Note: Intro -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Coastal Ecosystems of India and Their Conservation and Management Policies: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Coastal States, Union Territories and Islands of India -- 2.1 Gujarat -- 2.2 Maharashtra -- 2.3 Goa -- 2.4 Karnataka -- 2.5 Kerala -- 2.6 Andhra Pradesh -- 2.7 Tamil Nadu -- 2.8 Odisha -- 2.9 West Bengal -- 2.10 Union Territories of India: Coastal Regions -- 2.10.1 Puducherry -- 2.10.2 Daman and Diu -- 2.10.3 Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI) -- 2.10.4 Lakshadweep Islands -- 3 India's Coastal Ecosystems -- 3.1 Mangroves -- 3.1.1 Sundarbans Mangroves (West Bengal) -- 3.1.2 Maharashtra, Karnataka, Kerala and Goa Mangroves -- 3.1.3 Mangroves Pichavaram and Muthupet (Tamil Nadu) -- 3.1.4 Andaman and Nicobar Mangrove (ANI) -- 3.1.5 Mahanadi and Bhitarkanika (Odisha) -- 3.2 Salt Marshes -- 3.3 Seagrasses -- 3.4 Coral Reefs -- 3.5 Lagoons -- 4 India's Coastal Policies -- 4.1 Global Conventions and Coastline Protection Treaties -- 4.1.1 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) -- 4.1.2 The Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS) -- 4.1.3 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Wildlife (CITES) -- 4.1.4 Ramsar Convention on International Important Wetlands -- 4.1.5 Biosphere Reserves -- 4.1.6 Biodiversity Act, 2002 -- 4.1.7 Indian Coastal Zone Regulations -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Sources and Distribution of Fecal Coliforms in the Coastal Environment: A Case Study from Chilika Lagoon, Odisha, India -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Microbial Indicators of Bacteriological Quality of Water -- 1.2 Monitoring and Assessment of FC -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Water Sampling -- 2.3 Detection of FC Bacteria -- 2.4 Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 2.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Profiling and MAR Index. , 2.6 Statistical Analysis -- 2.7 Nucleotide Sequence Accession Numbers -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Distribution of FC Bacteria -- 3.2 Spatiotemporal Distribution of FC Bacteria -- 3.3 Inter-annual Variation in FC Bacteria -- 3.4 Molecular Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis -- 3.5 Antibiotic Susceptibility Profile and MAR Index -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3: Seagrass Ecosystems of India as Bioindicators of Trace Elements -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Distribution and Ecology of Indian Seagrasses -- 2 Trace Element in Coastal Water, Sediment, and Seagrasses -- 2.1 Trace Element in the Water Column above Seagrass Meadows -- 2.2 Trace Metals in the Sediment of Seagrass Meadows -- 2.3 Role of Sediment Characteristics in Making Trace Elements Bioavailable -- 2.4 Trace Element Accumulation in Seagrasses -- 3 Effects of Trace Elements on Seagrass Physiology -- 4 Future Scenarios and Metal Toxicity on Seagrass -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Phosphorus Availability and Speciation in the Intertidal Sediments of Sundarbans Mangrove Ecosystem of India and Bangladesh -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Study Area -- 3 Material and Methods -- 3.1 Sample Collection -- 3.2 Chemicals and Solutions -- 3.3 Total Sedimentary Phosphorus (TSP) -- 3.4 Sequential Extraction Procedure -- 3.5 Reactive Fe Analyses -- 3.6 Porewater Solute Analyses -- 4 Results -- 4.1 Spatial Variability of Phosphorus Fractions -- 4.2 Sediment Characteristics -- 4.3 Porewater Solutes -- 5 Discussion -- 5.1 Sedimentary Phosphorus Species -- 5.1.1 Detrital P (Det-P) and Exchangeable P (Sorb-P) -- 5.1.2 Authigenic CFA -- 5.1.3 Organic P -- 5.1.4 DB-Extractable P (Fe-P) -- 5.2 Bioavailable Phosphorus -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 5: Phytoplankton Ecology in Indian Coastal Lagoons: A Review -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Coastal Lagoons of India. , 3 Phytoplankton Diversity and Seasonal Dynamics in Indian Lagoons -- 3.1 East Coast of India -- 3.2 West Coast of India -- 4 Factors Controlling Phytoplankton Distribution and Dynamics in Indian Lagoons -- 4.1 Physical Factors -- 4.1.1 Water Temperature -- 4.1.2 Photic Depth and Turbidity -- 4.1.3 Water Current -- 4.2 Chemical Factor -- 4.2.1 Nutrients -- 4.2.2 Salinity -- 4.2.3 pH -- 4.2.4 Dissolved Oxygen -- 4.2.5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) -- 4.3 Geological Factor -- 4.4 Biological Factor -- 4.5 Meteorological Factor -- 4.5.1 Aerosol -- 4.6 Anthropogenic Factor -- 5 Conclusion and Future Research Directions -- References -- Chapter 6: Growing Menace of Microplastics in and Around the Coastal Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Few Sources of Microplastics -- 3 Menace Across the Globe -- 3.1 Effects on Turtles and Dolphins -- 3.2 Effects on Coral Reefs -- 3.3 Effects on