Note: Front Cover -- Valorization of Wastes for Sustainable Development -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of contributors -- About the editors -- Preface -- 1 Overview - Current scenarios and challenges -- 1 Challenges and opportunities associated with different forms of waste resources utilizations -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Classification of waste -- 1.2.1 Glass waste -- 1.2.2 Paper waste -- 1.2.3 Construction waste -- 1.2.4 Industrial and hazardous waste -- 1.2.5 Agricultural waste -- 1.2.6 Medical and municipal solid waste -- 1.2.7 E-waste -- 1.3 Challenges in waste management -- 1.3.1 Environmental, health, and socioeconomic issues -- 1.4 Current status in waste management -- 1.4.1 Waste management in developed, developing, and low-income countries -- 1.5 Problems encountered in waste handling -- 1.5.1 Collection, segregation, transportation, and storage of waste -- 1.5.2 Recycling and resource recovery -- 1.5.3 Research-based methods -- 1.6 Future scope -- 1.6.1 Circular economy -- 1.6.2 Internet of things -- 1.6.3 Green productivity practices -- 1.6.4 Biochar in waste management -- 1.6.5 Waste as a resource -- 1.6.6 Sustainable waste management -- 1.6.7 Public engagement in waste reduction and recycling policies -- 1.7 Conclusion and discussion -- References -- 2 Mitigation of environment crisis: conversion of organic plant waste to valuable products -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Sources of organic wastes -- 2.2.1 Fruit and vegetable waste -- 2.2.2 Wood waste -- 2.2.3 Agricultural waste -- 2.3 Various treatments employed for utilizing organic wastes -- 2.3.1 Vermicompost -- 2.3.2 Fermentation -- 2.3.3 Thermal treatment -- 2.3.4 Hydrothermal treatment -- 2.3.5 Enzymatic process -- 2.4 Importance of converting waste into valuable products -- 2.5 Valorization of organic wastes by microbial route -- 2.5.1 Biodiesel production. , 2.5.1.1 Waste oils as feedstock -- 2.5.1.2 Other organic wastes as feedstock -- 2.5.2 Bioelectricity -- 2.5.3 Biohydrogen -- 2.5.4 Organic acid -- 2.5.5 Enzymes -- 2.5.6 Feed and others -- 2.6 Valorization of cashew apple wastes -- 2.6.1 Emerging applications of cashew apple -- 2.6.2 Enzyme production from bagasse of cashew apple -- 2.6.2.1 Tannase -- 2.6.2.2 Pectinase -- 2.6.2.3 Cellulase -- 2.6.3 Wine and bioethanol production -- 2.6.4 Feni production improvement for augmenting cashew farmers' income-a brief case study -- 2.7 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Waste valorization for renewable fuel -- 3 Conversion of waste tires into renewable fuel -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Waste tires -- 3.3 Traditional waste tire management -- 3.4 Sustainable waste tires management -- 3.5 Waste tires to renewable fuel via thermochemical conversion -- 3.6 Pyrolysis -- 3.7 Gasification -- 3.8 Hydrothermal liquefaction -- 3.9 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Mammals' dung and urine for fuel production -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sources of animal manure -- 4.2.1 Farm animal dung compositions -- 4.2.2 Human Fecal composition -- 4.2.3 Essential manure properties in energy conversion -- 4.3 Methodologies used in biofuel production from animal manure -- 4.3.1 Thermochemical methods -- 4.3.1.1 Incineration -- 4.3.1.2 Pyrolysis -- 4.3.1.3 Gasification -- 4.3.1.4 Hydrothermal carbonization -- 4.3.2 Biochemical methods -- 4.3.2.1 Anaerobic digesters -- 4.3.2.2 Fermentation -- 4.4 Various types of fuel production from animal dung and urine as feedstock -- 4.4.1 Biogas formation from anaerobic digestion of livestock waste -- 4.4.2 Bioethanol production -- 4.4.3 Biodiesel production -- 4.4.4 Microbial electrochemical systems (MES) -- 4.4.5 Biohydrogen production -- 4.4.6 Bio-oil, biochar, and syngas -- 4.4.7 Novel source of fuel -- 4.5 Challenges for fuel production. , 4.6 Future perspectives