsenic -- 5.3.2 Cadmium -- 5.3.3 Chromium -- 5.3.4 Copper -- 5.3.5 Lead -- 5.3.6 Nickel -- 5.3.7 Zinc -- 5.4 Metal Pollution in Soil Across the Globe -- 5.5 Ecological and Human Health Risk Impacts of Heavy Metals -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Isotope Geochemistry -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Basic Definitions -- 6.2.1 The Notation -- 6.2.2 The Fractionation Factor -- 6.2.3 Isotope Fractionation -- 6.2.4 Mass Dependent and Independent Fractionations -- 6.3 Application of Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.3.1 Geothermometer -- 6.3.2 Isotopes in Biological System -- 6.3.3 Isotopes in Archaeology -- 6.3.4 Isotopes in Fossils and the Earliest Life -- 6.3.5 Isotopes in Hydrothermal and Ore Deposits -- 6.4 Non-Traditional Isotopes in Geochemistry -- 6.4.1 Application in Tracing of Source -- 6.4.2 Application in Process Tracing -- 6.4.3 Biological Cycling -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Overview of the Environmental Geochemistry -- 7.3 Conclusions. , 7.4 Abbreviations -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 8 Medical Geochemistry -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 The Evolution of Geochemistry -- 8.3 This Science has Expanded Considerably to Become Distinct Branches -- 8.3.1 Cosmochemistry -- 8.3.2 The Economic Importance of Geochemistry -- 8.3.3 Analytical Geochemistry -- 8.3.4 Geochemistry of Radioisotopes -- 8.3.5 Medical Geochemistry and Human Health -- 8.3.6 Environmental Health and Safety -- 8.4 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Inorganic Geochemistry -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Elements and the Earth -- 9.2.1 Iron -- 9.2.2 Oxygen -- 9.2.3 Silicon -- 9.2.4 Magnesium -- 9.3 Geological Minerals -- 9.3.1 Quartz -- 9.3.2 Feldspar -- 9.3.3 Amphibole -- 9.3.4 Pyroxene -- 9.3.5 Olivine -- 9.3.6 Clay Minerals -- 9.3.7 Kaolinite -- 9.3.8 Bentonite, Montmorillonite, Vermiculite, and Biotite -- 9.4 Characterization Techniques -- 9.4.1 Powder X-Ray Diffraction -- 9.4.2 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectra -- 9.4.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectra -- 9.4.4 Electron Probe Micro-Analysis -- 9.4.5 Inductively Coupled Plasma Spectrometry -- 9.4.6 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- 9.4.7 Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis -- 9.4.8 Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Introduction and Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Periodic Table and Electronic Configuration -- 10.2 Periodic Properties -- 10.2.1 Ionization Enthalpy -- 10.2.2 Electron Affinity -- 10.2.3 Electro-Negativity -- 10.3 Chemical Bonding -- 10.3.1 Ionic Bond -- 10.3.2 Covalent Bond -- 10.3.3 Metallic Bond -- 10.3.4 Hydrogen Bond -- 10.3.5 Van der Waals Forces -- 10.4 Geochemical Classification and Distribution of Elements -- 10.4.1 Lithophiles -- 10.4.2 Siderophiles -- 10.4.3 Chalcophiles -- 10.4.4 Atmophiles -- 10.4.5 Biophiles -- 10.5 Chemical Composition of the Earth -- 10.6 Classification of Earth's Layers. , 10.6.1 Based on Chemical Composition -- 10.6.2 Based on Physical Properties -- 10.7 Spheres of the Earth -- 10.7.1 Geosphere/Lithosphere -- 10.7.2 Hydrosphere -- 10.7.3 Biosphere -- 10.7.4 Atmosphere -- 10.7.5 Troposphere -- 10.7.6 Stratosphere -- 10.7.7 Mesosphere -- 10.7.8 Thermosphere and Ionosphere -- 10.7.9 Exosphere -- 10.8 Sub-Disciplines of Geochemistry -- 10.9 Scope of Geochemistry -- 10.10 Conclusion -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Preface -- Editors -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Niobium Based Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 2: Zinc-Based Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 3: Defect Engineered Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 4: Vanadium-Based Compounds for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 5: Future Prospects and Challenges of Inorganic-Based Supercapacitors -- Chapter 6: Tungsten Based Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 7: Microwave-Assisted Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 8: Tin-Based Materials for Supercapacitor -- Chapter 9: Inorganic Materials-Based Next-Generation Supercapacitors -- Chapter 10: Synthesis Approaches of