Note: Intro -- Preface -- ReferencesCorpas FJ, Gupta DK, Palma JM (2015) Production sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. In: Gupta DK, Palma JM, Corpas FJ (eds) Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in plants under stress. Springer Publication, Germany, p 1-22Gupta DK, Corpas FJ, Palma JM (2013) Heavy metal stress in plants. Springer-Verlag, GermanyGupta DK, Palma JM, Corpas FJ (2015) Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in plants under stress. Springer-Verlag, GermanyGupta DK, Peña LB, Romero -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Cellular Redox Homeostasis as Central Modulator in Plant Stress Response -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 ROS Production Pathways -- 1.3 ROS-Scavenging Mechanisms -- 1.3.1 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle -- 1.3.2 ROS Removal Enzymes -- 1.4 Redox-Dependent Signalling -- 1.4.1 Redox Signalling in Different Cell Compartments -- 1.4.2 The Role of Redox-Sensitive Proteins in Signal Transduction -- 1.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2 Plant Cell Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Concept of Redox Homeostasis in Plants -- 2.2 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species -- 2.2.1 Types of ROS -- 2.2.1.1 Singlet Oxygen -- 2.2.1.2 Superoxide Radical -- 2.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide -- 2.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radical -- 2.3 ROS Detoxification in Plants -- 2.3.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants -- 2.3.2 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Redox Balance in Chloroplasts as a Modulator of Environmental Stress Responses: The Role of Ascorbate Peroxidase and Nudix Hydrolase in Arabidopsis -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ascorbate-Dependent Redox System in Chloroplasts -- 3.2.1 Chloroplastic APX and its Contribution to Redox Modulation -- 3.2.2 Recycling of Ascorbate and Glutathione. , 3.3 Roles of Nudix Hydrolases in the Regulation of the Redox State in Chloroplasts -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Physiological Processes Contributing to the Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Plants -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 AA Synthesis in Plant Tissues -- 4.3 Environmental Regulation of AA Synthesis in Plant Tissues -- 4.3.1 The Light Control of AA Synthesis -- 4.4 Physiological Processes Affecting AA Synthesis -- 4.4.1 Feedback Regulation and Other Specific Regulators -- 4.4.1.1 Relationship of AA Synthesis with Plant Metabolism -- Interaction with Photosynthesis -- Interaction with Respiration -- Regulation of AA Synthesis by Plant Hormones -- 4.5 The Synthesis of AA in Fruits -- 4.5.1 The Effect of Light on the Synthesis of AA in Fruit -- 4.6 The Changes of AA During Plant Domestication -- 4.7 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Redox State in Plant Mitochondria and its Role in Stress Tolerance -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 NADP in the Mitochondrial Matrix -- 5.3 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Substrate Cycle -- 5.4 Glycolytic Reactions Associated with Plant Mitochondria -- 5.5 Malate and Citrate Valves -- 5.6 Modulation of Redox State in Mitochondria by Thioredoxin -- 5.7 Ascorbate and Glutathione -- 5.8 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Plant Mitochondria -- 5.9 Generation of Nitric Oxide by Plant Mitochondria -- 5.10 Cross Talk Between NO and ROS -- 5.11 Mitochondrial ROS and NO Production in Stress Response -- 5.12 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Oxidative Stress and its Role in Peroxisome Homeostasis in Plants -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants -- 6.3 ROS Generation and Elimination in Plant Cells -- 6.3.1 ROS Generation in Peroxisomes -- 6.3.1.1 Photorespiration -- 6.3.1.2 β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids -- 6.3.1.3 Other Pathways. , 6.3.2 ROS Damage and the Scavenging Antioxidant System in Peroxisomes -- 6.3.2.1 The Destructive Effect of ROS -- 6.3.2.2 Peroxisomal ROS Scavenging System -- 6.4 Redox Regulation of Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.1 Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.2 The Import of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins -- 6.4.3 Oxidative Stress Represses Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.3.1 Oxidative Stress Represses Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Import -- 6.4.3.2 Oxidative Stress Affects the Subcellular Localization and Activity of Peroxisomal Proteins -- 6.4.3.3 Oxidative Stress Affects Peroxisomal Proliferation -- 6.5 Redox State Regulates Peroxisome Degradation -- 6.5.1 Pexophagy is the Main Way to Degrade Oxidized Peroxisomes -- 6.5.2 Pexophagy Involved in Peroxisome Remodeling -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Glutathione-Related Enzyme System: Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione Transferases (GSTs) and Glutathione Peroxidases (GPXs) -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Glutathione -- 7.3 Glutathione Reductase Supports Continuous Reduction of the Oxidized Glutathione -- 7.4 GSTs are a Large and Even Broadening Family of Proteins Which Comprise Highly Heterogenic Enzymes with Diverse