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  • 1
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    Particulate Organic Matter Mobilization and Transformation Along a Himalayan River Revealed by ESI‐FT‐ICR‐MS (2022)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-09
    Description: Tracing pathways and transformations of particulate organic carbon from landscape sources to oceanic sinks is commonly done using the isotopic composition or biomarker content of particulate organic matter (POM). However, similarity of source characteristics and complex mixing in rivers often preclude a robust deconvolution of individual contributions. Moreover, these approaches are limited in detecting organic matter transformations. This impedes understanding of carbon cycling. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) can simultaneously identify many molecular formulas from mixtures of organic matter, and provide direct information on its compositional variability. Here, we investigate how FT‐ICR‐MS can give insight into POM dynamics on a landscape scale, focusing on the trans‐Himalayan Kali Gandaki River, Nepal. Using molecular information, we identify source tracers in the solvent extractable lipid fraction of riverine POM, finding up to 102 indicative molecular formulas for individual sources. Further, we assess molecular transformations of the lipid fraction of POM during its transfer from litter into topsoil, and onwards into the river. A large number of shared mass formulas and a well‐preserved isoprenoidal patterns suggest efficient incorporation of litter into topsoil. In contrast, we observe a selective loss of mass formulas and a preferential export of formulas with low double bond equivalents and a low nominal oxidation state of carbon after organic matter entrainment in the river. Our results demonstrate the potential of FT‐ICR‐MS for source‐to‐sink studies, allowing detailed organic matter source characterization and discrimination, and tracking of molecular transformations along organic matter pathways spanning different spatial and temporal scales.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The transfer of organic matter (OM) by rivers from landscape sources into the ocean followed by its burial in marine sediments is an important carbon sink. Therefore, OM is often traced along this journey using its isotopic or biomarker composition. But contributions of OM sources to river sediments can be difficult to estimate because of similar source characteristics, mixing of many sources and changes of the molecular composition along the way. Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FT‐ICR‐MS) is a novel method able to identify many molecular formulas from OM mixtures at once providing direct information about their molecular composition. Here, we investigate how FT‐ICR‐MS contributes to understanding the transport and transformation of particulate OM focusing on a Himalayan river in Nepal. We use the molecular information to identify tracers for individual OM sources in the landscape. We then assess molecular transformations during the transfer of litter into topsoil, and onwards into the river. Our data suggest efficient incorporation of litter into topsoil, but we observe a selective loss of molecular formulas upon entrainment of sources into the river. Our results reveal that FT‐ICR‐MS is useful for detailed source characterization and tracking of molecular transformations along OM pathways.
    Description: Key Points: Organic matter sourcing and transformations in a Himalayan river studied by FT‐ICR‐MS measurements of solvent extractable lipids. Identification of up to 102 indicator mass formulas for different organic matter sources in the landscape using indicator species analysis. Mass formulas preserved during incorporation of litter into topsoil but selectively lost during entrainment of sources into the river.
    Description: Helmholtz Impuls und Vernetzungsfond
    Description: GFZ expedition funding
    Description: http://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.6.2022.002
    Keywords: ddc:551 ; particulate organic carbon ; solvent extractable lipids ; FT‐ICR‐MS ; Himalaya ; carbon cycling ; indicator species analysis
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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    CITATION GEO-LEO
  • 2
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    Hydroclimate in the Pamirs Was Driven by Changes in Precipitation‐Evaporation Seasonality Since theLast Glacial Period (2019)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Geophysical Research Letters, Wiley, 46(23), pp. 13972-13983, ISSN: 0094-8276
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-27
    Description: The Central Asian Pamir Mountains (Pamirs) are a high‐altitude region sensitive to climatic change, with only few paleoclimatic records available. To examine the glacial‐interglacial hydrological changes in the region, we analyzed the geochemical parameters of a 31‐kyr record from Lake Karakul and performed a set of experiments with climate models to interpret the results. δD values of terrestrial biomarkers showed insolation‐driven trends reflecting major shifts of water vapor sources. For aquatic biomarkers, positive δD shifts driven by changes in precipitation seasonality were observed at ca. 31–30, 28–26, and 17–14 kyr BP. Multiproxy paleoecological data and modelling results suggest that increased water availability, induced by decreased summer evaporation, triggered higher lake levels during those episodes, possibly synchronous to northern hemispheric rapid climate events. We conclude that seasonal changes in precipitation‐evaporation balance significantly influenced the hydrological state of a large waterbody such as Lake Karakul, while annual precipitation amount and inflows remained fairly constant.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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    PAPER (OA)