Inorganic Materials -- Chapter 11: Metal-Organic Frameworks Derived Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 12: Surface Morphology Induced Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 13: Molybdenum Based Materials for Supercapacitors Beyond TMDs -- Chapter 14: Iron-Based Electrode Materials for an Efficient Supercapacitor -- Chapter 15: Metal-Organic Frameworks for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 16: Amino Acid-Assisted Inorganic Materials for Supercapacitors -- Chapter 17: Co-Based Materials for Supercapacitors -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Half-Title Page -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Natural Polysaccharides From Aloe vera L. Gel (Aloe barbadensis Miller): Processing Techniques and Analytical Methods -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Gel Composition from A. vera -- 1.2 Applications of A. vera Mucilaginous Gel or Fractions -- 1.3 Aloe vera Gel Processing -- 1.3.1 Obtaining Polysaccharide Fraction or Acemannan -- 1.4 Analytical Methods Applied -- 1.4.1 Total Carbohydrates, Oligosaccharides, Acemannan and Free Sugars -- 1.4.2 Analytical Techniques -- 1.4.2.1 Chromatography Analysis -- 1.4.2.2 Infrared Spectroscopy (IR) -- 1.4.2.3 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.4 Mass Spectrometry -- 1.4.2.5 Ultraviolet-Visible Spectroscopy -- 1.4.2.6 Comprehensive Microarray Polymer Profiling -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.1 Introduction to Cell Wall -- 2.2 Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.2.1 Cellulose -- 2.2.2 Hemicellulose -- 2.2.2.1 Xyloglucan -- 2.2.2.2 Xylans -- 2.2.2.3 Mannans -- 2.2.3 Callose -- 2.2.4 Pectic Polysaccharides -- 2.2.4.1 Homogalacturonan (HG) -- 2.2.4.2 Arabinan -- 2.3 Algal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.3.1 Alginates -- 2.3.2 Sulfated Galactans -- 2.3.3 Fucoidans -- 2.4 Fungal Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.4.1 Glucan -- 2.4.2 Chitin and Chitosan -- 2.5 Bacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides -- 2.5.1 Peptidoglycan -- 2.5.2 Lipopolysaccharides -- References -- 3 Marine Polysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Polysaccharide Origins -- 3.3 Properties -- 3.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.3.3 Alginate -- 3.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.3.5 Agar -- 3.3.6 Porphyran -- 3.3.7 Fucoidan -- 3.3.8 Ulvan -- 3.3.9 Exopolysaccharides From Microalgae -- 3.4 Applications of Polysaccharides -- 3.4.1 Biomedical Applications -- 3.4.1.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.1.2 Chitosan. , 3.4.1.3 Alginate -- 3.4.2 Food Applications -- 3.4.2.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.2.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.2.3 Alginates -- 3.4.2.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.2.5 Agar -- 3.4.3 Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Applications -- 3.4.3.1 Cellulose -- 3.4.3.2 Chitosan -- 3.4.3.3 Alginate -- 3.4.3.4 Carrageenan -- 3.4.3.5 Porphyran -- 3.4.3.6 Fucoidan -- 3.4.4 Agriculture -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Seaweed Polysaccharides: Structure, Extraction and Applications -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.1.1 Agar -- 4.1.2 Carrageenan -- 4.1.3 Alginate (Alginic Acid, Algin) -- 4.1.4 Fucoidan -- 4.1.5 Laminaran -- 4.1.6 Ulvan -- 4.2 Conclusion -- References -- 5 Agars: Properties and Applications -- 5.1 History and Origin of Agar -- 5.1.1 Agarophytes Used in Agar Manufacturing -- 5.2 Physical Properties of Agar Producing Seaweeds -- 5.3 Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1 Types of Agar Manufacturing -- 5.3.1.1 Freeze-Thaw Method -- 5.3.1.2 Syneresis Method -- 5.4 Structure of Agar -- 5.5 Heterogeneity of Agar -- 5.6 Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.7 Chemical Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8 Factors Influencing the Characteristics of Agar -- 5.8.1 Techniques to Analyze the Fine Chemical Structure of Agar -- 5.8.2 Synergies and Antagonisms of Agar Gels -- 5.9 Uses of Agar in Various Sectors -- 5.9.1 Applications of Agar in Food Industry -- 5.9.2 Application of Agar in Harvesting Insects and Worms -- 5.9.3 Vegetable Tissue Culture Formulations -- 5.9.4 Culture