and conclusion -- References -- 5 Biofuel production from lignocellulosic biomass waste -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Biomass to biofuel conversion techniques -- 5.2.1 Pyrolysis -- 5.2.2 Liquefaction -- 5.2.2.1 Torrefaction -- 5.2.3 Gasification -- 5.2.4 Biochemical fermentative pathway -- 5.3 Types of biofuels -- 5.3.1 Solid biofuel -- 5.3.1.1 Torrified products -- 5.3.2 Liquid fuels -- 5.3.2.1 Biodiesel -- 5.3.2.2 Bioethanol -- 5.3.2.3 Biomass to liquid -- 5.3.3 Gaseous fuels -- 5.3.3.1 Syngas -- 5.3.3.2 Biohydrogen -- 5.3.3.3 Challenges in biofuel production -- References -- 6 A holistic valorization of food waste for sustainable biofuel production -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Valorization of food waste to biofuels -- 6.3 Food waste to bioethanol -- 6.4 Food waste to biodiesel -- 6.5 Biohydrogen -- 6.6 Bio-oil -- 6.7 Other sources of bioenergy -- 6.8 Future scope and challenges -- 6.9 Conclusion and remarks -- References -- 7 Biofuel scale-up from waste source and strategies for cost optimization -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Biomass conversion routes-thermochemical conversion process -- 7.2.1 Biomass-to-gas processes -- 7.2.2 Biomass-to-liquid processes -- 7.2.3 Biomass-to-solid conversion processes -- 7.3 Biomass conversion routes-biological conversion process -- 7.3.1 Anaerobic digestion -- 7.3.2 Syngas fermentation -- 7.4 Strategies for cost optimization of biofuel -- 7.5 Conclusion -- References -- 8 Biobutanol production from agricultural wastes -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.1.1 Biobutanol -- 8.1.2 Bioreactors -- 8.1.3 Biobutanol-producing bacteria -- 8.1.4 Biostimulation -- 8.1.5 Potential feedstocks for biobutanol production -- 8.2 Micronutrients effects on biobutanol production -- 8.3 Methodological perspective -- 8.3.1 Experimental methodology -- 8.3.1.1 Treatment of agricultural wastes. , 8.3.1.2 Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation -- 8.3.2 Measurements -- 8.3.2.1 Micronutrients size measurement -- 8.3.2.2 Further measurements -- 8.3.3 Analytical methods -- 8.3.3.1 Elemental analysis of wastes -- 8.3.3.2 Wastes characterization -- 8.3.3.3 Biobutanol analysis -- 8.3.4 Extraction and purification -- 8.3.5 Calculations -- 8.3.5.1 Enzymatic saccharification rate -- 8.3.5.2 Acetone-butanol-ethanol conversion rate -- 8.3.5.3 Overall acetone-butanol-ethanol production rate -- 8.4 Strategies for enhancing biobutanol production -- 8.5 Techno-economic assessment of biobutanol -- 8.6 Summary and future prospective -- Declaration of competing interest -- References -- 9 Thermochemical treatment of wastes for power generation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fuel properties and process description -- 9.2.1 Fuel properties -- 9.2.2 Incineration -- 9.2.3 Gasification -- 9.2.4 Advanced technologies -- 9.2.4.1 Plasma gasification -- 9.2.4.2 Chemical looping combustion -- 9.2.4.3 Chemical looping reforming -- 9.2.4.4 Chemical looping gasification -- 9.3 Pollutant formation and other operational difficulties related to incineration and gasification -- 9.3.1 Pollutant formation during postcombustion -- 9.3.1.1 Formation mechanism of dioxins -- 9.3.1.2 Fly/bottom ash -- 9.3.2 Pollutant formation during precombustion -- 9.3.3 Operational and other difficulties -- 9.4 Power plant simulation studies based on waste feedstock -- 9.4.1 Power generating systems -- 9.4.2 Incineration and gasification-based power plants -- 9.4.3 Plasma gasification-based power plants -- 9.4.4 Chemical looping technology-based power plants -- 9.5 Real-scale industries -- 9.6 Conclusions and future scope -- References -- 3 Other valorizations of organic waste and non-organic waste -- 10 Marine waste for nutraceutical and cosmeceutical production -- 10.1 Introduction. , 10.2 Current trend of marine waste valorizations -- 10.3 Functional polysaccharides