Note: Front Cover -- Inorganic Pollutants in Water -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- Acknowledgment -- 1 Inorganic water pollutants -- 1.1 Water: a natural resource and a basic need -- 1.2 Water pollution due to inorganic chemicals -- 1.3 Major inorganic water pollutants -- 1.3.1 Water contamination by heavy metals -- 1.3.1.1 Health problems due to heavy metals concentration in water -- 1.3.1.2 Removal of heavy metals from water -- 1.3.2 Water contamination by arsenic -- 1.3.2.1 Sources of arsenic contamination in water -- 1.3.2.2 Adverse health effects of high arsenic concentration in water -- 1.3.2.3 Removal of arsenic from aqueous solutions -- 1.3.3 Water contamination by nitrate -- 1.3.3.1 Nitrate contamination: global and Indian scenario -- 1.3.3.2 Sources of nitrate in water -- 1.3.3.3 Adverse human health effects of nitrate contamination in water -- 1.3.3.4 Removal techniques of nitrate from water -- 1.3.4 Fluoride contamination in groundwater -- 1.3.4.1 Fluoride contamination: global and Indian scenario -- 1.3.4.2 Sources of fluoride in water -- 1.3.4.3 Adverse human health effects of fluoride contamination in water -- 1.3.4.4 Removal of fluoride from aqueous solutions -- 1.4 Concluding remarks and future scope -- References -- Further reading -- 2 Types of inorganic pollutants: metals/metalloids, acids, and organic forms -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Inorganic pollutants in water and their sources -- 2.3 Types of inorganic water pollutants: physiochemical properties -- 2.3.1 Metals/metalloids -- 2.3.2 Acids -- 2.3.3 Organic forms -- 2.4 Status of water resources contamination with inorganic water pollutants -- 2.5 Health effects of inorganic water pollutants -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 3 Priority and emerging pollutants in water. , 3.1 Introduction: inorganic water pollutants -- 3.2 Emerging water pollutants -- 3.3 Priority water pollutants -- 3.4 Sources of emerging inorganic water pollutants -- 3.5 Health effects of inorganic water pollutants -- 3.6 Future outlook -- 3.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 4 Policy and regulatory framework for inorganic contaminants -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Drinking water quality standard (focus on inorganic contaminants) -- 4.3 Main sources of inorganic pollutants -- 4.3.1 Geogenic sources -- 4.3.2 Anthropogenic sources of heavy metals -- 4.3.3 Mining industries -- 4.3.4 Coal-based thermal power plants -- 4.3.5 Domestic wastewater effluents -- 4.3.6 Runoff storm water -- 4.4 Water policies of India -- 4.4.1 National Water Policy (1987) -- 4.4.1.1 Limitations -- 4.4.2 National Water Policy (2002) -- 4.4.2.1 Limitations -- 4.4.3 National Water Policy (2012) -- 4.4.3.1 Principles of National Water Policy, 2012 -- 4.4.3.2 Other aspects of National Water Policy 2012 -- 4.4.3.2.1 Conservation of river corridors and water bodies -- 4.4.3.2.2 Water supply and sanitation -- 4.4.3.2.3 Limitations of national Water Policy 2012 -- 4.4.4 Comparison of all national water policies -- 4.5 Water Regulatory Framework of India -- 4.5.1 Ministry of the Environment, Forest, and Climate Change -- 4.5.2 Ministry of Water Resource -- 4.5.2.1 National Water Framework Bill (2016) -- 4.5.2.1.1 Standard for water quality and water footprints -- 4.5.2.1.2 Preservation of water quality -- 4.5.2.1.3 Industrial water management -- 4.5.3 Institutes for regulation of water resources in India -- 4.5.3.1 Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board -- 4.5.3.1.1 Functions of state pollution control boards -- 4.5.3.1.2 Powers of Central Pollution Control Board and State Pollution Control Board. , 4.5.3.2 Central Water Commission -- 4.5.3.3 Central Ground Water Board -- 4.6 Water quality legislative in India -- 4.6.1 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 -- 4.6.1.1 Section 20-Power to obtain information -- 4.6.1.2 Section 21-Powers to take samples of effluents -- 4.6.1.3 Section 23-Powers of entry and inspection, and Section 24-Prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of poll... -- 4.6.1.4 Section 25-Emergency measures in the case of pollution of stream and well -- 4.6.1.4.1 Limitations of the act -- 4.6.2 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Bill, 2014 -- 4.6.3 Environment Protection Act, 1986 -- 4.6.4 The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977 -- 4.7 Water pollution monitoring -- 4.7.1 Water monitoring for inorganic pollutants -- 4.8 Reformation of regulatory framework -- 4.8.1 Strengthening of compliance and monitoring system -- 4.8.2 Enhancement of sewage treatment capacity -- 4.8.3 Use of low-cost technologies for metal removal -- 4.8.4 Standards for agricultural wastewater and industrial and mine runoff -- References -- Further reading -- 5 Assessment of the negative effects of various inorganic water pollutants on the biosphere-an overview -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Various nonmetallic cum inorganic water pollutants -- 5.2.1 Phosphates -- 5.2.2 Nitrates/nitrites -- 5.2.3 Chloride -- 5.2.4 Fluoride -- 5.2.5 Ammonia -- 5.2.6 Hydrogen sulfide -- 5.2.7 Asbestos (a silicate mineral) -- 5.3 Various metal- and metal complexes-based water pollutants -- 5.3.1 Impact of pure metal-based nanosubstances -- 5.4 Effects of acidic and basic inorganic pollutant species on water bodies -- 5.5 Environmental contamination of inorganic nanosubstances -- 5.6 Qualitative and quantitative measurement of inorganic pollutants -- 5.7 Guidelines for inorganic water pollutants. , 5.8 Conclusive remarks and recommendations -- References -- Further reading -- 6 Analytical methods of water pollutants detection -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Detection procedures -- 6.2.1 Direct analysis of pollutants -- 6.2.1.1 Biological factors -- 6.2.1.2 Chemical factors -- 6.2.1.3 Radiological factors -- 6.2.2 Toxicity test -- 6.2.3 New detection technologies -- 6.2.3.1 Algae, to detect water contamination -- 6.2.3.2 Carbon nanotube sensors -- 6.2.3.3 Fluorescent bacteria -- 6.2.3.4 Active electrochemical bacteria (biological sensors) -- 6.2.4 Water quality parameters to detect pollutants -- 6.3 Contamination warning systems -- 6.3.1 Online pollutant monitoring -- 6.3.2 Online sensor technology -- 6.3.3 Computational procedures -- 6.4 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 7 Methods of inorganic pollutants detection in water -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Various detection methodologies -- 7.2.1 Conventional methodologies -- 7.2.1.1 Mass spectroscopy -- 7.2.1.1.1 Ionization sources -- 7.2.1.2 Atomic absorption spectroscopy -- 7.2.2 Absorption spectrometry -- 7.2.2.1 Colorimetric/plasmonic sensing -- 7.2.2.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based sensing -- 7.2.2.3 Fluorescence spectroscopy -- 7.2.3 Electrochemical detection -- 7.2.3.1 Amperometric -- 7.2.3.2 Voltammetry -- 7.2.3.3 Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy -- 7.2.4 Potentiometric detection -- 7.2.4.1 Biosensors -- 7.2.4.2 Description about biosensors -- 7.2.4.3 Block diagram description -- 7.3 Conclusion and future prospect -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 8 Organic linkers for colorimetric detection of inorganic water pollutants -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Inorganic pollutants -- 8.3 Organic linkers (chemosensor) -- 8.3.1 Characteristic of chemosensors -- 8.3.2 Schiff base sensors -- 8.3.3 Schiff base sensors for colorimetric detection of heavy-metal ions. , 8.3.3.1 Colorimetric chemosensor for Hg2+ ions -- 8.3.3.2 Colorimetric chemosensor for Cu2+ ions -- 8.3.3.3 Colorimetric chemosensor for Co2+ ions -- 8.3.3.4 Colorimetric chemosensor for Fe2+/Fe3+ ions -- 8.3.3.5 Colorimetric chemosensor for Cr3+ ions -- 8.3.3.6 Colorimetric chemosensor for Mn2+ ions -- 8.3.3.7 Colorimetric chemosensor for Ni2+ ions -- 8.3.3.8 Colorimetric chemosensor for Zn2+ ions -- 8.3.3.9 Colorimetric chemosensor for Ag2+ ions -- 8.4 Dye-based colorimetric sensor -- 8.4.1 Copper ion sensors -- 8.4.2 Chromium ion sensors -- 8.4.3 Lead ion sensors -- 8.4.4 Mercury ion sensors -- 8.5 Conclusion -- 8.6 Future outlook -- References -- Further reading -- 9 Materials in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based detection of inorganic water pollutants -- 9.1 Introduction: water pollutants -- 9.2 Health effects of inorganic pollutants -- 9.3 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering -- 9.4 Surface plasmon in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy -- 9.4.1 Materials in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based sensing -- 9.4.2 Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for detection of inorganic pollutants -- 9.5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Further reading -- 10 Low-cost adsorbents for removal of inorganic impurities from wastewater -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Significance of low-cost adsorbents -- 10.3 Inexpensive adsorbents utilized for treating inorganic contaminants -- 10.3.1 Chitosan -- 10.3.1.1 Magnetic chitosan -- 10.3.2 Zeolites -- 10.3.3 Natural clays -- 10.3.4 Biochar -- 10.3.4.1 Dairy manure-derived biochar -- 10.3.4.2 Sugarcane bagasse-based biochar -- 10.3.4.3 Biomass-based biochar -- 10.3.5 Wheat straw -- 10.3.5.1 UiO-66 immobilized on wheat straw -- 10.3.6 Walnut shell -- 10.3.7 Magnetized-activated carbon -- 10.3.7.1 Rice straw -- 10.3.7.2 Rice straw-based activated carbon -- 10.3.7.3 Maize tassel-based activated carbon. , 10.3.8 Monomer-grafted cellulose-based adsorbents.