Media for Microbes -- 5.9.5 Industrial Applications of Agar -- 5.10 Conclusion and Discussion -- References -- 6 Biopolysaccharides: Properties and Applications -- 6.1 Structure and Classification of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.1.1 Structure -- 6.1.2 Classification -- 6.1.3 Structural Characterization Techniques -- 6.2 Uses and Applications of Biopolysaccharides -- 6.2.1 Functional Fibers -- 6.2.2 Biomedicine. , 6.2.2.1 Tissue Engineering -- 6.2.2.2 Wound Healing -- 6.2.2.3 Drug Loading and Delivery -- 6.2.2.4 Therapeutics -- 6.2.3 Cosmetics -- 6.2.4 Foods and Food Ingredients -- 6.2.5 Biofuels -- 6.2.6 Wastewater Treatment -- 6.2.7 Textiles -- 6.3 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Chitosan Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Properties of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.2.1 Physiochemical Properties -- 7.2.2 Functional Properties -- 7.2.3 Biological Properties of Chitosan -- 7.3 Applications of Chitosan Derivatives -- 7.3.1 Anticancer Agents -- 7.3.2 Bone Tissue Material Formation -- 7.3.3 Wound Healing, Tissue Regeneration and Antimicrobial Resistance -- 7.3.4 Drug Delivery -- 7.3.5 Chromatographic Separations -- 7.3.6 Waste Management -- 7.3.7 Food Industry -- 7.3.8 In Cosmetics -- 7.3.9 In Paint as Antifouling Coatings -- 7.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 8 Green Seaweed Polysaccharides Inventory of Nador Lagoon in North East Morocco -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Nador Lagoon: Situation and Characteristics -- 8.3 Seaweed -- 8.4 Polysaccharides in Seaweed -- 8.5 Algae Polysaccharides in Nador Lagoon's Seaweed -- 8.5.1 C. prolifera -- 8.5.1.1 Sulfated Galactans -- 8.5.2 U. rigida & -- E. intestinalis -- 8.5.2.1 Ulvan -- 8.5.3 C. adhaerens, C. bursa, C. tomentosum -- 8.5.3.1 Sulfated Arabinans -- 8.5.3.2 Sulfated Arabinogalactans -- 8.5.3.3 Mannans -- 8.6 Conclusion -- References -- 9 Salep Glucomannan: Properties and Applications -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Production -- 9.3 Composition and Physicochemical Structure -- 9.4 Rheological Properties -- 9.5 Purification and Deacetylation -- 9.6 Food Applications -- 9.6.1 Beverage -- 9.6.2 Ice Cream and Emulsion Stabilizing -- 9.6.3 Edible Film/Coating -- 9.6.4 Gelation -- 9.7 Health Benefits -- 9.8 Conclusions and Future Trends -- References. , 10 Exudate Tree Gums: Properties and Applications -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.1.1 Gum Arabic -- 10.1.2 Gum Karaya -- 10.1.3 Gum Kondagogu -- 10.1.4 Gum Ghatti -- 10.1.5 Gum Tragacanth -- 10.1.6 Gum Olibanum -- 10.2 Nanobiotechnology Applications -- 10.3 Minor Tree Gums -- 10.4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- 11 Cellulose and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Main Raw Materials -- 11.3 Composition and Chemical Structure of Lignocellulosic Materials -- 11.4 Cellulose: Chemical Backbone and Crystalline Formats -- 11.5 Cellulose Extraction -- 11.5.1 Mechanical Methods -- 11.5.2 Chemical Methods -- 11.6 Cellulose Products and its Derivatives -- 11.7 Main Applications -- 11.8 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Starch and its Derivatives: Properties and Applications -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Starch -- 12.2.1 Size, Morphology and Crystallinity of Starch Granules -- 12.2.2 Physical Properties due to Associated Lipids, Proteins and Phosphorus With Starch Granules -- 12.2.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity of Starch -- 12.2.4 Gelatinization and Retrogradation of Starch -- 12.2.5 Birefringence and Glass Transition Temperature of Starch -- 12.2.6 Rheological and Thermal Properties of Starch -- 12.2.7 Transmittance and Opacity of Starch -- 12.2.8 Melt Processability of Starch -- 12.3 Modification of Starch -- 12.3.1 Physical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.2 Chemical Modification of Starch -- 12.3.3 Dual Modification of Starch -- 12.3.4 Enzymatic Modification of Starch -- 12.3.5 Genetic Modification of Starch -- 12.4 Application of Starch and its Derivatives -- 12.4.1 In Food Industry -- 12.4.2 In Paper Industry -- 12.4.3 Starch as Binders -- 12.4.4 In Detergent Products -- 12.4.5 As Biodegradable Thermoplastic Materials or Bioplastics. , 12.4.6 In Pharmaceutical