  • 3
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    Early anthropogenic impact on Western Central African rainforests 2,600 y ago (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 115(13), pp. 3261-3266, ISSN: 0027-8424
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-05-06
    Description: A potential human footprint on Western Central African rainforests before the Common Era has become the focus of an ongoing controversy. Between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 y ago, regional pollen sequences indicate a replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic including pioneer trees. Although some studies suggested an anthropogenic influence on this forest fragmentation, current interpretations based on pollen data attribute the ‘‘rainforest crisis’’ to climate change toward a drier, more seasonal climate. A rigorous test of this hypothesis, however, requires climate proxies independent of vegetation changes. Here we resolve this controversy through a continuous 10,500-y record of both vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi in Southwest Cameroon based on changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes. δ¹³C-inferred vegetation changes confirm a prominent and abrupt appearance of C4 plants in the Lake Barombi catchment, at 2,600 calendar years before AD 1950 (cal y BP), followed by an equally sudden return to rainforest vegetation at 2,020 cal y BP. δD values from the same plant wax compounds, however, show no simultaneous hydrological change. Based on the combination of these data with a comprehensive regional archaeological database we provide evidence that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 y ago. Our findings suggest that technological developments, including agricultural practices and iron metallurgy, possibly related to the large-scale Bantu expansion, significantly impacted the ecosystems before the Common Era.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 4
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    Relationships between low-temperature fires, climate and vegetation during three late glacials and interglacials of the last 430 kyr in northeastern Siberia reconstructed from monosaccharide anhydrides in Lake El'gygytgyn sediments (2020)
    In:  EPIC3Climate of the Past, 16(2), pp. 799-818, ISSN: 1814-9332
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-14
    Description: Landscapes in high northern latitudes are assumed to be highly sensitive to future global change, but the rates and long-term trajectories of changes are rather uncertain. In the boreal zone, fires are an important factor in climate–vegetation interactions and biogeochemical cycles. Fire regimes are characterized by small, frequent, lowintensity fires within summergreen boreal forests dominated by larch, whereas evergreen boreal forests dominated by spruce and pine burn large areas less frequently but at higher intensities. Here, we explore the potential of the monosaccharide anhydrides (MA) levoglucosan, mannosan and galactosan to serve as proxies of low-intensity biomass burning in glacial-to-interglacial lake sediments from the high northern latitudes. We use sediments from Lake El’gygytgyn (cores PG 1351 and ICDP 5011-1), located in the far northeast of Russia, and study glacial and interglacial samples of the last 430 kyr (marine isotope stages 5e, 6, 7e, 8, 11c and 12) that had different climate and biome configurations. Combined with pollen and non-pollen palynomorph records from the same samples, we assess how far the modern relationships between fire, climate and vegetation persisted during the past, on orbital to centennial timescales. We find that MAs attached to particulates were well-preserved in up to 430 kyr old sediments with higher influxes from low-intensity biomass burning in interglacials compared to glacials. MA influxes significantly increase when summergreen boreal forest spreads closer to the lake, whereas they decrease when tundra-steppe environments and, especially, Sphagnum peatlands spread. This suggests that lowtemperature fires are a typical characteristic of Siberian larch forests also on long timescales. The results also suggest that low-intensity fires would be reduced by vegetation shifts towards very dry environments due to reduced biomass availability, as well as by shifts towards peatlands, which limits fuel dryness. In addition, we observed very low MA ratios, which we interpret as high contributions of galactosan and mannosan from biomass sources other than those currently monitored, such as the moss–lichen mats in the understorey of the summergreen boreal forest. Overall, sedimentary MAs can provide a powerful proxy for fire regime reconstructions and extend our knowledge of long-term natural fire–climate– vegetation feedbacks in the high northern latitudes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 5