Note: Front Cover -- Contamination of Water -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- Preface -- A. Water contamination -- 1 Contamination of water resources in the mining region -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Sources of contamination -- 1.2.1 Mining area -- 1.2.1.1 Active and abandoned mines -- 1.2.1.2 Metallic and nonmetallic -- 1.2.1.3 Surface and underground mines -- 1.2.2 Mine waste -- 1.2.2.1 Tailings -- 1.2.2.2 Waste rocks -- 1.2.2.3 Slag -- 1.2.3 Mine water -- 1.3 Pathways of contamination -- 1.3.1 Contamination of surface water resources -- 1.3.2 Contamination of groundwater resources -- 1.4 Impacts of mines on vegetation and humans -- 1.4.1 Vegetation -- 1.4.2 Human health -- 1.5 Remediation methods -- 1.6 Summary -- References -- 2 Contamination of water resources in and around saline lakes -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Types of saline lakes around the world -- 2.3 Contamination of saline lakes -- 2.3.1 Aral Sea -- 2.3.2 Great Salt Lake -- 2.3.3 Lake Urmia -- 2.3.4 Sambhar Lake -- 2.3.5 Dead Sea -- 2.4 Management and conservation of lakes -- 2.5 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Contamination of groundwater by fly ash heavy metals at landfill sites -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Fly ash disposal -- 3.3 Wet disposal method -- 3.4 Dry disposal method -- 3.5 Impact of fly ash disposal on groundwater -- 3.6 Status of groundwater contamination -- 3.7 Case study -- 3.7.1 Characterization of fly ash disposed of at landfill sites and groundwater contamination by fly ash heavy metals relea... -- 3.8 Fly ash: heavy metal contaminant -- 3.9 Material method -- 3.10 Results -- 3.10.1 Dry disposal system -- 3.10.1.1 Physio-chemical analysis of dyke ash -- 3.10.1.2 Instrumental analysis -- 3.10.1.2.1 Morphology of dyke ash (pre and postanalysis) -- 3.11 Particle size analysis by dynamic light scattering analyser (pre and postmonsoon analysis). , 3.12 Fourier transform infrared analysis of dyke ash (pre and postmonsoon) -- 3.13 Mineralogy of dyke ash by x-ray diffraction (pre and postanalysis) -- 3.13.1 Wet disposal system -- 3.13.1.1 Physio-chemical analysis -- 3.13.1.2 Instrumental analysis -- 3.13.1.2.1 Morphology of ash by scanning electron microscopy -- 3.14 Particle size analysis of ash by dynamic light scattering -- 3.15 Fourier transform infrared analysis of ash -- 3.16 Mineralogy of ash by x-ray diffraction -- 3.17 Seasonal concentration of heavy metal in fly ash -- 3.18 Discussion -- 3.18.1 Disposal system of fly ash -- 3.19 Dry disposal system of fly ash -- 3.20 Wet disposal system of fly ash -- 3.21 Heavy metal analysis of pre and postmonsoon disposed ash -- 3.22 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Current scenario of heavy metal contamination in water -- 4.1 Introduction: water contamination and measure concerns -- 4.2 Types of water pollutants -- 4.2.1 Organic pollutants -- 4.2.2 Inorganic pollutants -- 4.2.3 Biological pollutants -- 4.2.4 Thermal pollutants -- 4.2.5 Radioactive pollutants -- 4.2.6 Heavy metal contamination in water -- 4.3 Standard permissible limits and sources of heavy metal pollution in water -- 4.3.1 Standard permissible limits for heavy metals in water -- 4.3.2 Sources of heavy metal contamination in water -- 4.3.2.1 Natural source -- 4.3.2.2 Anthropogenic sources -- 4.4 Heavy metal contamination in water sources: environmental and health hazards -- 4.5 Heavy metal decontamination: remediation methods and techniques -- 4.5.1 Oxidation/precipitation -- 4.5.2 Ion exchange -- 4.5.3 Electrokinetic process -- 4.5.4 Membrane filtration/reverse osmosis -- 4.5.5 Bioremediation -- 4.5.6 Adsorption method -- 4.5.6.1 Powder method -- 4.5.6.2 Template method -- 4.6 Concluding remarks and future aspects -- References. , 5 Health impacts due to fluoride contamination in water: current scenario -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Fluoride chemistry -- 5.3 Sources of fluoride in the environment -- 5.3.1 Minerals/sediment based sources -- 5.3.2 Geothermal sources -- 5.3.3 Anthropogenic resources -- 5.4 Factors responsible for the contribution of fluoride ions to groundwater resources -- 5.5 Fluoride availability in groundwater/drinking water -- 5.6 Bioavailability of fluoride -- 5.7 Effects on human health due to fluoride -- 5.8 Human health risk assessment due to fluoride -- 5.8.1 Health risk assessment tool -- 5.8.2 Categorization of risk for assessment -- 5.8.2.1 Carcinogenic risks -- 5.8.2.2 Noncarcinogenic risks -- 5.8.3 Assessment of risk involved -- 5.8.3.1 Carcinogenic risk assessment and lifelong probability -- 5.8.3.2 Assessment of noncarcinogenic risk -- 5.9 Remedial techniques to remove fluoride from water/waste water -- 5.9.1 Chemical precipitation/coagulation -- 5.9.2 Phytoremediation technique -- 5.9.3 Membrane-based separation process -- 5.9.3.1 Reverse osmosis -- 5.9.3.2 Nanofiltration -- 5.9.3.3 Electrodialysis -- 5.9.4 Ion-exchange method -- 5.9.5 Adsorption -- 5.10 Consumer behavior and use of water -- 5.11 Recommendations -- References -- 6 Contamination of water resources in industrial zones -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Water pollution and pollutants -- 6.1.2 Water scarcity and quality -- 6.1.3 Exposure of industrial contaminants into the water -- 6.2 Types of contaminants present in water resources -- 6.2.1 Organic contaminants -- 6.2.2 Thermal pollution -- 6.2.3 Heavy metals -- 6.2.4 Biological -- 6.3 Negative impacts of contaminants on human health and ecotoxicity -- 6.4 Remediation technology -- 6.4.1 Water remediation by physical and chemical technologies -- 6.4.1.1 Physical method -- 6.4.1.1.1 Pump and treat technology. , 6.4.1.1.2 Air sparging technology -- 6.4.1.1.3 Adsorption technology -- 6.4.1.1.4 Distillation technology -- 6.4.1.2 Chemical treatment technologies -- 6.4.1.2.1 Chemical precipitation method -- 6.4.1.2.2 Ion-exchange method -- 6.4.1.2.3 Carbon adsorption method -- 6.4.1.2.4 Chemical oxidation method -- 6.4.1.2.5 Surfactant increased recovery method -- 6.4.1.2.6 Permeable active barrier method -- 6.4.2 Water remediation by bioremediation and phytoremediation technologies -- 6.4.2.1 Bioremediation -- 6.4.2.2 In-situ bioremediation approach -- 6.4.2.3 Ex-situ bioremediation approach -- 6.4.2.4 Methods of bioremediation -- 6.4.2.4.1 Bioventing method -- 6.4.2.4.2 Landfarming method -- 6.4.2.4.3 Bioreactor method -- 6.4.2.4.4 Bioaugmentation method -- 6.4.2.4.5 Rhizofiltration method -- 6.4.2.4.6 Biostimulation method -- 6.4.2.5 Phytoremediation -- 6.4.2.6 Types of phytoremediation -- 6.4.2.6.1 Phytostabilization approach -- 6.4.2.6.2 Phytovolatilization approach -- 6.4.2.6.3 Phytoextraction or phytoaccumulation approach -- 6.4.2.6.4 Phytofiltration approach -- 6.4.2.6.5 Phytodegradation or phytotransformation approach -- 6.5 Conclusion -- References -- 7 Contamination of groundwater resources by pesticides -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Historical perspectives of pesticide pollution -- 7.3 The fate of pesticides in the environment -- 7.4 Initial deposition and fate of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems -- 7.5 Impacts of pesticides -- 7.6 Management practices and remedies against pesticide pollution in groundwater -- 7.7 Conclusion and future direction -- References -- 8 Current scenario of pesticide contamination in water -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Pesticides contamination in water resources -- 8.3 Emerging pesticides as water pollutants -- 8.4 Source of pesticides release in water bodies -- 8.5 Ecological and health risk assessment. , 8.6 Conclusion and future outlook -- Acknowledgement -- References -- B. Health risk assessment -- 9 Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 1 -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Water-a boon to mankind -- 9.2.1 Types of water available -- 9.2.2 Water quality, scarcity, and its importance -- 9.2.3 Water contaminants and its types: conventional and emerging -- 9.2.3.1 Conventional contaminants -- 9.2.3.1.1 Inorganic substance contaminants -- 9.2.3.1.2 Organic contaminants -- 9.2.3.1.3 Biological contaminants -- 9.2.3.1.4 Radiological contaminants -- 9.2.3.2 Emerging water pollutants -- 9.2.4 Different route, causes and sources -- 9.3 Impure or heavy metal contaminated drinking water -- 9.3.1 Mechanism of heavy metal toxicity -- 9.3.1.1 Arsenic toxicity -- 9.3.1.2 Cadmium toxicity -- 9.3.1.3 Chromium toxicity -- 9.3.1.4 Lead toxicity -- 9.3.1.5 Mercury toxicity -- 9.3.2 Adverse effect of heavy metals on human health -- 9.3.3 Heavy metal risk assessment: harms versus benefits -- 9.4 Remediation and mitigation of heavy metals -- 9.4.1 Microbial remediation -- 9.4.2 Bio-sorption technique -- 9.4.3 Chromatographic technique -- 9.4.4 Nanoadsorbent technique -- 9.5 Biotechnological approaches for the detection of contaminants in freshwater -- 9.5.1 Types of biosensors -- 9.5.1.1 Antibody-based biosensors -- 9.5.1.2 Enzyme-based biosensors -- 9.5.1.3 Protein-based biosensors -- 9.5.1.4 Whole cell-based biosensors -- 9.6 Miscellaneous -- 9.7 Conclusion -- References -- 10 Contamination of water resources with potentially toxic elements and human health risk assessment: Part 2 -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Natural distribution, industrial production, and applications of toxic heavy metals -- 10.2.1 Mercury -- 10.2.2 Arsenic -- 10.2.3 Lead -- 10.2.4 Cadmium -- 10.2.5 Chromium. , 10.3 Heavy metals contamination in water resources.

