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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 80 (1991), S. 567-589 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The areas of marine pollen deposition are related to the pollen source areas by aeolian and fluvial transport regimes, whereas wind transport is much more important than river transport. Pollen distribution patterns ofPinus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, and Asteraceae Tubuliflorae trace atmospheric transport by the northeast trades. Pollen transport by the African Easterly Jet is reflected in the pollen distribution patterns of Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae Tubuliflorae, andMitracarpus. Grass pollen distribution registers the latitudinal extension of Sahel, savannas and dry open forests. Marine pollen distribution patterns of Combretaceae-Melastomataceae,Alchornea, andElaeis reflect the extension of wooded grasslands and transitional forests. Pollen from the Guinean-Congolian/Zambezian forest and from the Sudanian/Guinean vegetation zones mark the northernmost extension of the tropical rain forest.Rhizophora pollen in marine sediments traces the distribution of mangrove swamps. Only near the continent, pollen ofRhizophora, Mitracarpus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, and pollen from the Sudanian and Guinean vegetation zones are transported by the Upwelling Under Current and the Equatorial Under Current, where those currents act as bottom currents. The distribution of pollen in marine sediments, reflecting the position of major climatic zones (desert, dry tropics, humid tropics), can be used in tracing climatic changes in the past.
    Abstract: Résumé Les aires marines dans lesquelles se déposent les pollens sont en relation avec les aires continentales nourricières par l'intermédiaire des régimes de transport fluviatile et éolien, ce dernier jouant le rôle prépondérant. La distribution pollinique dePinus, Artenisia, des Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae et Asteraceae-Tuliliflorae reflète un transport aérien du nord-est. Le transport pollinique par l'African Easterly Jet se traduit dans la distribution pollinique des Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, des Asteraceae-Tubuliflorae et deMitrocarpus. La distribution des pollens de graminées enregistre l'extension en latitude du Sahel, de la savane et de la forêt claire. La distribution dans la mer des pollens de Combretaceae-Melastomatoceae, d'Alchornea et d'Elaeis traduit l'extension des savanes boisées et des forêts de transition. Les pollens provenant de la forêt guinéennecongolaise-zambésienne et des zones végétales du Soudan et de Guinée marquent la limite septentrionale de la forêt humide tropicale. Les pollens deRhizophora dans les sédiments marins dessinent la distribution des mangroves. Ce n'est qu'à proximité du continent que les pollen deRizophora, deMitracarpus, des Chenopodiceae-Amaranthaceae ainsi que les pollens originaires des zones végétales du Soudan et de Guinée sont transportés par l'«Upwelling Under Current» et l'«Equatorial Under Current», qui se comportent là comme courants de fond. La distribution des pollens dans les sédiments marins, reflétant la position des zones climatiques principales (désertique, tropicale sèche, tropicale humide) peut être utilisée dans les reconstitutions paléoclimatiques.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Vor der afrikanischen Küste zwischen Marokko und Kamerun gelangen Pollenkörner in die marinen Sedimente, die durch Wind oder mit dem Wasser von Flüssen herantransportiert worden sind. Dabei hat Windtransport eine größere Bedeutung als Flußtransport. Durch die Häufigkeit und Verbreitung der Pollenkörner (Isopollenkarten) vonPinus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae und den Asteraceae Tubuliflorae in den marinen Sedimenten wird gezeigt, daß der Transport in diesen Fällen durch den Nordost-Passat erfolgt und daß seine Transportleistung sehr groß ist. Die Transportwirkung des African Easterly Jet wird aus den Isopollenkarten für Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae Tubuliflorae undMitracarpus abgeleitet. Die Häufigkeit des Pollens von Gräsern hält sich eng an die Grenzen der Sahel-Zone, der Savannen sowie der offenen Trockenwälder und kann deswegen als Zeiger für die Lage dieser Vegetations- und Klimazonen verwendet werden. Die Lage der baumreichen Savannen und der Wälder im Übergang zum tropischen Regenwald spiegelt sich in der Häufigkeit der Pollenanteile von Combretaceae/Melastomataceae,Alchornea undElaeis wider. Die Nordgrenze tropischer Regenwälder kommt in den Isopollenkarten für die Häufigkeit der Arten guineisch-kongolesischer Baumarten sowie der Pflanzen der sudanischen und guineischen Vegetationszonen zum Ausdruck. Für die Verbreitung von Mangroven werden die Pollenanteile vonRhizophora herangezogen. Nahe der Küste kann der Pollen vonRhizophora, Mitracarpus, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae und von Arten der sudanischen und guineischen Vegetationszonen auch mit dem »Upwelling Under Current« und dem »Equatorial Under Current« transportiert werden, sofern diese als Bodenströme auftreten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Verteilung der Pollenkörner in marinen Sedimenten die Lage der wichtigsten Klimazonen (Wüsten, trockene und feuchte Tropen) widergibt und deswegen für paläoklimatische Untersuchungen angewendet werden kann.