and Cosmetic Industries -- 12.4.7 As Industrial Raw Materials -- 12.4.8 As Adsorbents for Environmental Applications -- 12.4.9 As Food Packaging Materials -- 12.4.10 In Drug Delivery -- 12.4.11 As Antimicrobial Films and Coatings -- 12.4.12 In Advanced Functional Materials -- 12.5 Conclusion -- References -- 13 Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Principles of Crystallization of Polysaccharides -- 13.3 Techniques for Crystallinity Measurement -- 13.4 Crystallization Behavior of Polysaccharides -- 13.4.1 Cellulose -- 13.4.2 Chitosan and Chitin -- 13.4.3 Starch -- 13.5 Polymer/Polysaccharide Crystalline Nanocomposites -- 13.6 Conclusion -- References -- 14 Polysaccharides as Novel Materials for Tissue Engineering Applications -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Types of Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.3 Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4 Polysaccharide-Based Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering -- 14.4.1 Alginate-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.2 Chitosan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.3 Cellulose-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.4 Dextran and Pullulan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.5 Starch-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.6 Xanthan-Based Scaffolds -- 14.4.7 Glycosaminoglycans-Based Scaffolds -- 14.5 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 15 Structure and Solubility of Polysaccharides -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Polysaccharide Structure and Solubility in Water -- 15.3 Solubility and Molecular Weight -- 15.4 Solubility and Branching -- 15.5 Polysaccharide Solutions -- 15.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 16 Polysaccharides: An Efficient Tool for Fabrication of Carbon Nanomaterials -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Aerogels -- 16.2.1 Plant and Bacterial Cellulose -- 16.2.2 Carbon Derived From Nanocrystalline Cellulose of Plant Origin. , 16.2.3 Carbon Aerogels Produced From Bacterial Cellulose.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 1.2.1 Selection of Synthetic Raw Materials -- 1.2.2 Solvent Volatility Method -- 1.2.3 Diffusion Method -- 1.2.3.1 Gas Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.3.2 Liquid Phase Diffusion -- 1.2.4 Sol-Gel Method -- 1.2.5 Hydrothermal/Solvothermal Synthesis Method -- 1.2.6 Stripping Method -- 1.2.7 Microwave Synthesis Method -- 1.2.8 Self-Assembly -- 1.2.9 Special Interface Synthesis Method -- 1.2.10 Surfactant-Assisted Synthesis Method -- 1.2.11 Ultrasonic Synthesis -- 1.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 1.3.1 Structure and Properties of MOFs -- 1.3.2 Application in Biomedicine -- 1.3.3 Application in Gas Storage -- 1.3.4 Application in Sensors -- 1.3.5 Application in Chemical Separation -- 1.3.6 Application in Catalysis -- 1.3.7 Application in Gas Adsorption -- 1.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 2D Black Phosphorus -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 The Research on Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1 The Structure and Properties -- 2.2.1.1 The Structure of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.1.2 The Properties of Black Phosphorus -- 2.2.2 Preparation Methods -- 2.2.2.1 Mechanical Exfoliation -- 2.2.2.2 Liquid-Phase Exfoliation -- 2.2.3 Antioxidant -- 2.2.3.1 Degradation Mechanism -- 2.2.3.2 Adding Protective Layer -- 2.2.3.3 Chemical Modification -- 2.2.3.4 Doping -- 2.3 Applications of Black Phosphorus -- 2.3.1 Electronic and Optoelectronic -- 2.3.1.1 Field-Effect Transistors -- 2.3.1.2 Photodetector -- 2.3.2 Energy Storage and Conversion -- 2.3.2.1 Catalysis -- 2.3.2.2 Batteries -- 2.3.2.3 Supercapacitor -- 2.3.3 Biomedical -- 2.4 Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 3 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis Approaches -- 3.2.1 Ti3C2 Synthesis. , 3.2.2 V2C Synthesis -- 3.2.3 Ti2C Synthesis -- 3.2.4 Mo2C Synthesis -- 3.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications -- 3.3.1 Structures and Properties of 2D Metal Carbides -- 3.3.1.1 Structures and Properties of Ti3C2 -- 3.3.1.2 Structural Properties of Ti2C -- 3.3.1.3 Structural Properties of Mo2C -- 3.3.1.4 Structural Properties of V2C -- 3.3.2 Carbide Materials in Energy Storage Applications -- 3.3.2.