Note: Front Cover -- Global Climate Change -- Global Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographies -- 1 - Climate change and existential threats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The existential threats -- 3. The rise in temperature and global warming -- 4. Melting of glaciers and polar icecaps -- 5. Rise in sea level, sea shape, and sea composition -- 6. Hazards of climate change -- 7. Forest fires -- 8. Heat waves -- 9. Drought -- 10. Floods -- 11. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons -- 12. Loss of biodiversity and impact on flora and fauna -- 13. Health effects -- 14. Food security -- 15. Climate refugees -- 16. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Impact of climate change on biodiversity and shift in major biomes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of climate change on biodiversity -- 3. Changes in the recurring life cycle events -- 4. Climatic factors -- 5. Biological responses and ecosystem health -- 6. Buffer and porch effects -- 7. Range shifts -- 8. Extinction risks -- 9. Summary and conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Climate-resilient agriculture: enhance resilience toward climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Major causes for climate change -- 1.1.1 The natural factors causing climate change -- 1.1.2 Anthropogenic activities -- 1.2 Pros of climate change -- 1.3 Cons of climate change -- 2. Climate-resilient agriculture -- 3. Major programs for climate-resilient agriculture -- 3.1 NICRA: National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.2 Objectives of National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.3 Village Climate Risk Management Committee -- 4. Smart practices and technologies for climate-resilient agriculture -- 4.1 Conservation of natural resources -- 4.2 Conservation of soil moisture by mulching -- 4.2.1 Benefit of mulching -- 4.3 Conservation agriculture for sustainable land use. , 4.4 Artificial recharging for enhancement of groundwater -- 4.5 Community approach for soil and water conservation -- 4.6 Sustainable crop production under climate change scenario -- 4.6.1 Selection of appropriate crop varieties -- 4.6.2 System of Rice Intensification -- 4.6.3 Aerobic rice cultivation -- 4.6.4 Intensive mixed farming system -- 4.6.5 Soil enrichment using organic manure/amendments and biofertilizers -- 4.6.6 Livestock and fisheries -- 4.6.6.1 Fodder production -- 4.6.6.2 Aquaculture and coping measures -- 5. Institutional interventions -- 5.1 Preserving the genetic diversity -- 5.2 Role of fodder bank in improving the quality of fodder -- 5.3 Custom hiring centers for increasing farm mechanization -- 5.3.1 Benefits from custom hiring centers -- 5.4 Weather Based Crop Insurance -- 6. Village-level weather forecasting -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Influence of anthropocene climate change on biodiversity loss in different ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drivers of climate change -- 3. Climate change-induced species response -- 4. Biodiversity loss in terrestrial environment -- 4.1 Montane and subalpines ecosystems -- 4.2 Dryland ecosystems -- 5. Biodiversity loss in aquatic environment -- 5.1 Marine and coral reef ecosystems -- 5.2 Freshwater and wetland ecosystems -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 5 - Link between air pollution and global climate change -- 1. Air pollution -- 1.1 Air quality standards -- 1.2 Air quality index -- 2. Sources of air pollution -- 2.1 Classification of major air pollution sources -- 2.2 Types of pollutants -- 3. Greenhouse gases -- 3.1 Global warming potential -- 3.2 Residence time -- 4. Greenhouse gases, global warming, and global climate change -- 4.1 Radiative forcing -- 4.2 Net radiative forcing -- 5. Nitrogen oxide emission an indirect greenhouse gas -- 6. Parameters affecting air pollution. , 7. Coupling of air pollution with global warming process -- 8. Design of large-scale facility for effective global warming system -- 9. Current applications and future aspects -- 9.1 Carbon capture and storage/utilization technologies -- 9.2 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 - Dimensions of climate change and its consequences on ecosystem functioning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ozone depletion, UV-B penetration, and their impacts on different ecosystems -- 2.1 Stratospheric ozone depletion -- 2.2 Impacts of ozone depletion on regional and global basis -- 2.3 Impacts of O3 depletion on the regional rainfall and water availability -- 2.4 Impacts of O3 depletion-induced changes in surface temperature on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3. UV radiation -- 3.1 Global climate change due to ozone depletion and UV-B penetration -- 3.2 Impacts of UV-B on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3.3 Impacts of ozone depletion and UV radiation on ecosystem functioning -- 3.4 Impacts of O3 depletion and UV-B penetration on aquatic ecosystem -- 3.5 Climate change-induced alteration in UV radiation exposure of organisms -- 4. Global warming -- 4.1 Impact of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems -- 4.2 Impact of global warming on aquatic ecosystems -- 4.3 Sea level rise and glacier melting -- 5. Effects of climate change on nutrient pollution -- 6. Effects of climate change on thermal pollution -- 7. Increased risks of climate-related disasters -- 7.1 Climate change aggravates the degradation of ecosystem -- 7.2 Proper ecosystem management is essential to reduce the risks of weather events -- 8. Crisis of natural resources -- 8.1 Land degradation -- 8.2 Water crisis -- 8.3 Loss of biodiversity -- 8.4 Marine resources -- 9. National and international meets/conventions on climate change impact and mitigation efforts -- 10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 7 - Climate change: Impact on agricultural production and sustainable mitigation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global climate change -- 3. Impact of climate change on the agricultural sectors -- 3.1 Climate change impact on Indian agriculture -- 3.1.1 Impact on the agricultural ecosystem -- 3.1.2 Impact on the agricultural production -- 3.1.2.1 Rice -- 3.1.2.2 Wheat -- 3.1.2.3 Maize -- 3.1.2.4 Barley -- 3.1.2.5 Pulses -- 3.1.3 Impact on the insect pest and disease development -- 3.1.4 Impact on the use of agrochemicals -- 3.1.5 Impacts on the agricultural economy -- 4. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for the agriculture -- 4.1 Mitigation strategies -- 4.2 Adaptation strategies -- 4.2.1 Soil management practices -- 4.2.2 Shifting the location of seed production industries -- 4.2.3 Shifting crop sowing date -- 4.2.4 Plant breeding and focus on developed variety -- 5. Policy implications -- 6. Conclusion and future prospective -- References -- 8 - Geological records of climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geological evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Oceanic sediments -- 2.2 Oxygen isotope ratio -- 2.3 Tree rings -- 2.4 Fossils pollen -- 2.5 Coral reefs -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- 9 - Global climate change: the loop between cause and impact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural causes of climate change -- 2.1 Orbital variations and climate change -- 2.1.1 Orbital eccentricity -- 2.1.2 Earth's obliquity -- 2.1.3 Precession -- 2.2 Solar variability and climate change -- 2.2.1 Sunspots and temperature -- 2.2.2 Sunspots and drought -- 2.3 Plate tectonics and climate change -- 2.4 Albedo and climate change -- 2.5 El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle -- 2.6 Volcanic activity and climate change -- 3. Anthropogenic cause -- 3.1 Greenhouse gases -- 3.1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) -- 3.1.2 Methane -- 3.1.3 Nitrous oxide (N2O). , 3.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 3.1.5 Water vapor (H2O) and aerosol -- 4. Effect of climate change -- 4.1 Change in sea level -- 4.2 Ocean acidification -- 4.3 Ozone depletion -- 4.4 Melting of polar ice and glaciers -- 4.5 Enhanced extreme weather events -- 4.6 Food security -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Development of abiotic stress-tolerant mustard genotype through induced mutagenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indicator for different stresses -- References -- 11 - Impact of tropospheric ozone pollution on wheat production in Southeast Asia: an update -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modern bread wheat: the second most important cash crop -- 2.1 Origin and evolution of modern wheat -- 2.2 Wheat as a major player in green revolution -- 3. Tropospheric ozone: the most toxic secondary air pollutant and climate factor -- 3.1 Good ozone and bad ozone -- 3.2 The genesis of ozone -- 3.3 Absorption in plants and general consequences -- 3.4 Consequences -- 4. Wheat production under ozone pollution: the world scenario -- 5. Case studies: Southeast Asia -- 5.1 Pakistan -- 5.1.1 India -- 5.2 Bangladesh -- 5.3 China -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Past and present events of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Loss of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers -- 2.2 Ocean acidification -- 2.2.1 Reduced calcification -- 2.3 Change in average surface temperature and precipitation pattern -- 2.4 Sea level rise -- 3. Causes of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic -- 3.1 Natural causes of climate change -- 3.2 Anthropogenic causes of climate change -- 4. Past climatic changes -- 5. Recent trends in climate change -- 5.1 Sea level rise -- 5.2 Shrinking ice -- 5.3 Ocean heat and acidity -- 5.4 Extreme events -- 5.5 Wildfires -- 6. Conclusion -- References. , 13 - Radioecology: dissecting complexities of radionuclide transfer under climate change.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Coastal Ecosystems of India and Their Conservation and Management Policies: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Coastal States, Union Territories and Islands of India -- 2.1 Gujarat -- 2.2 Maharashtra -- 2.3 Goa -- 2.4 Karnataka -- 2.5 Kerala -- 2.6 Andhra Pradesh -- 2.7 Tamil Nadu -- 2.8 Odisha -- 2.9 West Bengal -- 2.10 Union Territories of India: Coastal Regions -- 2.10.1 Puducherry -- 2.10.2 Daman and Diu -- 2.10.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) -- 2.10.4 Lakshadweep Islands -- 3 India's Coastal Ecosystems -- 3.1 Mangroves -- 3.1.1 Sundarbans Mangroves (West Bengal) -- 3.1.2 Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Goa Mangroves -- 3.1.3 Mangroves Pichavaram and Muthupet (Tamil Nadu) -- 3.1.4 Andaman and Nicobar Mangrove (ANI) -- 3.1.5 Mahanadi and Bhitarkanika (Odisha) -- 3.2 Salt Marshes -- 3.3 Seagrasses -- 3.4 Coral Reefs -- 3.5 Lagoons -- 4 India's Coastal Policies -- 4.1 Global Conventions and Coastline Protection Treaties -- 4.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) -- 4.1.2 The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) -- 4.1.3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Wildlife (CITES) -- 4.1.4 Ramsar Convention on International Important Wetlands -- 4.1.5 Biosphere Reserves -- 4.1.6 Biodiversity Act, 2002 -- 4.1.7 Indian Coastal Zone Regulations -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Sources and Distribution of Fecal Coliforms in the Coastal Environment: A Case Study from Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Microbial Indicators of Bacteriological Quality of Water -- 1.2 Monitoring and Assessment of FC -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Water Sampling -- 2.3 Detection of FC Bacteria -- 2.4 Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 2.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling and MAR Index. , 2.6 Statistical Analysis -- 2.7 Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Distribution of FC Bacteria -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Distribution of FC Bacteria -- 3.3 Inter-annual Variation in FC Bacteria -- 3.4 Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 3.