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Marine pollen record ; S.W. Africa ; Climate change ; Human impact ; Late Pleistocene ; Holocene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A high resolution marine pollen record from site GeoB1023, west of the northern Namib desert provides data on vegetation and climate change for the last 21 ka at an average resolution of 185 y. Pollen and spores are mainly delivered to the site by the Cunene river and by surface and mid-tropospheric wind systems. The main pollen source areas are located between 13°S and 21°S, which includes the northern Namib desert and semi-desert, the Angola-northern Namibian highland, and the north-western Kalahari. The pollen spectra reflect environmental changes in the region. The last glacial maximum (LGM) was characterised by colder and more arid conditions than at present, when a vegetation with temperate elements such as Asteroideae, Ericaceae, and Restionaceae grew north of 21°S. At 17.5 ka cal. B.P., an amelioration both in temperature and humidity terminated the LGM but, in the northern Kalahari, mean annual rainfall in the interval 17.5-14.4 ka cal. B.P. was probably 100–150 mm lower than at present (400–500 mm/y). The Late-glacial to early Holocene transition includes two arid periods, i.e. 14.4–12.5 and 10.9–9.3 ka cal. B.P. The last part of the former period may be correlated with the Younger Dryas. The warmest and most humid period in the Holocene occurred between 6.3 and 4.8 ka cal. B.P. During the last 2000 years, human impact, as reflected by indications of deforestation, enhanced burning and overgrazing, progressively intensified.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Marine palynology ; Tropical rain forest ; North-west Africa ; Brunhes chron
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract Palynological data of the marine core M 16415-2 show latitudinal shifts of the northern fringe of the tropical rain forest in north-west Africa during the last 700 ka. Savanna and dry open forest expanded southwards and tropical rain forest expanded northwards during dry and humid periods, respectively. Until 220 ka B.P., the tropical rain forest probably kept its zonal character in West Africa during glacials and interglacials. It is only during the last two glacial periods that the rain forest possibly fragmented into refugia. Throughout the Brunhes chron, pollen and spore transport was mainly by trade winds.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Vegetation history and archaeobotany 6 (1997), S. 117-131 
    ISSN: 1617-6278
    Keywords: Marine palynology ; Vegetation history ; Climate change ; Ocean currents ; Southwest Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Archaeology , Biology
    Notes: Abstract A continuous palynological record from the marine core GeoB1016-3 from the Angola Basin reveals the regional vegetation and climate history of the last 300 ka. Pollen and spores found at the studied site have their source areas in the different vegetation zones of the adjacent part of the West African continent. Those vegetation zones comprise tropical rain forest, coastal mangrove swamp, Miombo woodland, dry forest, Afromontane forest, desert and semi-desert. The main pollen transport agent is the southeast trade wind system. Ocean currents also partly play a role in transporting pollen and spores. During the interglacial periods, ocean currents also transported palynomorphs southward. During the glacial periods, increased trade winds are indicated by high influx of pollen and spores and high pollen percentages of Poaceae and taxa from desert and semidesert vegetations. Reconstruction of the geographical position of palaeo-vegetation zones shows that the northern boundary of the Namib Desert did not move north of 12°S during the last 300 ka. This implies that northward shifts of the Angola-Benguela Front did not pass the latitude of 12°S.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1570-7458
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Ce travail montre que l'isolement reproductif entre Tetranychus uriticae Koch et Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval), est loin d'être complet. L'auteur a obtenu des souches hybrides présentant les caractéristiques morphologiques de T. cinnabarinus, mais homozygotes pour un gêne marqueur provenant de T. urticae. De plus, une diminution de la photopériode entraîne l'entrée en diapause des espèces provenant de régions à climat froid (T. urticae), mais aussi d'une population de T. cinnabarinus. Il est finalemant proposé de considérer Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) Boudreaux, 1956, comme un synonyme de Tetranychus urticae Koch, 1836.