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.2.2 Ti2C -- 3.3.2.3 V2C -- 3.3.2.4 Mo2C -- 3.3.3 Metal Carbide Materials in Catalysis Applications -- 3.3.3.1 Ti3C2 -- 3.3.3.2 V2C -- 3.3.3.3 Mo2C -- 3.3.4 Metal Carbide Materials in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.1 Ti3C2 in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.2 Ti2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.3 V2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.4.4 Mo2C in Environmental Management Applications -- 3.3.5 Carbide Materials in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.1 Ti3C2 in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.2 Ti2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.3 V2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.5.4 Mo2C in Biomedicine Applications -- 3.3.6 Carbide Materials in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.1 Ti3C2 in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.2 Ti2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.3 V2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.3.6.4 Mo2C in Gas Sensing Applications -- 3.4 Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 4 2D Carbon Materials as Photocatalysts -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.2.1 Forms of Carbon -- 4.2.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials -- 4.3 Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants -- 4.3.1 Graphene, Graphene Oxide, Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.1.1 Graphene-Based Materials -- 4.3.1.2 Graphene Nitride (g-C3N4) -- 4.3.2 Carbon Dots (CDs) -- 4.3.3 Carbon Spheres (CSs). , 4.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production -- 4.5 Carbon-Based Materials for CO2 Reduction -- References -- Chapter 5 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Heterostructure of 2D BlueP/MoS2 and MXene -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Proposed SPR Sensor, Design Considerations, and Modeling -- 5.2.1 SPR Sensor and Its Sensing Principle -- 5.2.2 Design Consideration -- 5.2.2.1 Layer 1: Prism for Light Coupling -- 5.2.2.2 Layer 2: Metal Layer -- 5.2.2.3 Layer 3: BlueP/MoS2 Layer -- 5.2.2.4 Layer 4: MXene (Ti3C2Tx) Layer as BRE for Biosensing -- 5.2.2.5 Layer 5: Sensing Medium (RI-1.33-1.335) -- 5.2.3 Proposed Sensor Modeling -- 5.3 Results Discussion -- 5.3.1 Role of Monolayer BlueP/MoS2 and MXene (Ti3C2Tx) and Its Comparison With Conventional SPR -- 5.3.2 Influence of Varying Heterostructure Layers for Proposed Design -- 5.3.3 Effect of Changing Prism Material and Metal on Performance of Proposed Design -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 2D Perovskite Materials and Their Device Applications -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Structure -- 6.2.1 Crystal Structure -- 6.2.2 Electronic Structure of 2D Perovskites -- 6.2.3 Structure of Photovoltaic Cell -- 6.3 Discussion and Applications -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 Introduction and Significant Parameters for Layered Materials -- 7.1 Graphene -- 7.2 Phosphorene -- orthorhombic rhombohedral Simple cubic -- semiconductor semimetal metal -- 7.3 Silicene -- 7.4 ZnO -- 7.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) -- 7.6 Germanene and Stanene -- 7.7 Heterostructures -- References -- Chapter 8 Increment in Photocatalytic Activity of g-C3N4 Coupled Sulphides and Oxides for Environmental Remediation -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.2.1 GCN and MoS2-Based Photocatalysts. , 8.2.2 GCN and CdS-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.2.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Photocatalysts -- 8.3 GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation -- 8.3.1 GCN and MoO3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.2 GCN and Fe2O3-Based Heterojunctions -- 8.3.3 Some Other GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Photocatalysts -- 8.