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and MAR Index -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Seagrass Ecosystems of India as Bioindicators of Trace Elements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution and Ecology of Indian Seagrasses -- 2 Trace Element in Coastal Water, Sediment, and Seagrasses -- 2.1 Trace Element in the Water Column above Seagrass Meadows -- 2.2 Trace Metals in the Sediment of Seagrass Meadows -- 2.3 Role of Sediment Characteristics in Making Trace Elements Bioavailable -- 2.4 Trace Element Accumulation in Seagrasses -- 3 Effects of Trace Elements on Seagrass Physiology -- 4 Future Scenarios and Metal Toxicity on Seagrass -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Phosphorus Availability and Speciation in the Intertidal Sediments of Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem of India and Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Sample Collection -- 3.2 Chemicals and Solutions -- 3.3 Total Sedimentary Phosphorus (TSP) -- 3.4 Sequential Extraction Procedure -- 3.5 Reactive Fe Analyses -- 3.6 Porewater Solute Analyses -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Fractions -- 4.2 Sediment Characteristics -- 4.3 Porewater Solutes -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sedimentary Phosphorus Species -- 5.1.1 Detrital P (Det-P) and Exchangeable P (Sorb-P) -- 5.1.2 Authigenic CFA -- 5.1.3 Organic P -- 5.1.4 DB-Extractable P (Fe-P) -- 5.2 Bioavailable Phosphorus -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phytoplankton Ecology in Indian Coastal Lagoons: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coastal Lagoons of India. , 3 Phytoplankton Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics in Indian Lagoons -- 3.1 East Coast of India -- 3.2 West Coast of India -- 4 Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Distribution and Dynamics in Indian Lagoons -- 4.1 Physical Factors -- 4.1.1 Water Temperature -- 4.1.2 Photic Depth and Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Water Current -- 4.2 Chemical Factor -- 4.2.1 Nutrients -- 4.2.2 Salinity -- 4.2.3 pH -- 4.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen -- 4.2.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) -- 4.3 Geological Factor -- 4.4 Biological Factor -- 4.5 Meteorological Factor -- 4.5.1 Aerosol -- 4.6 Anthropogenic Factor -- 5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Growing Menace of Microplastics in and Around the Coastal Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Few Sources of Microplastics -- 3 Menace Across the Globe -- 3.1 Effects on Turtles and Dolphins -- 3.2 Effects on Coral Reefs -- 3.3 Effects on Crabs, Fishes -- 3.4 Effects on Seabirds and Oysters -- 3.5 Effects on Benthic Organisms -- 4 Challenges and Recommendations -- 5 Indian Context -- 6 Suggestions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Variability of Nutrients and Their Stoichiometry in Chilika Lagoon, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Variability of Physicochemical Parameters -- 4.1.1 Climatic Condition and Bathymetry -- 4.1.2 Factors Responsible for SD Variability -- 4.1.3 pH, DO, and Salinity Variability Factors -- 4.2 Nutrient Dynamics -- 4.2.1 Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Species -- 4.2.2 Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate -- 4.2.3 Variability of Silicate -- 4.3 Spatiotemporal Variability in Trophic Index -- 4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry and Influencing Factors -- 4.4.1 N/P -- 4.4.2 Si/P -- 4.4.3 N/Si -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: A Systematic Review on the Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on Indian Coastal Mangrove Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global Mangrove Cover -- 1.2 Indian Coastal Mangrove Systems -- 1.3 Threat to Mangrove Ecosystems -- 1.3.1 Natural Influences -- 1.3.2 Anthropogenic Influences -- Agricultural Activities -- Industrial Development -- Heavy Metals -- Nutrients -- Aquaculture -- Oil Spills -- Sand Mining -- Resource Exploitation -- Other Pollutants -- 2 Importance of Mangroves in Controlling Pollution -- 3 Current and Future Threats -- 3.1 Global Warming -- 3.2 Sea-Level Rise -- 3.3 Weather Events -- 4 Management: Restoration and Resilience -- 4.1 Management Activities on Regional Scale -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Zooplankton Diversity and Their Spatiotemporal Distribution: An Ecological Assessment from a Brackish Coastal Lagoon, Chilika, Odisha -- 1 Background -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.2.1 Zooplankton -- 2.2.2 Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton Enumeration -- 2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Zooplankton Diversity -- 3.2 Holoplankton -- 3.2.1 Ciliophora -- 3.2.2 Foraminifera -- 3.2.3 Tubulinea -- 3.2.4 Rotifera -- 3.2.5 Hydrozoa -- 3.2.6 Ctenophora -- 3.2.7 Nematoda -- 3.2.8 Annelida -- 3.2.9 Gastropoda -- 3.2.10 Bivalvia -- 3.2.11 Cladocera -- 3.2.12 Copepoda -- 3.2.13 Ostracoda -- 3.2.14 Malacostraca -- 3.2.15 Chaetognatha -- 3.2.16 Chordata -- 3.3 Meroplankton -- 3.4 Microzooplankton Abundances and Community Composition -- 3.5 Zooplankton Abundances and Community Composition -- 3.6 Hydrography and Phytoplankton -- 3.7 Environmental Drivers of Microzooplankton and Zooplankton Communities -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Metal Transport and Its Impact on Coastal Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Coastal Ecosystem: An Overview -- 2.1 Mangroves -- 2.2 Coral Reefs -- 2.3 Seagrass Meadows -- 2.4 Lagoon -- 3 Major Sources of Heavy Metals -- 4 Factors Affecting the Mobility of Metals -- 5 Distribution of Heavy Metals -- 6 Health Implications -- 6.1 On Flora -- 6.2 On Nekton -- 6.3 On Benthos -- 6.4 On Planktons -- 6.5 On Humans -- 7 Mitigation Strategies -- 7.1 Proper Treatment at Source -- 7.2 Chemical-Biological Remediation -- 7.3 Bioremediation -- 7.4 Public Awareness and Legislations -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: A Holistic Study on Impact of Anthropogenic Activities over the Mangrove Ecosystem and Their Conservation Strategies -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief Outlay of Mangrove Ecosystem (ME) -- 2 Benefits of Mangrove Ecosystem -- 2.1 Provisioning Services -- 2.2 Ecological Services -- 2.3 Supporting Services -- 3 Anthropogenic Threats for Mangrove Ecosystem -- 3.1 Contribution of Aquaculture in Mangrove Loss -- 3.2 Enhancement of Rice Cultivation -- 3.3 Increase of Oil Palm Plantation -- 3.4 Elevated Trends of Urban Sprawling and Industrialization -- 3.5 Extensive Agriculture -- 4 Current Global Status of Mangrove -- 5 Indian Status -- 5.1 Mangrove Status in Southern Parts of India -- 6 Conservation and Management Strategies -- 6.1 Global Approaches to Mangrove Conservation -- 6.2 Inclusion of Human Needs -- 7 The Role of Traditional Knowledge and GIS Is of Great Use in the Management of the Mangrove Ecosystem -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Assessment of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Crabs of Chilika Lagoon, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.3 Potential Human Health Risk (Olayinka et al. 2019) -- 2.4 Bioaccumulation Factors -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13: Coastal Ecosystem Services of Gujarat, India: Current Challenges and Conservation Needs.

Note: Intro -- Hazardous Waste Management: An Overview of Advanced and Cost-Effective Solutions -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section 1: Role of hazardous wastes and their environmental impacts -- Chapter 1: Hazardous wastes and the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Environmental fate -- 3. Environmental science -- 4. Key concepts -- 5. Hazardous waste management hierarchy -- 5.1. Source reduction -- 5.2. Recycling -- 5.3. Disposal and treatment -- 5.4. Hazard incident response -- 6. Life cycles -- 7. Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 2: Hazardous wastes treatment, storage, and disposal facilities -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Definition of hazardous waste -- 2.1. Hazardous waste characterization -- 2.2. Characteristics of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Toxicity -- 2.2.2. Reactivity -- 2.2.3. Corrosivity -- 2.2.4. Ignitability -- 2.3. Hazardous waste management regulatory framework in India -- 2.4. Indian hazardous waste control regulations -- 3. Hazardous waste treatment methods -- 3.1. Physical treatment -- 3.1.1. Gravity separation -- 3.1.1.1. Sedimentation -- 3.1.1.2. Centrifugation -- 3.1.1.3. Flocculation -- 3.1.1.4. Dissolved air flotation -- 3.1.1.5. Heavy media separation -- 3.1.1.6. Macroencapsulation -- 3.1.1.7. Microencapsulation -- 3.1.1.8. Adsorption -- 3.1.1.9. Absorption -- 3.1.1.10. Precipitation -- 3.1.2. Phase change -- 3.1.2.1. Evaporation -- 3.1.2.2. Air stripping -- 3.1.2.3. Steam stripping -- 3.1.2.4. Distillation -- 3.1.3. Dissolution -- 3.1.3.1. Soil washing/flushing -- 3.1.3.2. Chelation -- 3.1.3.3. Liquid/liquid extraction -- 3.1.3.4. Supercritical solvent extraction -- 3.1.4. Size adsorptivity/ionic characteristics -- 3.1.4.1. Filtration -- 3.1.4.2. Carbon adsorption -- 3.1.4.3. Reverse osmosis -- 3.1.4.4. Ion exchange -- 3.1.4.5. Electrodialysis -- 3.2. Chemical treatment. , 3.2.1. Neutralization/precipitation -- 3.2.2. Oxidation and reduction -- 3.2.3. Hydrolysis -- 3.2.4. Photolysis -- 3.2.5. Chemical oxidation -- 3.3. Biological treatment -- 3.3.1. Aerobic degradation -- 3.3.2. Vermicomposting -- 3.3.3. Anaerobic digestion -- 3.4. Thermal treatment -- 3.4.1. Incineration -- 3.4.2. Thermoplastic stabilization -- 3.4.3. Sintering -- 3.4.4. Vitrification -- 4. Storage of hazardous waste -- 5. Disposal of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Aqueous organic treatment -- 5.2. Underground/deep well injection -- 5.3. Incineration -- 5.4. Surface impoundments -- 5.5. Waste piles -- 5.6. Land treatment units -- 5.7. Landfills -- 6. Technological advances -- 6.1. Thermal plasma technology -- 6.2. Bioremediation -- 6.3. Nanofiltration -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 2: Waste management hierarchy -- Chapter 3: Source reduction, recycling, disposal, and treatment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Source reduction of hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste recycling -- 3.1. Reuse and recycle -- 3.2. Reformation -- 4. Hazardous waste disposal -- 4.1. Detoxification -- 4.2. Landfilling of hazardous waste -- 4.3. Hazardous waste surface impoundments -- 4.4. Waste piles -- 4.5. Ocean dumping of hazardous waste -- 4.6. Injection wells -- 4.7. Underground hazardous waste disposal -- 5. Treatment of hazardous waste -- 5.1. Chemical treatment methods -- 5.1.1. Chemical neutralization and precipitation -- 5.1.2. Hydroxide precipitation -- 5.1.3. Sulfide precipitation -- 5.1.4. Solidification and immobilization -- 5.2. Biological treatment methods -- 5.2.1. Aerobic and anaerobic treatment processes -- 5.2.2. Activated sludge and trickling filter treatment processes -- Biosorption or metabolism-independent process -- Bioaccumulation or metabolism-dependent process -- 5.2.3. Waste stabilization ponds -- 5.2.4. Rotating biocontactors. , 5.3. Thermal treatment method -- 5.3.1. Hazardous waste incinerators -- 5.3.2. Thermal treatment of hazardous waste -- 6. Conclusion and overview -- References -- Chapter 4: Measurement and practices for hazardous waste management -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Hazardous waste: Definition according to RCRA -- 1.2. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 1.3. Hazardous wastes list -- 1.4. Different mandatory regulatory measures of hazardous waste measurements -- 2. Hazardous waste measurement practices -- 2.1. Ignitability -- 2.1.1. Reference test methods of ignitability detection -- 2.1.2. Testing procedure -- 2.1.3. Sample storage and handling guidelines -- 2.2. Corrosivity of particular solid waste -- 2.3. Reactivity -- 2.4. Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure -- 2.5. Importance and requirement of waste characterization information -- 3. Minimizing waste generation by process modification and optimization -- 3.1. Process management -- 3.2. Life cycle assessment -- 3.3. Decision support system -- 3.4. Environmental impact assessment -- 4. Emerging technologies for hazardous waste treatment and disposal -- 4.1. Harmless disposal of hazardous solid waste -- 4.2. Hazardous waste categorization -- 4.3. Biological process for treatment of hazardous waste -- 4.3.1. Physicochemical treatment -- Methods for solid waste -- 5. Role of public and private sector organizations in promoting pollution management -- 5.1. Industry -- 5.2. Individual activeness -- 5.3. Role of educators -- 5.4. Role of different organizations of solid waste collection -- 6. International intervention of hazardous chemicals and waste management and their implementation -- 6.1. Basel convention 1981 -- 6.2. Rotterdam convention 1998 -- 6.3. Stockholm convention -- 6.4. London convention -- 6.5. Waigani convention 2001. , 6.6. International convention for the prevention of pollution of ships (MARPOL 73/78) -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 5: Policies, issues, and major safety operations in the management of hazardous waste -- 1. Introduction to the hierarchy of the development of policies/acts/regulations to control hazardous wastes from the 20t ... -- 1.1. The Montreal protocol -- 2. US Environmental Protection Agency and hazardous waste management -- 2.1. Defining, identifying, and classifying hazardous waste -- 2.1.1. Definition-Hazardous waste -- 2.1.2. Identification and classification of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.1. Generation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.2. Transportation of hazardous waste -- 2.1.2.3. Recycling, treatment, storage, and disposal of hazardous waste -- 2.2. Regulatory developments for management of hazardous wastes -- 2.2.1. Major requirements and regulations to be followed by hazardous waste generators -- 2.2.2. Regulations for specific wastes -- 2.2.3. Hazardous waste initiatives by the EPA -- 3. Occupational safety and health administration -- 3.1. Types of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2. Planning and organization of hazardous waste sites -- 3.2.1. OSHA's general reporting and record-keeping requirements -- 3.2.2. How to file a complaint regarding a hazardous workplace -- 3.3. Impact of OSHA in controlling hazardous waste management -- 4. The status of waste management in China -- 5. The status of waste management in the European Union -- 6. The Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 of India -- 7. Some novel and noticed practices of hazardous waste management in other countries -- References -- Section 3: Hazardous waste characteristics and regulations -- Chapter 6: Hazardous waste characteristics and standard management approaches -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Hazardous waste -- 2.1. Definition. , 2.2. Sources or generators of hazardous waste -- 2.3. Classification of hazardous waste -- 2.4. Hazardous waste characteristics -- 2.4.1. Characteristics of ignitability -- 2.4.2. Characteristics of corrosivity -- 2.4.3. Characteristics of reactivity -- 2.4.4. Characteristics of toxicity -- 2.5. Listed hazardous waste -- 3. Environmental impacts of hazardous waste -- 3.1. Water contamination -- 3.2. Soil contamination -- 3.3. Air contamination -- 4. Waste minimization and pollution prevention -- 4.1. Source reduction -- 4.2. Product change -- 4.3. Recycling -- 4.4. Life cycle assessment -- 5. Hazardous waste transportation -- 6. Hazardous waste treatment -- 6.1. Physical treatment -- 6.2. Chemical treatment -- 6.3. Biological treatment -- 6.4. Thermal treatment -- 7. Waste disposal -- 7.1. Landfilling of hazardous waste material -- 7.2. Ocean dumping -- 8. Legislative frameworks -- 8.1. Responsibilities of the generator -- 8.2. Responsibilities of the state pollution control board -- 8.3. Responsibilities of state government -- 9. Future aspects of hazardous waste management -- 10. Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Toxicity and hazardous waste regulations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Criteria for determining hazardous waste -- 3. Hazardous waste storage -- 4. The problems that may result from the low efficiency of the solid waste system -- 5. Waste recycling -- 5.1. Stages of waste recycling -- 5.2. Means of collection for recycling waste -- 5.3. How to calculate recycling efficiency -- 6. Future vision -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- Section 4: Hazardous wastes management -- Chapter 8: Toxicity and related engineering and biological controls -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Toxicity of hazardous material -- 2.1. Health and environmental risks due to HW mismanagement -- 3. Global trends -- 4. Major sources of HW -- 4.1. Domestic HW. , 4.2. Industrial and commercial hazardous wastes.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Global Wetlands: Categorization, Distribution and Global Scenario -- 1.1 Wetlands Definition, Categorization and Classification Criteria -- 1.1.1 Wetlands- Categorization and Classification -- 1.1.2 Human- Made Wetlands -- 1.2 Importance of Wetland Ecosystem -- 1.3 Spatial Distribution and Potential of Global Wetlands -- 1.4 Status and Impacts on the Wetlands Ecosystem -- 1.4.1 Conservation Measures and Future Strategies -- 1.4.2 Conclusion and Recommendation -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 2 Ramsar Convention: History, Structure, Operations, and Relevance -- 2.1 Background -- 2.2 The Ramsar Convention -- 2.3 The Convention Text -- 2.4 Wetland Definition and Classification -- 2.5 Mission of the Convention -- 2.6 Structural Framework of the Convention -- 2.7 Operational Framework of the Convention -- 2.7.1 Convention Membership -- 2.7.2 Ramsar Regions -- 2.7.3 National Ramsar Committees -- 2.7.4 The Montreux Record -- 2.7.5 Ramsar Strategic Plan -- 2.7.6 Three Pillars of Ramsar Convention -- 2.7.7 The Convention Budget -- 2.8 External Partnerships and Synergies -- 2.9 Education and Outreach -- 2.9.1 Communication, Education, Participation, and Awareness (CEPA) -- 2.9.2 World Wetlands Day -- 2.10 Legal Status -- 2.11 Effectiveness of the Convention -- References -- Chapter 3 Ecological Importance of Wetland Systems -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Importance of Wetlands in Flood Control -- 3.3 Role of Wetlands in Groundwater Replenishment -- 3.4 Role of Wetlands in Stabilization and Storm Protection of Shorelines -- 3.5 Role of Wetlands in Sediment and Nutrient Retention -- 3.6 Role of Wetlands in Water Purification -- 3.7 Biodiversity of Wetlands -- 3.8 Wetland Products -- 3.9 Sociocultural Values of Wetlands. , 3.10 Wetlands in Relation to Recreation and Tourism -- 3.11 Wetland and Climate Change -- 3.12 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 Ecological and Societal Importance of Wetlands: A Case Study of North Bihar (India) -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Geographical and District-Wise Distribution of Wetlands in North Bihar -- 4.2.1 Kabartal -- 4.2.2 Baraila Jheel -- 4.2.3 Kusheshwar Asthan -- 4.2.4 Jagatpur Wetland -- 4.2.5 Moti Jheel -- 4.2.6 Gogabeel Pakshi Vihar -- 4.3 Wetlands: Promoters of Sustainable Livelihood and Services -- 4.4 North Bihar Wetland Biodiversity: Status and Role -- 4.5 Urbanization, Pollution, and Climate Change Impacts -- 4.6 Legal Framework, Policies, and Challenges -- 4.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Recognizing Economic Values of Wetland Ecosystem Services: A Study of Emerging Role of Monetary Evaluation of Chandubi Ecosystem and Biodiversity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methodology of Ecosystem Valuation -- 5.2.1 Market Prices - Revealed Willingness to Pay -- 5.2.2 Circumstantial Evidence - Imputed Willingness to Pay -- 5.2.2.1 Damage Cost Avoided, Replacement Cost, and Substitute Cost Methods -- 5.2.3 Surveys - Expressed Willingness to Pay -- 5.2.3.1 Contingent Valuation Method -- 5.2.3.2 Contingent Choice Method -- 5.3 Ecosystem Services of Wetland -- 5.4 Chandubi Wetland: Introduction, Impact, and Introspection -- 5.5 Scaling up Wetland Conservation, Wise Use, and Restoration for Achieving Sustainable Development Goals -- 5.6 Wetlands' Role in Achieving SDGs -- 5.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 Ecosystem Services of Lagoon Wetlands System in India -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Chilika Lagoon -- 6.3 Ecosystem Services Provided by Chilika Lagoon -- 6.3.1 Provisioning Services -- 6.3.2 Regulating Services -- 6.3.3 Cultural Services -- 6.3.4 Supporting Services. , 6.4 Threats and Management of Chilika Lagoon -- 6.5 Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.6 Ecosystem Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.6.1 Provisioning Services -- 6.6.2 Aquatic Flora and Fauna of Pulicat -- 6.6.3 Regulatory Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.6.4 Historical and Cultural Importance of Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.6.5 Supporting Services Provided by Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.6.6 Threats and Management of Pulicat Lagoon -- 6.7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 Sustainable Practices for Conservation of Wetland Ecosystem -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Role of Wetlands in the Ecosystem -- 7.3 Challenges to Conserve Wetlands -- 7.4 Wetland Management and Sustainable Development -- 7.5 Future Strategies for Wetland Conservation -- 7.6 Development of the Legal Framework -- 7.7 Technology Intervention with Baseline Data for Wetland Conservation -- 7.8 Development of National Action Plans -- 7.9 Promotion of Research for Conservation Setup -- 7.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Assessing the Benefits, Threats and Conservation of Reservoir-Based Wetlands in the Eastern Himalayan River Basin -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 RBWs' Significance and Ignorance -- 8.1.2 RBWs in India -- 8.1.3 The RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas -- 8.2 The RBWs in the Tista Basin -- 8.3 Benefits of Reservoirs as Wetland -- 8.3.1 Ecosystem Services Provided by the RBWs -- 8.4 Assessment of Ecosystem Services in the Tista Basin Provided by the RBWs -- 8.5 Adverse Impact of RBWs -- 8.5.1 Construction and Function of RBWs Across the World -- 8.5.2 Adverse Impact of RBWs in the Eastern Himalayas -- 8.6 Assessment of Impact on the Tista Basin -- 8.7 Potential Challenges and Threats to RBW -- 8.7.1 Anthropogenic Activities -- 8.7.2 Variations in Water Level -- 8.8 Climate Change -- 8.9 Management and Conservation of RBWs -- 8.10 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 9 Spatiotemporal Evaluation of Causes and Consequences of Wetland Degradation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Classification of Wetlands -- 9.3 Causes of and Consequence of Wetland Degradation -- 9.3.1 Natural Causes -- 9.3.1.2 Disintegration of Barrier Islands -- 9.3.1.3 Flooding and Salinization -- 9.3.1.4 Herbivory -- 9.3.1.5 Climate Change -- 9.3.1.6 Major Shifts in a River's Course -- 9.3.2 Anthropogenic Causes of Wetland Loss -- 9.3.2.1 Infrastructure Development -- 9.3.2.2 Land Conversion -- 9.3.2.3 Water Withdrawal -- 9.3.2.4 Eutrophication and Pollution -- 9.3.2.5 Overharvesting and Overexploitation -- 9.3.2.6 Introduction of Invasive Species -- 9.3.2.7 Others -- 9.4 Consequences of Wetland Loss -- 9.4.1 Loss of Biodiversity -- 9.4.2 Decrease in Water Level -- 9.4.3 Loss of Habitat -- 9.4.4 Climate Change -- 9.4.5 Emission of Greenhouse Gases -- 9.4.6 Erosion of River Delta -- References -- Chapter 10 The Status of Current Knowledge, Distribution, and Conservation Challenges of Wetland Ecosystems in Kashmir Himalaya, India -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Wetlands Over North-Western Kashmir Himalaya -- 10.2.1 Current Status -- 10.2.2 Wetland Classification -- 10.2.3 Wetland Distribution and Extent in Kashmir Himalaya -- 10.3 Wetland Functions and Values -- 10.3.1 Regulatory functions -- 10.3.2 Provisioning Functions -- 10.3.3 Cultural Functions -- 10.3.4 Supporting Functions -- 10.3.5 Economic Values -- 10.4 Drivers of Wetland Degradation -- 10.4.1 Land System Changes -- 10.4.2 Pollution -- 10.4.3 Floating Agriculture -- 10.4.4 Siltation -- 10.4.5 Roads and Railways -- 10.4.6 Plantations -- 10.4.7 Overexploitation -- 10.4.8 Weed Infestation -- 10.4.9 Hunting and Poaching -- 10.4.10 Land Reclamation -- 10.5 Wetland Conservation in Kashmir Himalaya -- 10.5.1 Legal Framework -- 10.5.2 Conservation Challenges -- 10.5.3 Conservation Strategies. , 10.5.4 Knowledge Gaps -- 10.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 11 Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal Environment and Its Remediation Using Mangroves: An Eco-sustainable Approach -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Pollution in Mangrove Habitats: A Global Concern -- 11.3 Heavy Metal Cycling in the Mangrove Ecosystem -- 11.4 Heavy Metal Transport, Uptake, and Release -- 11.5 Bioavailability and Concentration of Heavy Metals in the Sediments -- 11.6 Factors Affecting Heavy Metals in the Sediment -- 11.7 Heavy Metal Accumulation in Mangrove Plants -- 11.8 Heavy Metal Remediation Potential of Mangroves -- 11.9 Distribution of Heavy Metals in Different Plant Tissues of Mangrove Species -- 11.10 Application of Phytoremediation to Coastal Pollution Remediation -- 11.10.1 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Wetlands (CWs) Technology -- 11.10.2 Phytoremediation Using Constructed Floating Bed -- 11.11 Eco-remediation Technologies as Sustainable Natural Treatment Systems for Waste Water Treatment -- 11.12 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 12 Mangrove Forests: Distribution, Species Diversity, Roles, Threats and Conservation Strategies -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Mangrove Species Diversity -- 12.3 Geographical Distribution of Mangroves Across the Globe and India -- 12.4 Important Roles of Mangroves -- 12.4.1 Mangrove Forests are the Richest and Most Biodiverse Ecosystems on Earth -- 12.4.2 Aquaculture: Shrimp and Fish Cultivation -- 12.4.3 Protection from Natural Disasters: Mangroves Act as Natural Bioshields Against Natural Disasters -- 12.4.4 Medicinal Value of Mangroves -- 12.5 Threats to Mangroves -- 12.5.1 Human Settlements and Other Developmental Activities -- 12.5.2 Excessive Extraction of Wood -- 12.5.3 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Farming and Related Activities. , 12.5.4 Conversion of Mangrove Forests for Aquaculture.