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    Moisture Sources and Pathways Determine Stable Isotope Signature of Himalayan Waters in Nepal (2023)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3AGU Advances, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 4(1), ISSN: 2576-604X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The Himalayan mountain range produces one of the steepest and largest rainfall gradients on Earth, with 〉3 m/yr rainfall difference over a ∼100 km distance. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) contributes more than 80% to the annual precipitation budget of the central Himalayas. The remaining 20% falls mainly during pre-ISM season. Understanding the seasonal cycle and the transfer pathways of moisture from precipitation to the rivers is crucial for constraining water availability in a warming climate. However, the partitioning of moisture into the different storage systems such as snow, glacier, and groundwater and their relative contribution to river discharge throughout the year remains under-constrained. Here, we present novel field data from the Kali Gandaki, a trans-Himalayan river, and use 4-year time series of river and rain water stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H values) as well as river discharge, satellite Global Precipitation Measurement amounts, and moisture source trajectories to constrain hydrological variability. We find that rainfall before the onset of the ISM is isotopically distinct and that ISM rain and groundwater have similar isotopic values. Our study lays the groundwork for using isotopic measurements to track changes in precipitation sources during the pre-ISM to ISM transition in this key region of orographic precipitation. Specifically, we highlight the role of pre-ISM precipitation, derived from the Gangetic plain, to define the seasonal river isotopic variability across the central Himalayas. Lastly, isotopic values across the catchment document the importance of a large well-mixed groundwater reservoir supplying river discharge, especially during the non-ISM season.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 6
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    Moisture Sources and Pathways Determine Stable Isotope Signature of Himalayan Waters in Nepal (2023)
    American Geophysical Union (AGU)
    In:  EPIC3AGU Advances, American Geophysical Union (AGU), 4(1), ISSN: 2576-604X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: The Himalayan mountain range produces one of the steepest and largest rainfall gradients on Earth, with 〉3 m/yr rainfall difference over a ∼100 km distance. The Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) contributes more than 80% to the annual precipitation budget of the central Himalayas. The remaining 20% falls mainly during pre-ISM season. Understanding the seasonal cycle and the transfer pathways of moisture from precipitation to the rivers is crucial for constraining water availability in a warming climate. However, the partitioning of moisture into the different storage systems such as snow, glacier, and groundwater and their relative contribution to river discharge throughout the year remains under-constrained. Here, we present novel field data from the Kali Gandaki, a trans-Himalayan river, and use 4-year time series of river and rain water stable isotope composition (δ18O and δ2H values) as well as river discharge, satellite Global Precipitation Measurement amounts, and moisture source trajectories to constrain hydrological variability. We find that rainfall before the onset of the ISM is isotopically distinct and that ISM rain and groundwater have similar isotopic values. Our study lays the groundwork for using isotopic measurements to track changes in precipitation sources during the pre-ISM to ISM transition in this key region of orographic precipitation. Specifically, we highlight the role of pre-ISM precipitation, derived from the Gangetic plain, to define the seasonal river isotopic variability across the central Himalayas. Lastly, isotopic values across the catchment document the importance of a large well-mixed groundwater reservoir supplying river discharge, especially during the non-ISM season.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 7
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    Alcohols of microbial mats from Lake 2A on Kiritimati Island (2010)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Keywords: 14-methyl pentadecanol; 4alpha,23,24-Trimethyl-5alpha-cholest-22E-en-3beta-ol; Archaeol; Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; Cholestanol; Cholesterol; Depth, bottom/max; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Depth, top/min; Diplopterol; Docosanol; Docosenol; Dotricontanol; Eicosanol; Eicosenol; Ergosta-7,22-dien-3b-ol; Ergostanol; Ergosterol; Farnesol; Gas chromatography; HAND; Heneicosanol; Heptacosanol; Heptadecadienol; Heptadecanol; Heptadecenol; Hexacosanol; Hexadecanol; Hopanoid, unknown; Hydroxycholesterol; Kiritimati Island; Kiritimati-Island_Lake-2A; MARUM; Nonacosanol; Nonadecadienol; Nonadecanol; Nondecenol; Octadecanol; Octadecenol; Octasanol; Pentacosanol; Pentadecanol; Sample code/label; Sampling by hand; Sito-dien-sterol; Sitostanol; Sitosterol; Sum; Tetracosanol; Tricontanol; Tricosanol
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 192 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 8
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    Overview of endmember samples collected along the Río Bermejo (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To document distinct sources of particulate organic carbon (POC) to the Río Bermejo, we collected 15 soil and 13 leaf litter samples from the local floodplain, and 10 bedrock (predominantly outcroppings of fine-grained sedimentary bedrock) and 2 soil samples from the Río Bermejo headwaters. Leaf litter and soil were oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hours. We shredded leaf litter in an industrial blender, homogenized soil samples in an agate mortar and manually removed root and plant debris 〉1 cm, and pulverized bedrock samples to 〈63 µm.