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 2D Zeolites -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.1.1 What is 2D Zeolite? -- 9.1.2 Advancement in Zeolites to 2D Zeolite -- 9.2 Synthetic Method -- 9.2.1 Bottom-Up Method -- 9.2.2 Top-Down Method -- 9.2.3 Support-Assisted Method -- 9.2.4 Post-Synthesis Modification of 2D Zeolites -- 9.3 Properties -- 9.4 Applications -- 9.4.1 Petro-Chemistry -- 9.4.2 Biomass Conversion -- 9.4.2.1 Pyrolysis of Solid Biomass -- 9.4.2.2 Condensation Reactions -- 9.4.2.3 Isomerization -- 9.4.2.4 Dehydration Reactions -- 9.4.3 Oxidation Reactions -- 9.4.4 Fine Chemical Synthesis -- 9.4.5 Organometallics -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 2D Hollow Nanomaterials -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Structural Aspects of HNMs -- 10.3 Synthetic Approaches -- 10.3.1 Template-Based Strategies -- 10.3.1.1 Hard Templating -- 10.3.1.2 Soft Templating -- 10.3.2 Self-Templating Strategies -- 10.3.2.1 Surface Protected Etching -- 10.3.2.2 Ostwald Ripening -- 10.3.2.3 Kirkendall Effect -- 10.3.2.4 Galvanic Replacement -- 10.4 Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.4.1 Imaging and Diagnosis Applications -- 10.4.2 Applications of Nanotube Arrays -- 10.4.2.1 Pharmacy and Medicine -- 10.4.2.2 Cancer Therapy -- 10.4.2.3 Immuno and Hyperthermia Therapy -- 10.4.2.4 Infection Therapy and Gene Therapy -- 10.4.3 Hollow Nanomaterials in Diagnostics and Therapeutics -- 10.4.4 Applications in Regenerative Medicine -- 10.4.5 Anti-Neurodegenerative Applications -- 10.4.6 Photothermal Therapy -- 10.4.7 Biosensors. , 10.5 Non-Medical Applications of HNMs -- 10.5.1 Catalytic Micro or Nanoreactors -- 10.5.2 Energy Storage -- 10.5.2.1 Lithium Ion Battery -- 10.5.2.2 Supercapacitor -- 10.5.3 Nanosensors -- 10.5.4 Wastewater Treatment -- 10.6 Toxicity of 2D HNMs -- 10.7 Future Challenges -- 10.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 2D Layered Double Hydroxides -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Structural Aspects -- 11.3 Synthesis of LDHs -- 11.3.1 Co-Precipitation Method -- 11.3.2 Urea Hydrolysis -- 11.3.3 Ion-Exchange Method -- 11.3.4 Reconstruction Method -- 11.3.5 Hydrothermal Method -- 11.3.6 Sol-Gel Method -- 11.4 Nonmedical Applications of LDH -- 11.4.1 Adsorbent -- 11.4.2 Catalyst -- 11.4.3 Sensors -- 11.4.4 Electrode -- 11.4.5 Polymer Additive -- 11.4.6 Anion Scavenger -- 11.4.7 Flame Retardant -- 11.5 Biomedical Applications -- 11.5.1 Biosensors -- 11.5.2 Scaffolds -- 11.5.3 Anti-Microbial Agents -- 11.5.4 Drug Delivery -- 11.5.5 Imaging -- 11.5.6 Protein Purification -- 11.5.7 Gene Delivery -- 11.6 Toxicity -- 11.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 12 Experimental Techniques for Layered Materials -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Methods for Synthesis of Graphene Layered Materials -- 12.3 Selection of a Suitable Metallic Substrate -- 12.4 Graphene Synthesis by HFTCVD -- 12.5 Graphene Transfer -- 12.6 Characterization Techniques -- 12.6.1 X-Ray Diffraction Technique -- d D k -- 12.6.2 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM) -- 12.6.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) -- 12.6.4 Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FTIR) -- 12.6.5 UV-Visible Spectroscopy -- 12.6.6 Raman Spectroscopy -- 12.6.7 Low Energy Electron Microscopy (LEEM) -- 12.7 Potential Applications of Graphene and Derived Materials -- 12.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 13 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophenes. , 13.1 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2D h-BN): An Introduction.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Earth Abundant Electrocatalyst -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Role of Earth Abundant Electrocatalyst (EAEs) Towards Various Applications -- 2.1 Role of EAEs Towards Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 2.2 Role of EAEs Towards Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) -- 2.3 Role of EAEs Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction (ORR) -- 2.4 Role of EAEs Towards Carbon Dioxide Reduction Reaction -- 2.5 Role of EAEs Towards Nitrogen Reduction Reaction -- 2.6 Role of EAEs in Detection of Toxic Elements -- 2.7 Role of EAEs in Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) -- 3 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Metal-Organic Frameworks for Electrocatalysis -- 1 Introduction of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) -- 2 MOFs for Electrocatalysis -- 2.1 Pristine MOFs as Electrocatalysts -- 2.2 MOF Composites as Electrocatalysts -- 2.3 MOF-Derived Materials as Electrocatalysts -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Single-Atom Electrocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Single-Atom Catalysts (SACs) -- 3 Density Functional Theory -- 4 Typical Preparation Methods -- 5 Characterization Techniques -- 5.1 Synchrotron-Based Techniques as Ultimate Tools for SACs Characterization -- 5.2 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) -- 6 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 7 Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) -- 8 Perspectives -- References -- Electrocatalysis: Application of Nanocomposite Materials -- 1 Electrocatalysis -- 1.1 Electrocatalysts and Its Features -- 1.2 Nanocomposite Material as an Electrocatalyst -- 2 Different Applications of Nanocomposite as an Electrocatalyst -- 2.1 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Oxygen Reduction (i.e. Fuel Cell) -- 2.2 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Sensors -- 2.3 Nanocomposite Based Electrocatalysis in Synthetic Organic Electrochemistry -- 3 Future Prospects and Concluding Remarks -- References. , Polymer Electrocatalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Polymer Electro-Catalysis -- 2.1 Photo-Catalysts -- 2.2 Sacrificial Reagents -- 2.3 Application of External Bias Voltage -- 2.4 Solution Phase Electro-Catalysis -- 2.5 Surface Electro-Catalysis -- 3 Fuel Cells -- 3.1 Classification of Fuel Cells -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Oxygen Evolution Reaction -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Challenges to Be Overcome -- 2 The History of Oxygen Evolution Reaction Proposed Mechanisms -- 3 Trends of Materials for Oxygen Evolution Reaction -- 3.1 Transition Metal Perovskite Oxide Materials -- 3.2 Ferroelectricity Feature of Metal Perovskite Oxides -- 3.3 Double Perovskites -- 3.4 Studied Materials in 2019 Literature -- References -- Electrocatalysts for Photochemical Water-Splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 General -- 1.2 H2 Production Routes -- 2 Water Splitting -- 2.1 Solar Water Splitting -- 2.2 Types of Solar Water Splitting -- 3 Photochemical Water Splitting -- 3.1 Photocatalytic Water Splitting -- 3.2 Z-Scheme Water Splitting -- 4 Catalysts for Photochemical Water Splitting -- 4.1 Effect of Cocatalyst -- 4.2 Noble Metal and Their Oxide as Catalysts -- 4.3 Earth-Abundant Metal Catalysts -- 4.4 Earth-Abundant Metal Oxide Catalysts -- 4.5 Metal Chalcogenides as Catalysts -- 4.6 Metal Phosphides as Catalysts -- 5 Summary and Outlook -- References -- Role of Earth-Abundant/Carbonaceous Electrocatalysts as Cocatalyst for Solar Water Splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Electrocatalyst in Solar Water Splitting: An Adaptive Junction -- 3 Catalysts for Photoelectrochemical HER -- 4 Catalysts for the Photoelectrochemical OER -- 5 Carbonaceous -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Cationic Electrocatalysis in Effecting the Electrosynthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders in Molten Salts -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Background. Cationic Electrocatalysis of the Electroreduction of Complicated Oxyanions in Salt Melts -- 3 Cation Catalysis of the Electroreduction of Tungstate Anion in the Na,K|Cl Melt -- 3.1 Quantum-Chemical Estimation of Influence of Outer-Sphere Cations (Mg2+) on Charge Transfer During [WO4]2− Reduction -- 3.2 Voltammetric Study of the Effect of Mg2+ Cations on the Discharge of Tungstate Anion in a Chloride Melt -- 4 Using the Phenomenon of Cationic Electrocatalysis for the Joint Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Tungstate Anion in Chloride Melts -- 4.1 Peculiarities of the Discharge of CO2 Dissolved in Chloride Melts -- 4.2 Joint Electroreduction of [WO4]2− and CO2 in Chloride Melts Having Different Acidities -- 4.3 Practical Implementation of the Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbide Nanopowders in Chloride-Oxide Melts -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Microalgae-Based Systems Applied to Bioelectrocatalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biological Fuel Cells -- 3 Factors Influencing the