    Notes: Abstract It was found that the reproductive separation between the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and the carmine spider mite (Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) is far from complete. Hybrid strains were established which possessed the morphological characteristics of T. cinnabarinus, but which were homozygous for a marker gene originating from T. urtica. In addition, short-day treatment leads to diapause not only in the species from cold climates (T. urticae), but also in a population of T. cinnabarinus. It is questioned whether T. cinnabarinus deserves ranking at species level.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-07-30
    Description: The areas of marine pollen deposition are related to the pollen source areas by aeolian and fluvial transport regimes, whereas wind transport is much more important than river transport. Pollen distribution patterns ofPinus, Artemisia, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, and Asteraceae Tubuliflorae trace atmospheric transport by the northeast trades. Pollen transport by the African Easterly Jet is reflected in the pollen distribution patterns of Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae Tubuliflorae, andMitracarpus. Grass pollen distribution registers the latitudinal extension of Sahel, savannas and dry open forests. Marine pollen distribution patterns of Combretaceae-Melastomataceae,Alchornea, andElaeis reflect the extension of wooded grasslands and transitional forests. Pollen from the Guinean-Congolian/Zambezian forest and from the Sudanian/Guinean vegetation zones mark the northernmost extension of the tropical rain forest.Rhizophora pollen in marine sediments traces the distribution of mangrove swamps. Only near the continent, pollen ofRhizophora, Mitracarpus, Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae, and pollen from the Sudanian and Guinean vegetation zones are transported by the Upwelling Under Current and the Equatorial Under Current, where those currents act as bottom currents. The distribution of pollen in marine sediments, reflecting the position of major climatic zones (desert, dry tropics, humid tropics), can be used in tracing climatic changes in the past.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 7
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    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 375, pp. 408-417, ISSN: 0012-821X
    Publication Date: 2014-06-25
    Description: The Miocene expansion of C4 plants (mainly tropical grasses) between 8 and 4 million years (Ma) remains an enigma since regional differences in the timing of the expansion rules out decreased CO2 (pCO2) as a dominant forcing [e.g. Tipple and Pagani, 2007. The early origins of terrestrial C4 photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 35, 435–461]. Other environmental factors, such as low-latitude aridity and seasonality have been proposed to explain the low tree versus grass ratio found in savannahs and tropical grasslands of the world, but conclusive evidence is missing. Here we use pollen and stable carbon (δ13C) and hydrogen (δD) isotope ratios of terrestrial plant wax from a South Atlantic sediment core (ODP Site 1085) to reconstruct Miocene to Pliocene changes of vegetation and rainfall regime of western southern Africa. Our results reveal changes in the relative amount of precipitation and indicate a shift of the main moisture source from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean during the onset of a major aridification 8 Ma ago. We emphasize the importance of declining precipitation during the expansion of C4 and CAM (mainly succulent) vegetation in South Africa. We suggest that the C4 plant expansion resulted from an increased equator-pole temperature gradient caused by the initiation of strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation following the shoaling of the Central American Seaway during the Late Miocene.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2018-05-06