    Keywords: AR15DS-001; AR15DS-005a; AR15DS-005b; AR15DS-008; AR15DS-010b; AR15DS-013; AR15DS-015; AR15DS-016; AR15DS-018; AR15DS-021; AR15DS-045-S; AR15DS-052-S; AR17MR-18; AR17MR-37; AR17MR-38; AR17MR-48; AR17MR-49; Argentina; biogeochemistry; Bucket, plastic; Calculated; Carbon, organic, total; Carbon, organic/Nitrogen, total ratio; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Distance; El Colgado; Element analyser (EA); Element analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS); Element analyzer coupled to an accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS); Event label; Fraction modern carbon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; meandering river; Median, grain size; Nitrogen, total; Nitrogen, total/Carbon, organic ratio; organic carbon (OC); Particle size analyser (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2); PLV_LL11032018; Puerto lavalle; Reserva Natural Formosa; river sediment; RNF_LL12_3_18; RSF-RB confluence; Sample comment; Sample ID; Sample type; ST15-52; ST15-71; StRATEGy; StRATEGy international research training group; SZ_LL12_3_18; Villa Rio Bermejito; WB; δ13C, organic carbon
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 222 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
  • 9
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    Suspended sediment collected from Puente La Valle (PLV, -25.655°S, -60.130°W) between 2016 - 2018 (2021)
    PANGAEA
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: These data were collected from the Río Bermejo in northern Argentina. To determine the seasonal variability in the particulate organic carbon composition of exported river sediment, we collected weekly suspended sediment samples (March 2016 to March 2018) at the Puente Lavalle (PLV) monitoring site, ~870 river km downstream of the mountain front (-25.655°S, -60.130°W). Surface water samples were collected from a bridge using a river-rinsed bucket and were filtered through a 0.22 µm polyethersulfone membrane. Samples were stored on site at ambient temperatures for up to one year, transferred to Germany and subsequently stored at ~4°C until processing. Suspended sediment was rinsed from filters into pre-combusted glass evaporating dishes using ultra-pure (18.2 M) water, oven-dried at 40°C for 〉48 hr, and homogenized in an agate mortar without crushing. Geochemical and grain size analyses required 0.8 g sediment; for samples 〈0.8 g, we combined consecutive weekly samples to create a new bulk sample of 〉0.8 g (Table S1). We split sediment samples into aliquots for grain size analysis via laser diffraction and geochemical analyses. Sediment particle size distributions were measured on ~0.2 g aliquots using a laser diffraction particle size analyzer (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2). Aliquots for geochemical analyses were ground to 〈63 µm. The homogenized suspended sediment, bedrock, soil and leaf litter aliquots were further split for total nitrogen measurement (TN, wt%) and organic carbon analyses including total organic carbon (TOC, wt%), stable carbon isotope composition (δ13COC), and radiocarbon fraction modern (Fm). We decarbonated the aliquots for POC measurements using a liquid HCl leach following Galy et al., (2007). TOC and TN measurements were split between facilities at the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), Durham University, and University of Nevada Reno (UNR) using an elemental analyzer (EA). δ13COC was measured with a coupled EA-isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS). All isotopic compositions are reported using standard delta (δ) notation in per mil (‰) relative to Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB). Calibration and accuracy were monitored through analyses of in-house standards (Glutamic Acid, 40.82% C, 9.52% N at Durham; Boden3, HEKATECH at GFZ), which were calibrated against international standards (e.g., USGS 40, USGS 24, IAEA 600, IAEA CH3, IAEA CH7, IAEA N1, IAEA N2). Radiocarbon content was measured for a subset of 29 samples at ETH Zürich using a combined EA and accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS) (Ruff et al. 2010; McIntyre et al., 2017). All 14C /12C ratios are reported as fraction modern (Fm, equivalent to F14C as defined by Reimer et al. (2004)) relative to 95% of the 14C activity of NBS Oxalic Acid II in 1950 (δ13COC = -17.8‰) and normalized to δ13COC = -25‰ of VPDB.\n\nThis geochemical dataset is supported by hydrologic measurements of daily water discharge at the El Colorado gauging station (river km 1086, SNIH, https://snih.hidricosargentina.gob.ar/) collected between 2016 and 2018.