Bioelectricity Production from Microalgae -- 4 Interactions Between Microalgae and Electrodes -- 4.1 Microalgae at the Cathode -- 4.2 Microalgae at the Anode -- 5 Microalgae-Based Microbial Fuel Cells Configurations -- 6 Applicability of the Process -- 7 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- Current Trends in Electrodeposition of Electrocatalytic Coatings -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nickel and Nickel-Based Alloys -- 3 Iron, Cobalt and Their Alloys -- 4 Copper and Copper-Based Alloys -- 5 Noble Metals and Their Alloys -- 6 Chromium and Chromium-Based Alloys -- 7 Composite Coatings -- 8 Conclusions -- References -- Carbon Based Electrocatalysts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nanocomposite Applications in Electrocatalysis -- 2.1 Graphene -- 2.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTS) -- 2.3 Other Carbon Based and Metallic Nanocomposite Materials -- 3 Conclusion -- References. , State-of-the-Art Advances and Perspectives for Electrocatalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrogen Evolution Reactions -- 2.1 Insight of Reactions During Water Electrolysis -- 2.2 Mechanism of Electrochemical HER -- 2.3 Key Parameters to Evaluate HER Performances -- 3 Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS2) -- 3.1 Structure of MoS2 -- 3.2 Chemical Synthesis of MoS2 -- 4 MoS2 as HER Electrocatalyst -- 4.1 Activating Basal Plane of MoS2 -- 4.2 Heteroatom Doping on MoS2 Structure -- 4.3 MoS2 Hybrid Nanostructures for HER -- 5 Summary and Future Perspectives -- References -- Electrocatalysts for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting -- 3 Properties of Semiconductor Photocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 3.1 Bandgap -- 3.2 Band Edges Positions -- 3.3 Charge Carriers Separation and Migration -- 3.4 Stability in Aqueous Media -- 4 Photocatalysts for Water Splitting -- 4.1 UV-Active Photocatalysts -- 4.2 Visible Light Active Photocatalysts -- 5 Difficulties in Achieving Water Splitting Under Visible Light -- 6 Strategies for Improving the Visible Response of UV-Active Photocatalysts -- 6.1 Doping with Metals -- 6.2 Doping with Nonmetal -- 6.3 Co-doping with Metal and Nonmetal -- 6.4 Surface Sensitization with Dyes -- 6.5 Coupling of Photocatalysts -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction Kinetics -- 2.1 Tafel Slope -- 2.2 Exchange Current Density -- 3 Electrochemical Techniques in Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 3.1 Steady-State Polarization -- 3.2 Cyclic Voltammetry -- 3.3 Rotating Disk Electrode -- 3.4 Rotating Ring Disk Electrode -- 4 Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction -- 4.1 Pt-Based Catalyst for ORR -- 4.2 Platinum Group Metal (PGM)-Free Catalysts -- 4.3 Metal-Free Electrocatalysts for ORR -- References. , History, Progress, and Development of Electrocatalysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 History of Electrocatalysis -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 History -- 3 Progress and Development of Electrocatalysis -- 3.1 Electrochemical Energy Conversion -- References -- Characterization of Electrocatalyst -- 1 Introduction -- 2 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- 3 Physical Surface Area Determination -- 4 Infra-Red Spectroscopy (IR) -- 5 UV-vis Spectroscopy -- 6 Electron Microscopy -- 7 Electrochemical Techniques -- 8 Linear Sweep Voltammetry (LSV) -- 9 Tafel Analysis -- 10 Cyclic Voltammetry -- 11 Electrochemical Active Surface Area (ECSA) from CV -- 12 Chronoamperometry/Chronopotentiometry -- 13 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) -- 14 Mott-Schottky Analysis -- 15 Conclusion -- References -- Interface Chemistry of Platinum-Based Materials for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution in Alkaline Conditions -- 1 Background and Brief Introduction -- 2 HER Mechanism in Alkaline Condition -- 3 HER Electrocatalysis on Interface of Pt -- 4 HER Activity on the Interface of Pt-Based Materials -- 4.1 Pt-M Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER -- 4.2 Pt-MO Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER -- 4.3 Pt-M(OH) Nanocomposite for Alkaline HER -- 4.4 Other Pt-Based Nanocomposites for Alkaline HER -- 5 Conclusion and Perspective -- References.