Structure and Function -- 7.5 Glutathione Peroxidase may be a Link Between Glutathione and Thioredoxin Systems -- 7.6 GSH-Related Enzymes and the Redox-Dependent Signaling -- 7.7 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Glutathione Metabolism in Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress and its Impact on the Cellular Redox Homoeostasis -- Abstract -- 8.1 Soil Toxic Elements and the Particular Cases of Mercury and Arsenic -- 8.2 Oxidative Stress and Plant Tolerance to Toxic Metal(loid)s -- 8.3 Glutathione is a Key Component of the Antioxidant Response to Toxic Metal(loid)s -- 8.4 Toxic Element Binding to Biothiols is Essential for Plant Tolerance. , 8.5 Regulation of Glutathione Metabolism Under Metal(loid) Stress -- 8.5.1 Endogenous Factors that Modulate the Biothiol Metabolism -- 8.6 Metallomics to Characterize Biothiols Metabolism and Metal Speciation -- 8.7 Phytoremediation of Toxic Elements in Perspective -- 8.8 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Glutathione and Related Enzymes in Response to Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Role of GSH and Related Enzymes in Plant Response to Different Abiotic Stressors -- 9.2.1 Drought -- 9.2.2 Temperature -- 9.2.3 Salinity -- 9.2.4 Heavy Metals -- 9.2.5 Herbicides -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- 10 The Function of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plants Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Source of ROS and Redox Homeostasis in Plants -- 10.2.1 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Chloroplast -- 10.2.2 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Mitochondria -- 10.2.3 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Peroxisome -- 10.3 Cross Talk Between ROS and Signal Molecular in Regulating Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress -- 10.3.1 ROS and ABA -- 10.3.2 ROS and Nitric Oxide -- 10.3.3 ROS and Calcium -- 10.3.4 ROS and Other Signal Molecules -- 10.4 Summary and Perspective -- References -- 11 Abiotic Stress-Induced Redox Changes and Programmed Cell Death in Plants-A Path to Survival or Death? -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Role of ROS in Abiotic Stress-Induced PCD in Plants -- 11.3 High-Light-Induced PCD -- 11.4 Ultraviolet (UV)- and Ozone-Mediated PCD -- 11.5 PCD Induced by Heavy Metals -- 11.6 Temperature-Induced PCD -- 11.7 Salinity Stress-Associated PCD -- 11.8 Role and Interaction of Mitochondria and Plastids in PCD -- 11.9 Concluding Remark -- References. , 12 The Role of ROS and Redox Signaling During the Initial Cellular Response to Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 ROS-Signaling During Light Acclimation and High-Light Stress -- 12.2.1 Sources of Chloroplastic ROS Production -- 12.2.2 ROS-Dependent Chloroplast-to-Nucleus Signaling Pathways -- 12.3 ROS-Mediated Signaling Events During Temperature Stress -- 12.3.1 ROS Burst During Temperature Stress -- 12.3.2 ROS-Mediated Signaling Cascades During Temperature Stress -- 12.4 ROS-Dependent Salt Stress Signaling Pathways -- 12.4.1 Primary ROS Sources upon Salt Stress -- 12.4.2 ROS-Dependent Initial Salt Stress Signaling Pathways -- 12.5 ROS-Mediated Low-Oxygen Sensing -- 12.5.1 Mitochondria and Plasma Membrane as ROS Sources During Hypoxia -- 12.5.2 ROS-Dependent Low-Oxygen Signaling Cascades -- 12.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 The Cadmium-Binding Thioredoxin O Acts as an Upstream Regulator of the Redox Plant Homeostasis -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Chemicals -- 13.2.2 Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Recombinant PsTrx o -- 13.2.3 Effect of Cd2+ ions on PsTrx o In Vitro -- 13.2.4 Electrochemical Measurements -- 13.2.5 Voltamperogram of Trx o: Determination of the Half-Wave Potential -- 13.2.6 Determination of Electron Mobility -- 13.2.7 Spectrum Screening -- 13.2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 In Vitro Effect of Cd2+ on Trx o Structure and Activity -- 13.3.2 Proposed Diagram for the Oxidation Mechanisms of Pea Trx o -- 13.3.3 In Vitro Effect of Cd2+ on Trx o Oxidation -- 13.3.4 Variation of the Redox Reaction of Trx o as a Function of Protein Concentration -- 13.3.5 Effect of Cd2+-Trx o Bound on the Redox Reaction -- 13.3.6 Effect of Cd2+ on the Half-Wave Potential E1/2 or Redox Potential of Trx o. , 13.3.7 Effect of Cd2+ on Electron Transfer.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Generation in Plant Cells: Overview and Queries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Generation and Scavenging of H2O2 in Plant Cells -- 3 Generation of NO in Plant Cells -- 4 Interplay Among Cell Organelles by NO and H2O2 Signaling: Overview and Queries -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Signaling Network -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NO Signaling Network in Plants -- 2.1 NO Synthesis -- 2.2 Response to NO in Plants -- 2.2.1 Seed Germination -- 2.2.2 Root Growth and Development -- 2.2.3 Ripening and Senescence -- 2.2.4 Stomatal Closure -- 2.2.5 Pollen Tube Growth -- 2.2.6 Disease Resistance -- 2.2.7 Abiotic Stress -- 2.3 NO Signaling Transduction with Other Signaling Molecules -- 3 H2O2 Signaling Network in Plants -- 3.1 H2O2 Generation -- 3.2 Responses to H2O2 in Plants -- 3.2.1 Growth and Development -- 3.2.2 