from marine waste -- 10.3.1 Emulsifier in nutraceutical application -- 10.3.2 Emulsifier in cosmeceutical application -- 10.3.3 Gelling agent in nutraceutical application -- 10.3.4 Gelling agent in cosmeceutical application -- 10.4 Functional protein and bioactive peptides from marine waste -- 10.4.1 Collagen, gelatin, and peptide -- 10.5 Sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from marine waste -- 10.5.1 A sustainable extraction concept -- 10.5.1.1 Harvesting -- 10.5.1.2 Pretreatment -- 10.5.2 Extraction techniques for bioactive recovery from marine waste materials -- 10.5.2.1 Supercritical fluid extraction -- 10.5.2.2 Microwave-assisted extraction -- 10.5.2.3 Ultrasonic-assisted extraction -- 10.5.2.4 Pulsed electric field -- 10.6 Purification process -- 10.6.1 Membrane filtration -- 10.6.2 Gel filtration chromatography -- 10.6.3 Ion-exchange chromatography -- 10.6.4 High-performance liquid chromatography -- 10.6.5 Techno-economic evaluation -- 10.7 Marine waste for food and nutraceutical industries -- 10.8 Marine waste for cosmeceutical industries -- 10.9 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 11 Algae cultivation in industrial effluents for carbon dioxide sequestration and biofuel production -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Carbon sequestration by microalgae -- 11.2.1 Factors affecting CO2 sequestration by microalgae -- 11.2.1.1 Concentration of carbon dioxide -- 11.2.1.2 Temperature -- 11.2.1.3 pH -- 11.2.1.4 Microalgal species -- 11.3 Microalgae cultivation in industrial effluents -- 11.3.1 Industrial effluents as microalgae growth medium -- 11.3.1.1 Raw industrial effluent -- 11.3.1.2 Nutrient enrichment in industrial effluent -- 11.3.1.3 Pretreated industrial effluent -- 11.3.2 Industrial wastewater treatment. , 11.3.2.1 Nutrient removal in industrial wastewater.

Note: Front Cover -- Global Climate Change -- Global Climate Change -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Biographies -- 1 - Climate change and existential threats -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The existential threats -- 3. The rise in temperature and global warming -- 4. Melting of glaciers and polar icecaps -- 5. Rise in sea level, sea shape, and sea composition -- 6. Hazards of climate change -- 7. Forest fires -- 8. Heat waves -- 9. Drought -- 10. Floods -- 11. Cyclones, hurricanes, and typhoons -- 12. Loss of biodiversity and impact on flora and fauna -- 13. Health effects -- 14. Food security -- 15. Climate refugees -- 16. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Impact of climate change on biodiversity and shift in major biomes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Effects of climate change on biodiversity -- 3. Changes in the recurring life cycle events -- 4. Climatic factors -- 5. Biological responses and ecosystem health -- 6. Buffer and porch effects -- 7. Range shifts -- 8. Extinction risks -- 9. Summary and conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 3 - Climate-resilient agriculture: enhance resilience toward climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Major causes for climate change -- 1.1.1 The natural factors causing climate change -- 1.1.2 Anthropogenic activities -- 1.2 Pros of climate change -- 1.3 Cons of climate change -- 2. Climate-resilient agriculture -- 3. Major programs for climate-resilient agriculture -- 3.1 NICRA: National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.2 Objectives of National Innovations on Climate Resilient Agriculture -- 3.3 Village Climate Risk Management Committee -- 4. Smart practices and technologies for climate-resilient agriculture -- 4.1 Conservation of natural resources -- 4.2 Conservation of soil moisture by mulching -- 4.2.1 Benefit of mulching -- 4.3 Conservation agriculture for sustainable land use. , 4.4 Artificial recharging for enhancement of groundwater -- 4.5 Community