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Energy Crisis -- 1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development -- 1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis -- 1.5 Climate Change -- 1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change -- 1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming -- 1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change -- 1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal -- 1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy -- 1.6.3 Hydrogen -- 1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand -- 1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC) -- 1.9 Conclusion -- 1.10 Future Considerations -- References -- Chapter 2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy -- 2.3.1 Solar Energy -- 2.3.2 Wind Energy -- 2.3.3 Hydropower -- 2.3.4 Geothermal Energy -- 2.3.5 Bioenergy -- 2.3.6 Ocean Energy -- 2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen -- 2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources -- 2.5 Challenges -- 2.5.1 Efficiency -- 2.5.2 Large-Scale Production -- 2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production -- 2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy -- 2.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy -- 3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power) -- 3.2.2 Hydropower -- 3.2.3 Wind Energy -- 3.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 3.2.5 Biomass Energy -- 3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 3.3 Environmental Impacts -- 3.4 Future Prospects. , 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century - A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development -- 4.3 Environmental Issues - A Corollary of Economic Development -- 4.4 Air Quality - Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars -- 4.5 Carbon Footprints - Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth -- 4.6 Sustainable Development -- 4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) -- 4.6.2 Paris Accord -- 4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission -- 4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Energy and Economic Development -- 5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy -- 5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption -- 5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations -- 5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand -- 5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations -- 5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations -- 5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector -- 6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil -- 6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil -- 6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009 -- 6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006) -- 6.4 Market Structure -- 6.4.1 Government Players -- 6.4.2 Private and Public Players. , 6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil -- 6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil -- 6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013) -- 6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development -- 6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences -- 6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility -- 6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways -- 6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience -- 6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct -- 6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS -- 6.11 Conclusion -- Chapter 7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy -- 7.2.1 Solar Energy -- 7.2.2 Wind Energy -- 7.2.3 Hydropower -- 7.2.4 Geothermal Energy -- 7.2.5 Biomass -- 7.2.6 Tidal Energy -- 7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources -- 7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy -- 7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society -- 7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals -- 7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy -- 7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives -- 7.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy -- 8.2.1 Hydro Energy -- 8.2.2 Wind Energy -- 8.2.3 Geothermal Energy -- 8.2.4 Solar Energy -- 8.2.5 Ocean Energy -- 8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources -- 8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources -- 8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy. , 8.6 Alternative Energy Resources -- 8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi -- 8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS) -- 8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology -- 8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel -- 8.6.5 Fuel Cell -- 8.6.6 Radiant Energy -- 8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy -- 8.7.1 Social Barriers -- 8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues -- 8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability -- 8.7.4 Material Requirement -- 8.8 Conclusion -- References -- Suggested Readings -- Chapter 9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Energy Sector of India -- 9.2.1 Energy Reserves -- 9.2.2 Production of Energy -- 9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity -- 9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission -- 9.3 India's Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources -- 9.3.1 Solar Energy -- 9.3.2 Wind Energy -- 9.3.3 Hydropower -- 9.3.4 Biomass Energy -- 9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives -- 9.4.1 India's Electricity Act -- 9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005 -- 9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008 -- 9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord -- 9.4.5 India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) -- 9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India -- 9.5.1 Coal Tax -- 9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels -- 9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs) -- 9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme -- 9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status -- 9.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance -- 10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex -- 10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change. , 10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime -- 10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector -- 10.6 Conclusion -- References -- Websites -- Chapter 11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 History of Bioluminescence -- 11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms -- 11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules -- 11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi -- 11.5.1 Diversity -- 11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi -- 11.5.3 Significance -- 11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence -- 11.6.1 Glowing Tree -- 11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity -- 11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging -- 11.6.4 Animal Model Study -- 11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites -- 11.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB -- 12.2.2 Detoxification -- 12.2.3 Hydrolysis -- 12.2.4 Fermentation -- 12.2.5 Product Recovery -- 12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides -- 12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols -- 12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes -- 12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass -- 12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules -- 12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels -- 12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels -- 12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons -- 12.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics -- 13.3 Brief History of Biofuels -- 13.4 Classification of Biofuels -- 13.4.1 First Generation (1G) -- 13.4.2 Second Generation (2G). , 13.4.3 Third Generation (3G).

Note: Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Editors -- Contributors -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Bioreactors for Biomass Conversion - Solid-State Fermentation, Slurry Reactors, Airlift Reactors -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.1.1 Process Type -- 1.1.2 Fermentation -- 1.1.3 Hydrolysis -- 1.1.4 Anaerobic Digestion -- 1.1.5 Reactor Types -- 1.1.5.1 Solid-State Fermentation -- 1.1.5.2 Slurry Reactor -- 1.1.5.3 Airlift Reactor -- 1.2 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for the Removal of Water Pollutants and Toxic Contaminants -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Utilisation of Immobilised Enzyme Technology for Bioremediations -- 2.3 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for Dyes and Phenolic Compounds Removal -- 2.4 Immobilised Enzyme Technologies for Pharmaceutical By-Products Removal -- 2.5 Critical Factors Influencing the Efficiency of Immobilised Enzymes and Their Challenges. -- 2.5.1 Support Materials -- 2.5.2 Operating Parameters -- 2.6 Three Core Values in Advancing Biotechnological Approaches in Waste Management -- 2.7 Advancement of Immobilised Enzymes and Future Prospect in Wastewater Management -- 2.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 3 Value-Added Products from Microalgae -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Algal Feedstock -- 3.3 Biodiesel -- 3.4 Bio-oil -- 3.5 Biogas -- 3.6 Pretreatments -- 3.7 Factors Affecting the Biomass Conversion -- 3.8 Value-Added Products -- 3.8.1 Pharmaceutical -- 3.8.2 Antimicrobials, Antivirals, and Antifungals -- 3.8.3 Neuroprotective Products -- 3.8.4 Food Technology -- 3.8.5 Specialty Chemicals -- 3.8.6 Biopolymers -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Cleanup of Marine Oil Spills through Bioremediation Method -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of Oil Spills Occur in Malaysia -- 4.2.1 Oil Spills in Malaysia and Global. , 4.2.2 Remediation Method to Curb Oil Spills -- 4.2.2.1 Physical Remediation Method -- 4.2.2.2 Chemical Remediation Method -- 4.2.2.3 Thermal Remediation Method -- 4.2.2.4 Biological Remediation Method -- 4.2.3 Analytical Bioremediation Method to Oil Spill -- 4.3 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 5 Bioreactor Scale-Up Strategies -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Factors Affecting Bioreactor Scale-Up -- 5.2.1 Physical Factors -- 5.2.2 Chemical Factors -- 5.2.3 Biological Parameters -- 5.2.4 Process Parameters -- 5.3 Bioreactor Scale-Up Strategies -- 5.3.1 Continuously Stirred Tank Bioreactors -- 5.3.2 Bubble Column Bioreactor -- 5.3.3 Airlift Bioreactors -- 5.3.4 Fluidized Bed Bioreactors -- 5.3.5 Packed Bed Bioreactor -- 5.3.6 Photobioreactors -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Biotechnological Advancements in the Treatment of Plastic Wastes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Impact of Plastic Wastes Accumulation -- 6.3 Factors Affecting Degradation Rate of Plastics -- 6.3.1 Environmental Factors -- 6.3.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Plastics -- 6.4 Microbial Plastic Degradation -- 6.5 Alternative Approaches -- 6.5.1 Genetically Engineered Plastic-Eating Bacteria -- 6.5.2 Effective Enzyme Tools Technology -- 6.5.3 Plastic Substitute Materials -- 6.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 7 Production of Biopolymer from Waste Materials as the Suitable Alternative for Plastics -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biopolymers -- 7.3 Waste Materials for Biopolymer Production -- 7.3.1 Lipid and Oil Wastes -- 7.3.2 Milk Waste -- 7.3.3 Sugarcane Molasses -- 7.3.4 Agricultural and Fruit Waste -- 7.3.5 Spent Coffee Waste -- 7.3.6 Biodiesel Production Waste (Glycerol) -- 7.4 Fermentation Process and Optimization of Process Parameters for Biopolymer Production -- 7.4.1 Fermentation Process. , 7.4.2 Optimization of Process Parameters -- 7.4.2.1 Carbon Source and Carbon-Nitrogen (C/N) Ratio -- 7.4.2.2 Temperature -- 7.4.2.3 pH -- 7.4.2.4 Substrate Concentration -- 7.4.2.5 Microbial Load -- 7.4.2.6 Agitation and Dissolved Oxygen -- 7.4.2.7 Feedstock Composition -- 7.5 Limitations and Future Aspects for Biopolymer Production -- 7.