Stress Response -- 4 Crosstalk Between NO and H2O2 Signaling in Plants -- 4.1 Interaction in Growth and Development -- 4.2 Interaction in Stress Responses -- 4.2.1 Drought -- 4.2.2 Salt -- 4.2.3 UV-B -- 4.2.4 Cold -- 4.2.5 Heat -- 4.2.6 Heavy Metal -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)- and Nitric Oxide (NO)-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 H2O2-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 2.1 Carbonylation -- 2.2 Sulfhydryl Oxidations -- 3 NO-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 3.1 Tyrosine Nitration -- 3.2 S-nitrosylation -- 3.3 Nitroalkylation -- 4 Interplay Between H2O2- and NO-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression Related to Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric Oxide (NO) -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Nitric Oxide Induces a High Transcriptional Reprogramming Under Physiological and Stress Conditions -- 2.1 Nitric Oxide-Responsive Genes Identified by cDNA-Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and Microarray Ana... -- 2.2 Nitric Oxide-Induced Transcriptional Regulation Determined by RNA-seq Analysis -- 3 Transcriptional Regulation Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide -- 4 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Signaling Events -- 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Metabolism and Interplay of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Plant Mitochondria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Redox Level and Production of ROS and RNS in Mitochondria -- 3 Regulation of ROS and RNS Production and Scavenging at the Level of Electron Transport from NADH/NADPH and Succinate to Ubiq... -- 3.1 Complexes I and II -- 3.2 Alternative NADH/NADPH Dehydrogenases -- 4 Regulation of ROS and RNS Production and Scavenging at the Electron Transport Level from Ubiquinol to the Terminal Electron ... -- 4.1 Alternative Oxidase in the Regulation of ROS and RNS Levels in Plants -- 4.2 Cytochrome Pathway in ROS/RNS Production and Scavenging -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Chloroplasts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ROS Metabolism -- 2.1 ROS Generation in Plants -- 2.2 ROS Scavenging -- 2.2.1 ASC-GSH Cycle and SOD -- 2.2.2 Thioredoxins -- 2.2.3 Peroxiredoxins and Sulfiredoxins -- 3 NO Metabolism -- 3.1 NO Synthesis in Plants -- 3.2 Sources of NO in Plants -- 3.3 NO Generation in Chloroplasts -- 3.4 NO Targets in Chloroplasts -- 4 ROS/RNS and Stress -- 5 ROS-/RNS-Mediated Protein Modifications -- 5.1 Sulfenylation -- 5.2 S-Nitrosylation and Tyr Nitration -- 6 ROS/RNS Cross Talk -- 7 Future Perspectives -- References. , Participation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in Improvement of Seed Germination Performance Under Unfavourable Conditio... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cold Stratification -- 3 Abiotic Stress-Related Suppression of Seed Germination -- 3.1 Chilling Stress -- 3.2 Salinity and Heavy Metal Stress -- 3.3 Seed Storage Conditions -- 4 The Scientific Basis for Improving Seed Germination by Exogenous Nitric Oxide -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Root Organogenesis -- 1 Root System Architecture and Patterning -- 2 Primary Root Growth -- 3 Root Branching -- 4 Root Hair Development -- 5 Shoot-to-Root Long-Distance Signaling -- 6 Hormone Cross Talk -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide: Signals in Fruit Ripening -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Exogenous Applications of Ethylene Has Differential Responses in Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits -- 3 ROS-Hormone Interaction in Fruit Ripening -- 4 NO Levels During Fruit Development and Ripening: Where Does NO Come from? -- 5 From Chloroplasts to Chromoplasts: The Role of NO and H2O2 in Fruit Color Change -- 6 NO and H2O2 in Fruit Postharvest: New Insights -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Plant Abiotic Stress: Function of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 3 Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase -- 4 Function of H2O2 in Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 5 Function of NO in Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Plant Response to Biotic Stress -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Enrolment of NO and H2O2 in Plant Stress Response -- 2.1 Sources, Signaling and Interaction -- 2.2 Regulation of Gene Expression -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Biotechnological Application of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Plants -- 1 Initial Considerations. , 2 Pharmacological Manipulation of H2O2 and NO Levels in Plant Tissues -- 2.1 Methods for the Delivery of H2O2 and NO to Plant Tissues -- 2.2 Impacts of Exogenous H2O2 and NO on the Shelf Life of Fruit and Vegetables -- 2.3 Impacts of Exogenous H2O2 and NO on Plant Development and Stress Resistance -- 3 Genetic Manipulation of H2O2 and NO Metabolism -- 3.1 Genetic Manipulation of H2O2 Metabolism -- 3.2 Genetic Manipulation of NO Metabolism -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- Production Sites of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Organelles from Plant Cells -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chloroplasts -- 2.1 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species -- 2.2 ROS Scavenging Systems -- 3 Mitochondria -- 3.1 Ascorbate Biosynthesis -- 4 Plasma Membrane -- 5 Peroxisomes -- 5.1 H2O2-Producing System -- 5.2 Superoxide-Generating System -- 5.3 Peroxisomal Antioxidant Systems -- 6 Conclusions -- References -- What Do the Plant Mitochondrial Antioxidant and Redox Systems Have to Say Under Salinity, Drought, and Extreme Temperature? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mitochondria as Central Organelles in Stress -- 3 Mitochondrial ROS and RNS Production -- 3.1 ROS Production -- 3.2 NO Production -- 4 Antioxidant and Redox Systems in Plant Mitochondria -- 4.1 AOX -- 4.2 Mn-SOD -- 4.3 ASC-GSH Cycle -- 4.4 Peroxiredoxin System -- 5 Mitochondrial Antioxidant and Redox System Are Involved in Abiotic Stress Response -- 5.1 Mitochondrial Response Under Salinity -- 5.2 Mitochondrial Response Under Drought -- 5.3 Mitochondrial Response Under Extreme Temperatures -- 6 Conclusions and Prospectives -- References -- ROS as Key Players of Abiotic Stress Responses in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ROS-Generating Pathways and Their Regulatory Mechanisms in Plants -- 3 Involvement of ROS in the Regulation of Systemic Acquired Acclimation to Abiotic Stress -- 4 Temporal Coordination Between ROS and Other Signals in the Regulation of Systemic Signaling in Plants -- 5 Spatial Coordination Between ROS and Other Signals in the Regulation of Systemic Signaling in Plants -- 6 Integration of ROS Signals with Other Signals -- 7 Involvement of ROS in the Regulation of Retrograde Signaling -- 8 Programmed Cell Death Regulated by ROS Under Abiotic Stress -- 9 Conclusions -- References. , Redox Regulation and Antioxidant Defence During Abiotic Stress: What Have We Learned from Arabidopsis and Its Relatives? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 What is ROS and How it is Produced in Plant Cell? -- 2.1 Chloroplasts -- 2.2 Mitochondria -- 2.3 Peroxisomes -- 2.4 Other Sources of ROS Production -- 3 Antioxidant Defence Mechanism -- 3.1 Superoxide Dismutase -- 3.2 Catalase -- 3.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase and Other Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Enzymes -- 3.4 Glutathione Peroxidase -- 3.5 Peroxiredoxins -- 3.6 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants -- 4 ROS Formation and Antioxidant Defence Under Abiotic Stress -- 4.1 Salt Stress -- 4.2 Drought -- 4.3 Temperature Stress -- 4.4 Heavy Metal Stress -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- ROS Signaling: Relevance with Site of Production and Metabolism of ROS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ROS: Types and Chemistry -- 3 ROS: Sites of Production -- 4 Oxidative Metabolism and Antioxidant System -- 5 Role of ROS in Signaling -- 6 Signaling in Growth and Development -- 7 Systemic Signaling and Acclimation -- References -- Heavy Metal-Induced Oxidative Stress in Plants: Response of the Antioxidative System -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Antioxidative Enzymes -- 2.1 Superoxide Dismutase -- 2.2 Antioxidative Enzymes That Remove H2O2 -- 2.2.1 Catalase -- 2.2.2 Peroxidases -- 2.2.3 Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle -- 3 Nonenzymatic Antioxidants -- 3.1 Phenolics -- 3.2 Ascorbic Acid -- 3.3 Tocopherols and Tocotrienols -- 3.4 Amino Acids and Peptide Derivates -- 3.5 Soluble Sugars -- 3.6 Thiols/Glutathione -- 3.7 Carotenoids and Phycobilins -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- Arsenic and Chromium-Induced Oxidative Stress in Metal Accumulator and Non-accumulator Plants and Detoxification Mechanisms -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Prevalence of Arsenic and Chromium Stress -- 2 Phytotoxic Effects of As and Cr Stress in Hyperaccumulator and Non-hyperaccumulator Plants. , 2.1 Alterations in Physiological and Biochemical Mechanisms of Stressed Plants -- 2.2 Non-hyperaccumulators -- 2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Under Metal Stress -- 3 Mechanism of As and Cr Detoxification in Hyperaccumulator Plants -- 3.1 ROS Scavenging Mechanisms -- 3.1.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants -- 3.1.1.1 Superoxide Dismutase, EC 1.15.1.1 -- 3.1.1.2 Catalase, EC1.11.1.6 -- 3.1.1.3 Ascorbate Peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.1 -- 3.1.1.4 Glutathione Peroxidase, EC 1.11.1.9 -- 3.1.1.5 Glutathione Reductase, EC 1.6.4.2 -- 3.1.2 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants -- 3.1.2.1 Phenolic Compounds -- 3.1.2.2 Ascorbate and Glutathione -- 4 Importance of Detoxification Mechanisms for As and Cr Phytoremediation -- 5 Conclusions and Prospective -- References -- Phytochelatin and Oxidative Stress Under Heavy Metal Stress Tolerance in Plants -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Metal Toxicity in Plants -- 3 Phytochelatin Biosynthesis -- 3.1 Structure of PCs -- 3.2 PCs Biosynthesis -- 3.2.1 Pathway of PCs Biosynthesis -- 3.2.2 Regulation of PCs Biosynthesis -- 3.3 Factors Affecting PCs Biosynthesis -- 3.3.1 Types of Heavy Metals -- 3.3.2 Concentrations of Heavy Metals -- 3.3.3 Species and Growing Condition of Plant -- 4 Function of PCs -- 4.1 Improve Resistance of Plants to Heavy Metals and Detoxify the Toxicity of Heavy Metals -- 4.2 Maintain Intracellular Metal Ions Homeostasis -- 4.3 Other Functions -- 5 Role of PCs in Metal Detoxification and Tolerance -- 6 Molecular Biology of PCs -- 7 Conclusive Remarks -- References -- General Roles of Phytochelatins and Other Peptides in Plant Defense Mechanisms Against Oxidative Stress/Primary and Secondary ... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Input and Impact of HMs -- 2.1 Route into Plant Cells from Environment -- 2.2 Toxicity to Plant Cells -- 2.3 ROS Production -- 3 Mechanisms Against Heavy Metal Toxicity. , 3.1 Overview of Phytochelatin-Binding Defense Mechanism -- 3.1.1 Phytochelatins -- 3.1.2 Variation in Phytochelatins: Homo- and Iso-phytochelatins -- 3.1.3 Glutathione and Homo-glutathione -- 3.2 Other Mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Transport -- 3.2.2 Redox Enzymes -- 3.2.3 Sulfur Assimilation -- 3.2.4 Other Mechanisms: Hypothetical View -- 4 Conclusion and Future Prospective -- References -- Role of Polyphenols as Antioxidants in Native Species from Argentina Under Drought and Salinization -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ROS Production and Oxidative Damage in Plants -- 3 Polyphenol Accumulation Under Stress Conditions -- 4 The Importance of Polyphenols as Antioxidants -- 5 Oxidative Stress and Phenolic Compounds in Native Species from Argentina -- 5.1 Xerophytic Species from the Patagonian Monte -- 5.2 Prosopis strombulifera, a Native Halophyte -- 5.2.1 Synthesis of Polyphenols: An Expensive Cost to Survive -- 6 P. strombulifera and Larrea divaricata: Natural Sources of Antioxidants and Biomolecules -- 7 Conclusions and Perspectives -- References -- Reactive Oxygen Species and Plant Disease Resistance -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1 Early Research on the Role of ROS in Plant Disease Resistance -- 1.2 The Two Main Lines of Plant Defense to Pathogens and the Oxidative (ROS) Burst -- 1.3 Expression of ROS-Related Genes and Their Functions in Plant Disease Resistance -- 2 Pathogen Limitation in Plant Cells: The Contribution of ROS -- 2.1 Plant Cell Walls and Their ROS-Mediated Reinforcement: An Initial Barrier to Pathogen Ingress -- 2.2 Plant Stomatal Immunity: A Barrier to Pathogen Ingress Through Natural Openings is Mediated by ROS -- 2.3 Pathogen Limitation by ROS at the Plasma Membrane: A Possible Role of NADPH Oxidases -- 2.4 Subcellular Localization of Intracellular ROS and Pathogen Limitation -- 2.4.1 Mitochondria -- 2.4.2 Chloroplasts -- 2.4.3 Peroxisomes. , 3 Temporal ROS Accumulation and the Efficiency of Pathogen Limitation in Plant Tissues: Timing is Everything? -- 3.1 ROS Accumulation may Result in Disease Resistance and Plant Cell/Tissue Death During the Hypersensitive Response -- 3.2 ROS as Antimicrobial Agents in Plants -- 3.3 Timing is Everything: Early ROS Accumulation Seems to Confer Efficient, Symptomless Disease Resistance in Plants -- 4 ROS-Mediated Signaling During Plant Disease Resistance: Regulating Abiotic Stress and Pathogen Levels in Concert -- 4.1 The Dual, Concentration-Dependent Role of ROS in Plant Disease Resistance -- 4.2 ROS Waves in Plant Disease Resistance: An Integration of Signaling Pathways -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Modulation of the Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle Antioxidant Capacity by Posttranslational Modifications Mediated by Nitric Oxide... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 S-Nitrosylation and Tyrosine Nitration Under Stress Conditions -- 3 Glutathione Reductase (GR) is Unaffected by NO in Pea Plants -- 4 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase (MDAR) is Inactivated by NO-Related PTMs -- 5 Effect of NO-Related PTMs on Dehydroascorbate Reductase (DHAR) -- 6 Dual Regulation of Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX): Inactivated by Nitration and Enhanced by S-Nitrosylation -- 6.1 APX Is Inactivated by Nitration of Tyr235 -- 6.2 APX Is Enhanced by S-Nitrosylation of Cys32 -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- ROS-RNS-Phytohormones Network in Root Response Strategy -- 1 Roots as the Administrative Center of Plant Response to Environmental Signals -- 2 Reactive Oxygen Species in Root Responses -- 3 Reactive Nitrogen Species Contribution in Root Responses -- 4 Conclusions -- References -- Relationship Between Changes in Contents of Nitric Oxide and Amino Acids Particularly Proline in Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Nitric Oxide Generation and Proline Accumulation are Concurrent Biochemical Changes.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Generation and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Cells: an Overview -- Interaction Between the Metabolism of ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Plant Superoxide Dismutases: Function Under Abiotic Stress Conditions -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiological Importance of SOD in Plants -- 3 Plant Environmental or Abiotic Stress -- 4 Effect of Abiotic Stress on SOD -- 4.1 Heavy Metal Stress -- 4.2 Salinity and Drought Stress -- 4.3 Stress by Xenobiotics -- 4.4 Temperature Stress -- 4.5 High Light Intensity Stress -- 4.6 Ozone and Atmospheric Contaminants -- 4.7 Mechanical Stress -- 5 Transgenic Plants Overexpressing SOD to Produce Stress-Tolerant Plants -- 6 Post-translational Modifications of