approach for soil and water conservation -- 4.6 Sustainable crop production under climate change scenario -- 4.6.1 Selection of appropriate crop varieties -- 4.6.2 System of Rice Intensification -- 4.6.3 Aerobic rice cultivation -- 4.6.4 Intensive mixed farming system -- 4.6.5 Soil enrichment using organic manure/amendments and biofertilizers -- 4.6.6 Livestock and fisheries -- 4.6.6.1 Fodder production -- 4.6.6.2 Aquaculture and coping measures -- 5. Institutional interventions -- 5.1 Preserving the genetic diversity -- 5.2 Role of fodder bank in improving the quality of fodder -- 5.3 Custom hiring centers for increasing farm mechanization -- 5.3.1 Benefits from custom hiring centers -- 5.4 Weather Based Crop Insurance -- 6. Village-level weather forecasting -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 4 - Influence of anthropocene climate change on biodiversity loss in different ecosystems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Drivers of climate change -- 3. Climate change-induced species response -- 4. Biodiversity loss in terrestrial environment -- 4.1 Montane and subalpines ecosystems -- 4.2 Dryland ecosystems -- 5. Biodiversity loss in aquatic environment -- 5.1 Marine and coral reef ecosystems -- 5.2 Freshwater and wetland ecosystems -- 6. Conclusions -- References -- 5 - Link between air pollution and global climate change -- 1. Air pollution -- 1.1 Air quality standards -- 1.2 Air quality index -- 2. Sources of air pollution -- 2.1 Classification of major air pollution sources -- 2.2 Types of pollutants -- 3. Greenhouse gases -- 3.1 Global warming potential -- 3.2 Residence time -- 4. Greenhouse gases, global warming, and global climate change -- 4.1 Radiative forcing -- 4.2 Net radiative forcing -- 5. Nitrogen oxide emission an indirect greenhouse gas -- 6. Parameters affecting air pollution. , 7. Coupling of air pollution with global warming process -- 8. Design of large-scale facility for effective global warming system -- 9. Current applications and future aspects -- 9.1 Carbon capture and storage/utilization technologies -- 9.2 Concluding remarks -- References -- 6 - Dimensions of climate change and its consequences on ecosystem functioning -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ozone depletion, UV-B penetration, and their impacts on different ecosystems -- 2.1 Stratospheric ozone depletion -- 2.2 Impacts of ozone depletion on regional and global basis -- 2.3 Impacts of O3 depletion on the regional rainfall and water availability -- 2.4 Impacts of O3 depletion-induced changes in surface temperature on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3. UV radiation -- 3.1 Global climate change due to ozone depletion and UV-B penetration -- 3.2 Impacts of UV-B on terrestrial ecosystem -- 3.3 Impacts of ozone depletion and UV radiation on ecosystem functioning -- 3.4 Impacts of O3 depletion and UV-B penetration on aquatic ecosystem -- 3.5 Climate change-induced alteration in UV radiation exposure of organisms -- 4. Global warming -- 4.1 Impact of global warming on terrestrial ecosystems -- 4.2 Impact of global warming on aquatic ecosystems -- 4.3 Sea level rise and glacier melting -- 5. Effects of climate change on nutrient pollution -- 6. Effects of climate change on thermal pollution -- 7. Increased risks of climate-related disasters -- 7.1 Climate change aggravates the degradation of ecosystem -- 7.2 Proper ecosystem management is essential to reduce the risks of weather events -- 8. Crisis of natural resources -- 8.1 Land degradation -- 8.2 Water crisis -- 8.3 Loss of biodiversity -- 8.4 Marine resources -- 9. National and international meets/conventions on climate change impact and mitigation efforts -- 10. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References. , 7 - Climate change: Impact on agricultural production and sustainable mitigation -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Global climate change -- 3. Impact of climate change on the agricultural sectors -- 3.1 Climate change impact on Indian agriculture -- 3.1.1 Impact on the agricultural ecosystem -- 3.1.2 Impact on the agricultural production -- 3.1.2.1 Rice -- 3.1.2.2 Wheat -- 3.1.2.3 Maize -- 3.1.2.4 Barley -- 3.1.2.5 Pulses -- 3.1.3 Impact on the insect pest and disease development -- 3.1.4 Impact on the use of agrochemicals -- 3.1.5 Impacts on the agricultural economy -- 4. Mitigation and adaptation strategies for the agriculture -- 4.1 Mitigation strategies -- 4.2 Adaptation strategies -- 4.2.1 Soil management practices -- 4.2.2 Shifting the location of seed production industries -- 4.2.3 Shifting crop sowing date -- 4.2.4 Plant breeding and focus on developed variety -- 5. Policy implications -- 6. Conclusion and future prospective -- References -- 8 - Geological records of climate change -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Geological evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Oceanic sediments -- 2.2 Oxygen isotope ratio -- 2.3 Tree rings -- 2.4 Fossils pollen -- 2.5 Coral reefs -- 3. Conclusions -- References -- 9 - Global climate change: the loop between cause and impact -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Natural causes of climate change -- 2.1 Orbital variations and climate change -- 2.1.1 Orbital eccentricity -- 2.1.2 Earth's obliquity -- 2.1.3 Precession -- 2.2 Solar variability and climate change -- 2.2.1 Sunspots and temperature -- 2.2.2 Sunspots and drought -- 2.3 Plate tectonics and climate change -- 2.4 Albedo and climate change -- 2.5 El Nino-Southern oscillation (ENSO) cycle -- 2.6 Volcanic activity and climate change -- 3. Anthropogenic cause -- 3.1 Greenhouse gases -- 3.1.1 Carbon dioxide (CO2) -- 3.1.2 Methane -- 3.1.3 Nitrous oxide (N2O). , 3.1.4 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) -- 3.1.5 Water vapor (H2O) and aerosol -- 4. Effect of climate change -- 4.1 Change in sea level -- 4.2 Ocean acidification -- 4.3 Ozone depletion -- 4.4 Melting of polar ice and glaciers -- 4.5 Enhanced extreme weather events -- 4.6 Food security -- 5. Conclusions -- References -- 10 - Development of abiotic stress-tolerant mustard genotype through induced mutagenesis -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Indicator for different stresses -- References -- 11 - Impact of tropospheric ozone pollution on wheat production in Southeast Asia: an update -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Modern bread wheat: the second most important cash crop -- 2.1 Origin and evolution of modern wheat -- 2.2 Wheat as a major player in green revolution -- 3. Tropospheric ozone: the most toxic secondary air pollutant and climate factor -- 3.1 Good ozone and bad ozone -- 3.2 The genesis of ozone -- 3.3 Absorption in plants and general consequences -- 3.4 Consequences -- 4. Wheat production under ozone pollution: the world scenario -- 5. Case studies: Southeast Asia -- 5.1 Pakistan -- 5.1.1 India -- 5.2 Bangladesh -- 5.3 China -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Past and present events of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic causes -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Evidence of climate change -- 2.1 Loss of polar ice sheets and mountain glaciers -- 2.2 Ocean acidification -- 2.2.1 Reduced calcification -- 2.3 Change in average surface temperature and precipitation pattern -- 2.4 Sea level rise -- 3. Causes of climate change: natural versus anthropogenic -- 3.1 Natural causes of climate change -- 3.2 Anthropogenic causes of climate change -- 4. Past climatic changes -- 5. Recent trends in climate change -- 5.1 Sea level rise -- 5.2 Shrinking ice -- 5.3 Ocean heat and acidity -- 5.4 Extreme events -- 5.5 Wildfires -- 6. Conclusion -- References. , 13 - Radioecology: dissecting complexities of radionuclide transfer under climate change.