    Keywords: biogeochemistry; Bucket, plastic; Calculated; Carbon, organic, total; Carbon, organic/Nitrogen, total ratio; DATE/TIME; Element analyser (EA); Element analyser isotope ratio mass spectrometer (EA-IRMS); Element analyzer coupled to an accelerator mass spectrometer (EA-AMS); Event label; Fraction modern carbon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; meandering river; Median, grain size; Nitrogen, total; Nitrogen, total/Carbon, organic ratio; organic carbon (OC); Particle size analyser (Retsch/Horiba LA-950V2); PLV_01042016; PLV_01062016; PLV_01062017; PLV_01122017; PLV_02012018; PLV_02092016; PLV_02122016; PLV_04052017; PLV_06012017; PLV_06052016; PLV_06072016; PLV_06082016; PLV_07022018; PLV_07042017; PLV_07102016; PLV_08042016; PLV_08052017; PLV_08122016; PLV_09062017; PLV_09082017; PLV_09112017; PLV_10062016; PLV_11122017; PLV_12012018; PLV_12042016; PLV_12062017; PLV_12072016; PLV_12072017; PLV_12082016; PLV_13012017; PLV_14042017; PLV_14052016; PLV_16022018; PLV_16092016; PLV_16122016; PLV_17062016; PLV_18012017; PLV_18032016; PLV_19012018; PLV_19052017; PLV_19082016; PLV_20052016; PLV_20122017; PLV_21022018; PLV_21042017; PLV_22042016; PLV_22072016; PLV_23122016; PLV_24012018; PLV_24032016; PLV_24032017; PLV_24062016; PLV_24102016; PLV_24112016; PLV_26072017; PLV_26082016; PLV_27012017; PLV_27052016; PLV_27062016; PLV_28042017; PLV_28062017; PLV_28122017; PLV_29042016; PLV_29072016; PLV_29092017; PLV_30032017; PLV_30122016; PLV_31012018; PLV_31082017; Puerto lavalle; River discharge, daily; river sediment; Sample comment; Sample ID; Sampling date; Season; StRATEGy; StRATEGy international research training group; WB; δ13C, organic carbon
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 696 data points
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  • 10
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    Sedimentology on a core from Lonar Lake in India (2014)
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Prasad, Sushma; Anoop, A; Riedel, N; Sarkar, Saswati; Menzel, Philip; Basavaiah, Nathani; Krishnan, R; Fuller, D; Plessen, Birgit; Gaye, Birgit; Röhl, Ursula; Wilkes, Heinz; Sachse, Dirk; Sawant, R; Wiesner, Martin G; Stebich, Martina (2014): Prolonged monsoon droughts and links to Indo-Pacific warm pool: A Holocene record from Lonar Lake, central India. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 391, 171-182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.043
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-27
    Description: Concerns about the regional impact of global climate change in a warming scenario have highlighted the gaps in our understanding of the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM, also referred to as the Indian Ocean summer monsoon) and the absence of long term palaeoclimate data from the central Indian core monsoon zone (CMZ). Here we present the first high resolution, well-dated, multiproxy reconstruction of Holocene palaeoclimate from a 10 m long sediment core raised from the Lonar Lake in central India. We show that while the early Holocene onset of intensified monsoon in the CMZ is similar to that reported from other ISM records, the Lonar data shows two prolonged droughts (PD, multidecadal to centennial periods of weaker monsoon) between 4.6–3.9 and 2–0.6 cal ka. A comparison of our record with available data from other ISM influenced sites shows that the impact of these PD was observed in varying degrees throughout the ISM realm and coincides with intervals of higher solar irradiance. We demonstrate that (i) the regional warming in the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) plays an important role in causing ISM PD through changes in meridional overturning circulation and position of the anomalous Walker cell; (ii) the long term influence of conditions like El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on the ISM began only ca. 2 cal ka BP and is coincident with the warming of the southern IPWP; (iii) the first settlements in central India coincided with the onset of the first PD and agricultural populations flourished between the two PD, highlighting the significance of natural climate variability and PD as major environmental factors affecting human settlements.
    Keywords: AGE; Carbon, organic, total; Carbon/Nitrogen ratio; DEPTH, sediment/rock; L23; Lonar Crater Lake, central India; Nitrogen, total; δ13C, organic carbon; δ15N
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3006 data points
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    DATA PANGAEA
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