Plant SODs Mediated by Nitric Oxide -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Studies of Catalase in Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peroxisomes and Abiotic Stress Response -- 3 Response to Multiple Abiotic Stress Conditions -- 4 Exogenous Application of Abiotic Stress-Relief Agents -- 5 Nitric Oxide and Catalase Activity -- 6 Differential Control of Different Catalase Genes -- 7 Response of Transgenic Plants -- 8 Insight from Downregulating Catalase Gene Expression -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Ascorbate Peroxidase Functions in Higher Plants: The Control of the Balance Between Oxidative Damage and Signaling -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Subcellular Localization of APXs and APX-Like Proteins in Plants -- 2.1 Functional APX Isoforms -- 2.2 APX-Like Proteins -- 3 Regulation of APX Isoforms -- 3.1 Expression of APX Isoforms in Arabidopsis -- 3.2 Regulation of cAPX at Transcriptional and Post-translational Levels -- 3.3 Production of sAPX and tAPX from Single Gene Via Alternative Splicing. , 3.4 Inhibition of Chloroplastic APXs Under Oxidative Stress -- 4 Physiological Roles of APXs as Antioxidant Defense Enzymes and Signaling Regulators -- 4.1 Chloroplastic Isoforms Play a Role in the Water-Water Cycle -- 4.2 Chloroplastic Isoforms as H2O2 Signaling Regulators -- 4.3 Cytosolic APXs Play a Central Role in the Cellular Redox Regulation -- 4.4 Unexploited Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial APXs -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Glutathione Reductase: Safeguarding Plant Cells Against Oxidative Damage -- Abstract -- 1 Initial Considerations -- 2 Enzyme Structure and Catalytic Mechanism -- 2.1 Structural Features of GR Enzyme -- 2.2 Catalytic Mechanism of GR Enzyme -- 3 Significance of GR Activity During Plant Development -- 4 Significance of GR Activity During Plant Stress Responses -- 4.1 Drought Stress -- 4.2 Salt Stress -- 4.3 Temperature Stress -- 4.4 Heavy Metals -- 4.5 Light Stress -- 4.6 Regulation of GR Under Stress -- 5 Genetic Manipulation of GR -- 5.1 Physiological Consequences -- 5.2 Biotechnological Applications -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Function of the Various MDAR Isoforms in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 MDAR Isoforms -- 2.1 Genes -- 2.2 Localization -- 2.3 Structure of the MDAR Enzyme -- 3 Regulation -- 3.1 Transcriptional Regulation -- 3.2 Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Regulation -- 4 Functions of the Different MDAR Isoforms -- 4.1 Role in Stress Tolerance -- 4.2 Role in Plant Development -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Peroxiredoxins: Types, Characteristics and Functions in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Common Characteristics of Peroxiredoxins -- 3 Types of Peroxiredoxins -- 4 AhpC/prx1-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 4.1 The Plant Prx1-Peroxiredoxins -- 5 Prx6-Type Peroxiredoxins. , 5.1 The Plant Prx6-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 6 Prx5-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 6.1 The Plant Prx5-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 7 Bcp-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 7.1 The Plant Bcp-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Redox Protein Thioredoxins: Function Under Salinity, Drought and Extreme Temperature Conditions -- Abstract -- 1 Effect of Salt, Drought and Extreme Temperatures Stresses -- 2 ROS and RNS Generation -- 3 Control of ROS/RNS Under Stress -- 4 Thioredoxins in Higher Plants -- 5 Functional Biochemistry of Trxs Mediated by ROS and RNS -- 6 Role of Trx Under Salinity -- 7 Role of Trx Under Drought -- 8 Role of Trx Under Extreme Temperatures -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis and Regulation of Ascorbic Acid in Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid -- 2.1 d-Mannose/l-Galactose Pathway -- 2.1.1 Phosphomannose Isomerase (PMI) -- 2.1.2 Phosphomannose Mutase (PMM) -- 2.1.3 GDP-d-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase (GMP) -- 2.1.4 GDP-d-Mannose-3′,5′-Epimerase (GME) -- 2.1.5 GDP-l-Galactose Phosphorylase (GGP) -- 2.1.6 l-Galactose-1-Phosphate Phosphatase (GPP) -- 2.1.7 l-Galactose Dehydrogenase (l-GalDH) -- 2.1.8 l-Galactono-1,4-Lactone Dehydrogenase (l-GalLDH) -- 2.2 Alternative Ascorbate Biosynthesis Pathways -- 2.2.1 Pathway via d-Glucuronic Acid -- 2.2.2 Pathway via l-Gulose -- 2.2.3 Pathway via d-Galacturonic Acid -- 3 Regulation of Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Glutathione Metabolism and Its Function in Higher Plants Adapting to Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glutathione Biosynthesis -- 3 Glutathione Distribution and Transport -- 4 Glutathione Turnover and Degradation -- 5 Signal Transduction Related to Glutathione -- 5.1 Protein S-Glutathionylation -- 5.2 S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). , 6 Function of Glutathione Metabolism in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress -- 6.1 Salinity and Drought Stresses -- 6.2 High and Low Temperature -- 6.3 Heavy Metals -- 7 Function of Glutathione Metabolism in Plant Resistance to Biotic Stress -- 7.1 GSH as an Antioxidant Protects the Plant Cell in Biotic Stress -- 7.2 Function of GSH in Nuclei -- 7.3 