Crabs, Fishes -- 3.4 Effects on Seabirds and Oysters -- 3.5 Effects on Benthic Organisms -- 4 Challenges and Recommendations -- 5 Indian Context -- 6 Suggestions -- 7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Variability of Nutrients and Their Stoichiometry in Chilika Lagoon, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 3 Methodology -- 4 Results and Discussion -- 4.1 Variability of Physicochemical Parameters -- 4.1.1 Climatic Condition and Bathymetry -- 4.1.2 Factors Responsible for SD Variability -- 4.1.3 pH, DO, and Salinity Variability Factors -- 4.2 Nutrient Dynamics -- 4.2.1 Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen Species -- 4.2.2 Variability of Dissolved Inorganic Phosphate -- 4.2.3 Variability of Silicate -- 4.3 Spatiotemporal Variability in Trophic Index -- 4.4 Nutrient Stoichiometry and Influencing Factors -- 4.4.1 N/P -- 4.4.2 Si/P -- 4.4.3 N/Si -- 5 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 8: A Systematic Review on the Impact of Urbanization and Industrialization on Indian Coastal Mangrove Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Global Mangrove Cover -- 1.2 Indian Coastal Mangrove Systems -- 1.3 Threat to Mangrove Ecosystems -- 1.3.1 Natural Influences -- 1.3.2 Anthropogenic Influences -- Agricultural Activities -- Industrial Development -- Heavy Metals -- Nutrients -- Aquaculture -- Oil Spills -- Sand Mining -- Resource Exploitation -- Other Pollutants -- 2 Importance of Mangroves in Controlling Pollution -- 3 Current and Future Threats -- 3.1 Global Warming -- 3.2 Sea-Level Rise -- 3.3 Weather Events -- 4 Management: Restoration and Resilience -- 4.1 Management Activities on Regional Scale -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Zooplankton Diversity and Their Spatiotemporal Distribution: An Ecological Assessment from a Brackish Coastal Lagoon, Chilika, Odisha -- 1 Background -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.2.1 Zooplankton -- 2.2.2 Physicochemical Parameters and Phytoplankton Enumeration -- 2.3 Statistical Analysis -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 3.1 Zooplankton Diversity -- 3.2 Holoplankton -- 3.2.1 Ciliophora -- 3.2.2 Foraminifera -- 3.2.3 Tubulinea -- 3.2.4 Rotifera -- 3.2.5 Hydrozoa -- 3.2.6 Ctenophora -- 3.2.7 Nematoda -- 3.2.8 Annelida -- 3.2.9 Gastropoda -- 3.2.10 Bivalvia -- 3.2.11 Cladocera -- 3.2.12 Copepoda -- 3.2.13 Ostracoda -- 3.2.14 Malacostraca -- 3.2.15 Chaetognatha -- 3.2.16 Chordata -- 3.3 Meroplankton -- 3.4 Microzooplankton Abundances and Community Composition -- 3.5 Zooplankton Abundances and Community Composition -- 3.6 Hydrography and Phytoplankton -- 3.7 Environmental Drivers of Microzooplankton and Zooplankton Communities -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 10: Metal Transport and Its Impact on Coastal Ecosystem -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Coastal Ecosystem: An Overview -- 2.1 Mangroves -- 2.2 Coral Reefs -- 2.3 Seagrass Meadows -- 2.4 Lagoon -- 3 Major Sources of Heavy Metals -- 4 Factors Affecting the Mobility of Metals -- 5 Distribution of Heavy Metals -- 6 Health Implications -- 6.1 On Flora -- 6.2 On Nekton -- 6.3 On Benthos -- 6.4 On Planktons -- 6.5 On Humans -- 7 Mitigation Strategies -- 7.1 Proper Treatment at Source -- 7.2 Chemical-Biological Remediation -- 7.3 Bioremediation -- 7.4 Public Awareness and Legislations -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: A Holistic Study on Impact of Anthropogenic Activities over the Mangrove Ecosystem and Their Conservation Strategies -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 A Brief Outlay of Mangrove Ecosystem (ME) -- 2 Benefits of Mangrove Ecosystem -- 2.1 Provisioning Services -- 2.2 Ecological Services -- 2.3 Supporting Services -- 3 Anthropogenic Threats for Mangrove Ecosystem -- 3.1 Contribution of Aquaculture in Mangrove Loss -- 3.2 Enhancement of Rice Cultivation -- 3.3 Increase of Oil Palm Plantation -- 3.4 Elevated Trends of Urban Sprawling and Industrialization -- 3.5 Extensive Agriculture -- 4 Current Global Status of Mangrove -- 5 Indian Status -- 5.1 Mangrove Status in Southern Parts of India -- 6 Conservation and Management Strategies -- 6.1 Global Approaches to Mangrove Conservation -- 6.2 Inclusion of Human Needs -- 7 The Role of Traditional Knowledge and GIS Is of Great Use in the Management of the Mangrove Ecosystem -- 8 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 12: Assessment of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Crabs of Chilika Lagoon, India -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Materials and Methods -- 2.1 Study Area -- 2.2 Sampling and Analysis -- 2.3 Potential Human Health Risk (Olayinka et al. 2019) -- 2.4 Bioaccumulation Factors -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- References. , Chapter 13: Coastal Ecosystem Services of Gujarat, India: Current Challenges and Conservation Needs.