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Microbial Pigments Production Using Agricultural Biomass Residues -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Microbial Pigments Criteria and Its Applications -- 8.3 Types of Agro/Food Waste -- 8.3.1 Dairy Industry Waste -- 8.3.2 Fruit and Vegetable Waste -- 8.3.3 Agro Industrial Residue -- 8.4 Pre-treatment -- 8.5 Fermentation Process in the Development of Microbial Pigments -- 8.6 Genetic Engineering-Based Strain Improvements for Enhancing Pigment Production -- 8.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 Nanotechnology-Associated Bioremediation for the Elimination of Emerging Contaminants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Contaminants in Wastewater -- 9.3 Basic Wastewater Treatment Process -- 9.4 Application of Nanotechnology in Wastewater -- 9.5 Adsorption -- 9.5.1 Carbon-Based Nanoadsorbents for Adsorption -- 9.5.2 Metal-Supported Nanoadsorbent -- 9.6 Membrane Methods -- 9.6.1 Nanocomposite Membranes -- 9.6.2 Nanofiber Membrane -- 9.6.3 Bio-inspired Membranes -- 9.7 Decontamination and Microbial Control -- 9.8 Photocatalysis -- 9.8.1 Types of Catalysts Used in Photocatalysis Process -- 9.9 Nanotechnology-Assisted Bioremediation -- 9.9.1 Nanobioremediation for Treatment of Polluted Soil -- 9.9.2 Nanobioremediation for Treatment of Waste Water -- 9.10 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10 Phytoremediation Potential of Some Bioenergy Crops - A Review -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Heavy Metal Remediation Processes -- 10.2.1 Physical and Chemical Method -- 10.2.2 Biological Methods. , 10.2.2.1 Phytoremediation -- 10.3 Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal-Polluted Soils by Bioenergy Crops -- 10.3.1 Potential of Bioenergy Crops -- 10.3.2 Types of Bioenergy Crops -- 10.3.3 Biomass Producing Efficiency of Bioenergy Crops during Metal Remediation -- 10.3.4 Metal Removal/Stabilization/Accumulation Efficiency of Bioenergy Crops -- 10.3.5 Strategies to Increase Phytoremediation Potential of Bioenergy Crops - Enhanced Phytoremediation -- 10.3.5.1 Chemical-Assisted Phytoremediation with Bioenergy Crops: Organic or Inorganic Amendments -- 10.3.5.2 Microbial-Assisted HM Phytoremediation with Bioenergy Crops -- 10.3.5.3 Genetic Engineering of Bioenergy Crops to Enhance HM Phytoremediation -- 10.3.6 Energy Production from Utilized Bioenergy Crops -- 10.4 Conclusion and Future Perspective -- References -- Chapter 11 Sustainable Approach for the Extraction of Precious Metals from Electronic Waste Materials -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Estimation Methods of Electronic Waste (E-waste) -- 11.3 Sustainable Biotechnological Approach for E-waste Recycling -- 11.4 Bioleaching: A Microbial Process of Metal Recovery -- 11.5 Factors Affecting the Recycling Process -- 11.6 Challenges and Perspectives of E-waste Management -- 11.7 Conclusions and Recommendations -- References -- Chapter 12 Conversion of Organic Waste to Economically Valuable Products: Recent Advancements with Challenges -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Waste Generate and Its Composition -- 12.3 Recycling Options of Organic Wastes -- 12.3.1 Preparation of Food and Feed from Organic Waste -- 12.3.2 Preparation of Biopolymers -- 12.3.3 Collection of Fiber -- 12.3.4 Development of Biocomposite -- 12.3.5 Composting -- 12.3.5.1 Composting Process -- 12.3.5.2 Factors Affecting the Composting Process -- 12.3.5.3 Composting Systems or Methods -- 12.3.5.4 Composting Technologies. , 12.3.5.5 Advances in Organic Waste Composting -- 12.3.6 Bioenergy Generation and Biochar Production -- 12.3.7 Valorization and Bioethanol Production from Waste -- 12.3.8 Biogas Generation and Bio-Slurry Production -- 12.3.8.1 Factors Affecting Anaerobic Digestion Process -- 12.3.8.2 Anaerobic Digestion Technologies -- 12.3.8.3 Co-digestion -- 12.3.8.4 Pretreatment -- 12.3.8.5 Biogas Production Potential and Biomethane Production -- 12.3.9 Solid-State Fermentation -- 12.3.10 Nutrient Harvesting through Combined Pyrolysis and Composting Techniques -- 12.4 Challenges of Waste Recycling -- 12.4.1 Waste Sorting -- 12.4.2 Technologies -- References -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- Editors' Biography -- Preface -- Chapter 1 Release, Detection, and Toxicology of Heavy Metals: A Review of the Main Techniques and Their Limitations in Environmental Remediation -- 1.1 Introduction to Heavy Metals: An Overview -- 1.2 Industrial Application of Different Metal Ions -- 1.3 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 Heavy Metals Contamination in Environment -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Heavy Metals in Water -- 2.3 Heavy Metals in Soil -- 2.4 Heavy Metals in Biota -- 2.5 Heavy Metals in Air -- 2.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 A Brief Study of the Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Food Crops -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in Soils and Food Crops -- 3.3 Impacts on Soil-Plants/Food Crops -- 3.3.1 Metal Ions Transportation in Plants -- 3.4 Heavy Metals and Soil Microbes -- 3.5 Effect of Chromium (Cr) on Plants -- 3.6 Effect of Lead (Pb) on Plants -- 3.7 Effect of Arsenic (As) on Plants -- 3.8 Effect of Cadmium (Cd) on Plants -- 3.9 Effect of Mercury (Hg) on Plants -- 3.10 Effect of Nickel (Ni) on Plants -- 3.11 Future Perspectives -- 3.12 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Impact of Heavy Metals on Human Health -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Mercury -- 4.2.1 Source and Entry of Mercury Metal into Our Body -- 4.2.2 Biological Impact of Mercury Metal -- 4.2.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Mercury Metals -- 4.3 Arsenic -- 4.3.1 Source and Entry of Arsenic Metal into Our Body -- 4.3.2 Biological Impact of Arsenic Metal -- 4.3.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Arsenic Metals -- 4.4 Iron -- 4.4.1 Source and Entry of Iron Metal into Our Body -- 4.4.2 Biological Impact of Iron Metal -- 4.4.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Arsenic Metals -- 4.5 Manganese -- 4.5.1 Source and Entry of Manganese Metal into Our Body. , 4.5.2 Biological Impact of Manganese Metal -- 4.5.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Manganese Metals -- 4.6 Zinc -- 4.6.1 Source and Entry of Zinc Metal into Our Body -- 4.6.2 Biological Impact of Zinc Metal -- 4.6.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques for Zinc Metals -- 4.7 Lead -- 4.7.1 Sources and Exposure of Lead Metal -- 4.7.2 Health and Biological Impact of Lead -- 4.7.3 Detection and Control of Lead Exposure -- 4.8 Chromium -- 4.8.1 Sources and Exposure of Chromium -- 4.8.2 Health and Biological Impact of Chromium -- 4.8.3 Safety Limits and Control -- 4.9 Copper -- 4.9.1 Source and Entry of Copper Metal into Our Body -- 4.9.2 Utility and Biological Impact of Copper -- 4.9.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques of Copper -- 4.10 Cadmium -- 4.10.1 Source and Entry of Cadmium Metal into Our Body -- 4.10.2 Toxicology of Cadmium Poisoning -- 4.10.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques of Cadmium -- 4.11 Nickel -- 4.11.1 Source and Entry of Nickel Metal into Our Body -- 4.11.2 Toxicology of Nickel Poisoning -- 4.11.3 Remedial Techniques -- 4.12 Radioactive Heavy Metals -- 4.12.1 Source of Radioactive Heavy Metals -- 4.12.2 Utility and Biological Impact of Radioactive Metal on Health -- 4.12.3 Detection and Remedial Techniques -- 4.13 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 Different Approaches for Detecting Heavy Metal Ions -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Detection -- 5.3 Methods of Detection -- 5.3.1 Spectroscopic Detection -- 5.3.2 Electrochemical Methods of Detection -- 5.3.3 Optical Methods of Detection -- 5.4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 Remediation of Heavy Metals in Environmental Resources Using Physical Methods -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Toxicity of HMs -- 6.3 Physical Methods for Remediation of HMs from Wastewater -- 6.4 Coagulation and Flocculation -- 6.5 Ion Exchange -- 6.6 Adsorption -- 6.7 Membrane Filtration -- 6.8 Conclusion. , References -- Chapter 7 Chemical Approaches to Remediate Heavy Metals -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Sources of Heavy Metal -- 7.2.1 Natural Sources -- 7.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 7.3 Chemical Remediation Technique for Heavy Metal Contamination in the Environment -- 7.3.1 Chemical Precipitation -- 7.3.2 Coagulation -- 7.3.3 Ion Exchange -- 7.3.4 Electrochemical Method -- 7.4 Current Challenges and Future Perspectives -- 7.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 8 Carbon-Based Absorption Materials for Heavy Metal Removal -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Sources of Heavy Metal in Water -- 8.2.1 Human Health and Heavy Metal Toxicity -- 8.2.2 Toxicity of Mercury -- 8.2.3 Toxicity of Lead -- 8.2.4 Toxicity of Arsenic -- 8.2.5 Toxicity of Chromium -- 8.2.6 Toxicity of Cadmium -- 8.3 Effects of Water Environmental Chemistry on Heavy Metal Removal -- 8.3.1 Temperature -- 8.3.2 pH Value -- 8.3.3 Ionic Strength and Coexisting Ions -- 8.4 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials -- 8.4.1 Graphene and Derivatives -- 8.4.2 Activated Carbon -- 8.4.3 Carbon Nanotubes -- 8.4.4 SWCNTs in the Purification of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water -- 8.4.5 MWCNTs in the Purification of Heavy Metal-Contaminated Water -- 8.4.6 Fullerenes -- 8.5 Adsorption Mechanisms -- 8.5.1 Physical Adsorption -- 8.5.2 Electrostatic Interaction -- 8.5.3 Ion Exchange -- 8.5.4 Surface Complexation -- 8.5.5 Precipitation/Coprecipitation -- 8.6 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Chapter 9 Industrial Waste-Derived Materials for Adsorption of Heavy Metals from Polluted Water -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Industrial Wastes: Origin, Amount, and Harmful Effects -- 9.3 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water Sources -- 9.3.1 Natural Sources -- 9.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources -- 9.4 Sequestration of Heavy Metals Using Industrial Waste-Derived Adsorbents -- 9.5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10 Biological Remediation of Heavy Metals from Acid Mine Drainage-Recent Advancements -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.1 Overview of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.2 Environmental Effects of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.2.3 Remediation Options/Technologies -- 10.3 Role of Microorganisms in the Formation and Remediation of AMD -- 10.3.1 Role of Microorganisms in the Formation of Acid Mine Drainage -- 10.3.2 Role of Microorganisms in the Remediation of AMD -- 10.4 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals in AMD -- 10.4.1 Arsenic -- 10.4.2 Copper -- 10.4.3 Zinc, Cadmium, and Lead -- 10.4.4 Bioremediation of Manganese and Iron -- 10.5 Bottlenecks and Future Prospects -- 10.6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11 Phytoremediation and Microbe-Assisted Removal of Heavy Metals -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Popular Floral Profiles in Phytoremediation -- 11.2.1 Heavy Metal Defense Mechanisms in Plants -- 11.2.2 Major Phytoremediation Pipelines by Plants -- 11.2.3 Sequential Process of Phytoimmobilization -- 11.2.4 Phytostabilization -- 11.2.5 Phytoextraction -- 11.2.6 Phytovolatilization -- 11.2.7 Rhizo/Phytofiltration -- 11.3 Assistance of Microorganisms in Phytoremediation -- 11.4 Microbial and Plant Symbiosis in Phytoremediation -- 11.5 Phyto-Microbe Contributory Roles -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12 Recycling and Disposal of Spent Metal(loid)-Laden Adsorbents: Current and Emerging Technologies, and Future Directions -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Nature and Health Concerns/Risks of Spent/Used Adsorbents -- 12.2.1 Nature -- 12.2.2 Potential Environmental Health Risks -- 12.3 Current Recycling and Disposal Technologies -- 12.3.1 Regeneration and Recycling as Adsorbents -- 12.3.2 Land/Soil Application -- 12.3.3 Landfilling -- 12.3.4 Cement Stabilization/Solidification -- 12.4 Emerging Technologies -- 12.4.1 Novel Catalysts. , 12.4.2 Novel Construction Materials -- 12.4.3 Solid Fuels -- 12.4.4 Re-Engineered Adsorbents -- 12.4.5 Novel Raw Materials -- 12.5 Looking Ahead: Future Perspectives and Research Directions -- 12.5.1 Opportunities and Challenges -- 12.5.2 Knowledge Gaps and Future Research Directions -- 12.6 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- EULA.