Function of GSH in Chloroplasts -- 7.4 Function of GSH in Apoplast -- 7.5 GSH Participates in Material Synthesis as Precursors -- 7.6 GSH as Transmitting Signals Takes Part in Plant Disease-Resistance -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Revisiting Carotenoids and Their Role in Plant Stress Responses: From Biosynthesis to Plant Signaling Mechanisms During Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Building Blocks of Carotenoids and Biosynthesis -- 2.1 Main Genes, Enzymes and Events During Carotenogenesis -- 3 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Water Deficit and Excess -- 4 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Nutritional or Chemical -- 5 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Temperature and Light -- 6 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Salt Stress -- 7 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Elevated Greenhouse Gases -- 8 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Plant Competition and Allelopathy -- 9 Signaling Mechanisms of Carotenoids During Plant Stress -- 9.1 Signaling and Bio-communication -- 10 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: The Relevance of Tocopherols -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Expression of Tocopherol Synthesis Genes Under Abiotic Stresses -- 3 Tocopherol Status in Plant Cells Under Abiotic Stresses -- 4 Mitigation of Abiotic Stress with Tocopherol Pretreatment -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Flavonoids (Antioxidants Systems) in Higher Plants and Their Response to Stresses -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids -- 3 Regulation of Flavonoids -- 4 Flavonoids and Stress Responses -- 4.1 UV and Light Stress -- 4.2 Water and Salt Stress -- 4.3 Ozone -- 4.4 Nitrogen Deficiency and Cold -- 4.5 Heavy Metals and Other Stress Stimuli -- 5 Flavonoids in the Biotic Stress Response -- 6 Concluding Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Class III Peroxidases: Functions, Localization and Redox Regulation of Isoenzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reaction Mechanisms and Structure of POX Isoenzymes -- 2.1 Three Cycles of POXs -- 2.2 Structural Characterisation of POX Isoenzymes -- 3 Substrates -- 4 Antioxidative Function -- 4.1 Redox Regulation of Peroxidatic Cycle and Subcellular Compartmentation -- 5 Pro-oxidative Functions -- 5.1 H2O2-Producing System (Oxidative Cycle) -- 5.2 Hydroxyl Radical-Generating System (Hydroxylic Cycle) -- 6 Effects of Environmental Stresses on POXs -- 7 Genetic Manipulation of POX Isoenzymes Related to Plant Defence Against Environmental Stress Conditions -- 8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Metalloenzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species and Heavy Metal Stress -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Catalase (CAT -- EC 1.11.1.6) -- 3…Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) -- 4…Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX -- EC 1.11.1.11) -- 5…Xanthine Oxidoreductase -- 6…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Metal Transporters in Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plants and Heavy Metals -- 2.1 Glutathione and Related Thiols -- 2.2 Metallothionein-like ProteinsMetallothionein-like Proteins and Metallothionein Expression -- 2.3 Induction of Thiols by Heavy Metals -- 3…Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Different Plant Species -- 3.1 Phytoremediation -- 3.2 Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation -- 3.3 HyperaccumulatorHyperaccumulator -- 3.3.1 Nickel -- 3.3.2 Zinc and Lead -- 3.3.3 Cadmium -- 3.3.4 Cobalt and Copper -- 3.3.5 Manganese -- 3.3.6 Selenium -- 4…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Biochemistry of Metals/Metalloids Toward Remediation Process -- Abstract -- 1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 1.1 Plants as Accumulators of MetalsPlants as Accumulators of Metals -- 1.2 Hyperaccumulator PlantsHyperaccumulator Plants -- 1.3 High Biomass CropsHigh Biomass Crops -- 2…Factors Affecting Metal Uptake by PlantsFactors Affecting Metal Uptake by Plants -- 3…Mechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in PlantsMechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in Plants -- 4…Metals Uptake by PlantsMetals Uptake by Plants -- 5…Root-to-Shoot TranslocationRoot-to-Shoot Translocation -- 6…Detoxification/SequestrationDetoxification/Sequestration -- 7…Improvement for Enhanced PhytoextractionImprovement for Enhanced Phytoextraction -- 8…ConclusionsConclusions -- References -- 4 Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants -- Abstract. , 1…Introduction -- 2…Heavy Metal Uptake and Accumulation by Plants -- 3…Root System, Transporters and Heavy Metals -- 4…Sequestration of Metals into Vacuole -- 5…Role of Metal-Binding Ligands -- 6…Phytochelatins: The Heavy Metal Chelator -- 7…Phytochelatins Biosynthesis -- 8…Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification -- 9…Phytochelatins on Sulfur MetabolismSulfur Metabolism During Heavy Metal Stress -- 10…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Detoxification and Tolerance of Heavy Metal in Tobacco Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2… Distribution Rule of HMs in Tobacco -- 3… Physiological Detoxification Mechanism