    Description: A potential human footprint on Western Central African rainforests before the Common Era has become the focus of an ongoing controversy. Between 3,000 y ago and 2,000 y ago, regional pollen sequences indicate a replacement of mature rainforests by a forest–savannah mosaic including pioneer trees. Although some studies suggested an anthropogenic influence on this forest fragmentation, current interpretations based on pollen data attribute the ‘‘rainforest crisis’’ to climate change toward a drier, more seasonal climate. A rigorous test of this hypothesis, however, requires climate proxies independent of vegetation changes. Here we resolve this controversy through a continuous 10,500-y record of both vegetation and hydrological changes from Lake Barombi in Southwest Cameroon based on changes in carbon and hydrogen isotope compositions of plant waxes. δ¹³C-inferred vegetation changes confirm a prominent and abrupt appearance of C4 plants in the Lake Barombi catchment, at 2,600 calendar years before AD 1950 (cal y BP), followed by an equally sudden return to rainforest vegetation at 2,020 cal y BP. δD values from the same plant wax compounds, however, show no simultaneous hydrological change. Based on the combination of these data with a comprehensive regional archaeological database we provide evidence that humans triggered the rainforest fragmentation 2,600 y ago. Our findings suggest that technological developments, including agricultural practices and iron metallurgy, possibly related to the large-scale Bantu expansion, significantly impacted the ecosystems before the Common Era.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Bouimetarhan, Ilham; Groeneveld, Jeroen; Dupont, Lydie M; Zonneveld, Karin A F (2013): Low- to high- productivity pattern within Heinrich stadial 1: Inferrences from dinoflagellate cyst records off Senegal. Global and Planetary Change, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.03.007
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: In order to investigate a possible connection between tropical northeast (NE) Atlantic primary productivity, Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), and drought in the Sahel region during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), we used dinoflagellate cyst (dinocyst) assemblages, Mg/Ca based reconstructed temperatures, stable carbon isotopes (d13C) and geochemical parameters of a marine sediment core (GeoB 9508-5) from the continental slope offshore Senegal. Our results show a two-phase productivity pattern within HS1 that progressed from an interval of low marine productivity between ~ 19 and 16 kyr BP to a phase with an abrupt and large productivity increase from ~ 16 to 15 kyr BP. The second phase is characterized by distinct heavy planktonic d13C values and high concentrations of heterotrophic dinocysts in addition to a significant cooling signal based on reconstructions of past sea surface temperatures (SST). We conclude that productivity variations within HS1 can be attributed to a substantial shift of West African atmospheric processes. Taken together our results indicate a significant intensification of the North East (NE) trade winds over West Africa leading to more intense upwelling during the last millennium of HS1 between ~ 16 and 15 kyr BP, thus leaving a strong imprint on the dinocyst assemblages and sea surface conditions. Therefore, the two-phase productivity pattern indicates a complex hydrographic setting suggesting that HS1 cannot be regarded as uniform as previously thought.
    Keywords: Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; MARUM
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 10
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    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Dupont, Lydie M; Rommerskirchen, Florian; Mollenhauer, Gesine; Schefuß, Enno (2013): Miocene to Pliocene changes in South African hydrology and vegetation in relation to the expansion of C4 plants. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 375, 408-417, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.06.005
    Publication Date: 2023-03-03
    Description: Pollen and stable carbon (d13C) and hydrogen (dD) isotope ratios of terrestrial plant wax from the South Atlantic sediment core, ODP Site 1085, is used to reconstruct Miocene to Pliocene changes of vegetation and rainfall regime of western southern Africa. Our results reveal changes in the relative amount of precipitation and indicate a shift of the main moisture source from the Atlantic to the Indian Ocean during the onset of a major aridification 8 Ma ago. We emphasise the importance of declining precipitation during the expansion of C4 and CAM (mainly succulent) vegetation in South Africa. We suggest that the C4 plant expansion resulted from an increased equator-pole temperature gradient caused by the initiation of strong Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation following the shoaling of the Central American Seaway during the Late Miocene.
    Keywords: Center for Marine Environmental Sciences; MARUM
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 3 datasets
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