Note: Front Cover -- Waste Management and Resource Recycling in the Developing World -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- 1 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and under developing nations -- 1 Waste generation in Brazil: municipal, agricultural, and industrial wastes -- Abbreviations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Municipal solid waste -- 1.3 Agricultural waste -- 1.4 Industrial waste -- 1.5 Perspectives -- References -- 2 Generation of waste: problem to possible solution in developing and underdeveloped nations -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Overview of waste generation scenario -- 2.3 Effect of waste -- 2.3.1 Effect of waste of electrical and electronic equipment -- 2.3.2 Effect of medical waste -- 2.3.3 Effect of industrial waste -- 2.3.4 Effect of municipal solid waste -- 2.4 Current status of waste management -- 2.4.1 Review of some high-income countries -- 2.4.1.1 Singapore -- 2.4.1.2 Malaysia -- 2.4.2 Upper-middle-income countries -- 2.4.2.1 Brazil -- 2.4.2.2 Cuba -- 2.4.3 Lower-middle-income countries -- 2.4.3.1 Kenya -- 2.4.3.2 Ghana -- 2.4.3.3 Nigeria -- 2.4.4 Low-income countries -- 2.4.4.1 Liberia -- 2.4.4.2 Afghanistan -- 2.5 Possible solution -- 2.5.1 Overview -- 2.5.2 Structuring waste management activities -- 2.5.3 Waste to energy and waste to products conversion -- 2.5.4 Landfilling -- 2.5.5 Circular material economy -- 2.5.6 Infrastructure development -- 2.5.7 Managing infectious waste -- 2.5.8 Composting -- 2.5.9 Sustainable recycling -- 2.5.10 Environmental sustainability -- 2.5.11 Public stewardship -- 2.5.12 Novel materials -- 2.5.13 Extended producer responsibility -- 2.6 Conclusion -- 2.7 Future recommendations -- References -- 3 Use of participatory methodologies to improve the management of urban solid waste in Sal Island-Cape Verde. , 3.1 Introduction-issues faced by small island developing states -- 3.2 State of research of municipal solid waste management in small island developing states -- 3.2.1 Waste generation -- 3.2.2 Waste composition -- 3.2.3 Waste selection, transfer and transport -- 3.2.4 Waste management technologies -- 3.2.5 New trend in integrated municipal solid waste and future development -- 3.3 Methodology -- 3.4 Case study-municipal solid waste management in Sal Island -- 3.4.1 Characterization of Sal Island -- 3.4.2 Legal instruments for municipal solid waste management in Cape Verde -- 3.4.3 Benchmark status of municipal solid waste management in Sal Island (interviews with technical staff) -- 3.4.4 Validation of current situation by the focus group -- 3.4.5 Hierarchy of priority measures to be implemented in municipal solid waste management -- 3.5 Conclusions -- References -- 4 Waste characterization in Brazil -- Abbreviations -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Municipal solid waste -- 4.2.1 Selective waste collection -- 4.2.2 Reverse logistics -- 4.3 Health service waste -- 4.4 Construction and demolition waste -- 4.5 Agricultural waste -- 4.6 Industrial waste -- 4.7 Treatment and final destination -- 4.8 Final considerations and perspectives -- References -- 2 E-waste -- 5 E-waste: sources, management strategies, impacts, and consequences -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 E-Waste-a global issue -- 5.3 Sources of e-waste -- 5.3.1 Toxic substances and their genesis -- 5.4 Generation of e-waste -- 5.5 E-waste recycling -- 5.5.1 Step-by-step process of e-waste recycling -- 5.5.2 Importance of recycling -- 5.5.3 Convenience of recycling -- 5.5.3.1 Reduce pollution -- 5.5.3.2 Protects the ecosystem -- 5.5.3.3 Minimizes global warming -- 5.5.3.4 Reduces environmental pressure -- 5.5.3.5 Reduces waste quantities -- 5.5.3.6 Contributes to the creation of jobs. , 5.5.3.7 Reduces energy consumption -- 5.5.4 Inconvenience of recycling -- 5.5.4.1 High investment -- 5.5.4.2 Recycling sites are always unhygienic, unsafe and unsightly -- 5.5.4.3 Less durability of the generating materials -- 5.6 E-Waste component's reuse -- 5.6.1 Plastic -- 5.6.2 Metal -- 5.6.3 Glass -- 5.6.4 Hg-containing equipment -- 5.6.5 Hard drives -- 5.6.6 Batteries -- 5.7 Effects of e-waste in the environment -- 5.7.1 Air -- 5.7.2 Soil -- 5.7.3 Water -- 5.8 Effects of E-waste on human health -- 5.9 Impacts on agriculture -- 5.10 Management techniques of e-waste -- 5.11 Conclusion -- Acknowledgement -- References -- 6 Translational transport of e-waste and implications on human well beings and the environment -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Global e-waste generation -- 6.3 Transboundary movement of e-waste -- 6.4 International regulations for the hazardous material transboundary movement -- 6.4.1 Basel convention -- 6.4.2 The rotterdam convention -- 6.4.3 The Stockholm convention -- 6.5 Human health -- 6.6 Environmental effect -- 6.7 Discussion -- 6.8 Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- 7 Electronic (E-waste) conduct: chemical assessment and treatment methods -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Classification of hazardous components of e-waste -- 7.1.1.1 Primary contaminants -- 7.1.1.2 Secondary contaminants -- 7.1.1.3 Tertiary contaminants -- 7.2 Human and environmental effects -- 7.2.1 Impact on environment -- 7.2.2 Impact on human health -- 7.3 Current scenario of processing -- 7.3.1 Informal recycling techniques -- 7.3.2 Formal recycling techniques -- 7.4 Electronic waste legislations -- 7.4.1 Transboundary flow -- 7.4.2 Extended producer responsibility -- 7.5 Policy development in Asia for electronic waste -- 7.6 Analysis of e-waste management policies -- 7.7 Discussion -- 7.8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 8 Biological methods for the treatment of e-waste -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Classification of e-waste -- 8.3 Global scenario of e-waste -- 8.4 Disposal methods of e-waste -- 8.4.1 Bioremediation of e-waste -- 8.4.1.1 Biosorption -- 8.4.1.2 Bioaccumulation -- 8.4.1.3 Biomineralization -- 8.4.2 Phytoremediation of e-waste -- 8.4.2.1 Phytostabilization -- 8.4.2.2 Rhizofiltration -- 8.4.2.3 Phytovolatilization -- 8.4.2.4 Phytodegradation -- 8.4.2.5 Use of mycorrhizal fungi and other soil organisms -- 8.4.3 Vermiremediation -- 8.5 Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 9 Chemical methods for the treatment of e-waste -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Identification of e-waste -- 9.3 Effects on air -- 9.3.1 Effects on soil -- 9.3.2 Effects on water -- 9.3.3 Effects on human health -- 9.4 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 9.5 Dioxin and furan-related health risks -- 9.6 Lead as a health deterrent on exposure -- 9.7 Beryllium exposure and its health damages -- 9.8 Cadmium as potent health deterrent -- 9.9 Exposure to mercury and its health damages -- 9.10 Flame retardants' health damages -- 9.11 Land filling and its hazards -- 9.12 Hazards caused by landfilling -- 9.13 Incineration and its hazards -- 9.14 Damages and hazards of incineration process involve the following -- 9.15 Recycling of e-waste -- 9.16 Structure of printed circuit board -- 9.17 Techniques of chemical recycling -- 9.18 Chemical treatment by metallurgical processes -- 9.19 Chemical recycling techniques -- 9.20 Electrochemical process -- 9.21 Recycling by thermal methods -- 9.22 Pyrolysis process -- 9.23 Thermal treatment -- 9.24 Recycling of LCD panels to procure indium -- 9.25 Production of clean fuel from recycling e-waste -- 9.26 Conclusion -- References -- 10 E-waste management using different cost-effective, eco-friendly biological techniques: an overview -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.1.1 Overview of e-waste -- 10.1.2 E-waste trade and mechanism -- 10.1.3 E-waste flow model -- 10.1.4 Stakeholders -- 10.1.4.1 Manufacturers and retailers -- 10.1.4.2 Individual households -- 10.1.4.3 Business/government sector -- 10.1.4.4 Traders/scrap dealers/dissemblers/dismantlers -- 10.1.4.5 Recyclers -- 10.2 Statistics and e-waste management system in Asian countries -- 10.3 E-waste management system in India -- 10.4 Health hazards associated with e-waste -- 10.5 Consumer's awareness -- 10.6 Economic benefit -- 10.7 E-waste management -- 10.8 Micro-remediation of e-waste -- 10.8.1 Bioleaching -- 10.8.2 Biosorption -- 10.8.3 Bioaccumulation -- 10.8.4 Microbial involvement in bioaccumulation process -- 10.8.5 Chemisorption of heavy metals by microorganism:  a method for the bioremediation of solutions -- 10.8.6 Biotransformation -- 10.8.7 Biomineralization -- 10.8.8 Microbially-enhanced chemisorption of metals -- 10.9 Recent trends in metal recovery methods from e-waste -- 10.10 Suggestion to control and manage e-waste in India -- 10.11 Ecological and environmental effects of e-wastes -- 10.11.1 Deleterious effects e-wastes on air -- 10.11.2 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on soil -- 10.11.3 Deleterious effects of e-wastes on water -- 10.12 Environmental and health issues -- 10.13 Recent research -- 10.14 Conclusion -- Annexure I -- Annexure II (https://cpcb.nic.in/e-waste-recyclers-dismantler) -- Annexure III Description of UNU categories (Baldé, C. P., Wang, F., Kuehr, R., Huisman, J. 2015, The global e-waste monitor... -- References -- 11 Life cycle assessment of e-waste management: current practices and future research agenda towards sustainability -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Aim and motivation of the study -- 11.3 Overview on life cycle assessment and its development -- 11.3.1 Life cycle assessment as environmental assessment tool. , 11.3.2 Role of life cycle impact assessment methodologies and its recent development.