of Tobacco to HMs Stress -- 3.1 Antioxidative Enzymes or Antioxidants -- 3.2 The Role of Trichomes and Crystals -- 4…The Special Genes Influencing Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5…How to Regulate Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5.1 Ensuring the Safety of Tobacco Leaf -- 5.2 Improving Soil Phytoremediation Efficacy -- 6…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Heavy Metal Uptake and Tolerance of Charophytes -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Calcification and Nutrient Store -- 3…Carbonate-Bound Metals Fraction -- 4…Heavy Metal and Tolerance Capability of Charophytes -- 5…Metal Binding and Accumulation Mechanism in Charophytes -- 6…Conclusion -- References -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Lead Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plant Absorption of Lead -- 3…Lead in the Root and Its Translocation to the Aerial Parts -- 3.1 Radial Diffusion in the Root -- 3.1.1 Apoplastic Pathway -- 3.1.2 Symplastic Pathway -- 3.2 Detoxification Mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Constitutive Mechanisms -- 3.2.2 Inducible Mechanisms -- General Mechanisms -- Phytochelatins -- Metallothioneins -- 3.3 Translocation to the Aerial Parts of the Plant -- 4…Lead Effects on Plants. , 4.1 Effects on the Cell Constituents -- 4.1.1 Effects on the Cell Envelopes -- 4.1.2 Effects on Proteins -- Effects on the Protein Pool -- Inactivation Mechanisms -- Activation Mechanisms -- 4.1.3 Antimitotic and Genotoxic Action of Lead -- 4.2 Water Status -- 4.3 Mineral Nutrition -- 4.4 Photosynthesis -- 4.5 Respiration -- 5…Lead and Oxidative Stress -- 5.1 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Role of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.1 Activation of NADPH-Oxidase -- 5.2.2 Implication of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.3 Alternative Sources of ROS -- 6…Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Interpopulation Responses to Metal Pollution: Metal Tolerance in Wetland Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: Metal Pollution -- 2…Plant Tolerance to Metals, General Considerations -- 3…Interpopulation Metal Tolerance Between Dryland and Wetland Plants, an Overview -- 4…Other Considerations in Relation with Environmental Factors and Population Metal Tolerance Responses in Wetland Ecosystems -- 5…Future Actions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Intraspecific Variation in Metal Tolerance of Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Assessment of Variation in Metal Tolerance and Accumulation -- 2.1 In Vitro Screening Approach -- 3…Evaluation of Variability of Different Genotypes in Response to Exogenous Application of Heavy Metals -- 3.1 Toward Selenium (Se) BiofortificationBiofortification -- 4…Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Differences Related to Metal Tolerance -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 10 Metallomics and Metabolomics of Plants Under Environmental Stress Caused by Metals -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Metal Toxicity in Plants -- 2.1 Mercury -- 2.2 Cadmium -- 2.3 ArsenicArsenic -- 2.4 Selenium -- 3…Metal InteractionsMetal Interactions in Plants -- 3.1 Selenium--Arsenic Effects on Plants. , 3.2 Sulfur and Selenium AntagonismAntagonism -- 4…MetallomicMetallomic and MetabolomicMetabolomic Techniques for Study of Plants Under Metal Stress -- 4.1 Collection of Plants -- 4.2 Metal Chemical SpeciationChemical Speciation and MetallomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.2.1 Sample Treatment in Metallomics -- 4.2.2 Metallomics Workflow -- 4.3 MetabolomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.3.1 Metabolomics Workflow for Plant Experiments -- 4.3.2 Sample Treatment for Metabolomic Studies -- 4.3.3 DataData ProcessingProcessingData Processing and Multivariate Analysis -- 5…Case Studies of Plant Under Metal Stress -- 5.1 Experiments ExposureExposure -- 5.2 Plants as BioindicatorsBioindicators in Environmental Monitoring of Metal Pollution -- 5.3 AlgaeAlgae as Functional FoodFunctional Food -- 6…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Biogeochemical Cycling of Arsenic in Soil--Plant Continuum: Perspectives for Phytoremediation -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Bioavailability of Arsenic to Plants -- 3…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere pH -- 4…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere Redox Potential -- 5…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Soil Organic Matter -- 6…Role of Soil Microbes -- 7…Arsenic--Phosphorus Interaction -- 8…Arsenic Accumulation in Crops -- 9…Coordination Environment of Arsenic in Plant Tissue -- 10…Detoxification of Arsenic in Plants -- 11…Phytoremediation by Hyperaccumulating Plants -- 12…Novel Transgenic Strategies for Phytoremediation -- 13…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Evaluation of the Potential of Salt Marsh Plants for Metal Phytoremediation in Estuarine Environment -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Phytoremediation Potential of Halimione portulacoides -- 3…PhytoremediationPhytoremediation Potential of Juncus maritimus and Phragmites australis -- 4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Includes bibliographical references