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  • 1
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] The concentrations of DMS and its algal precursor, DMSPp (dimethylsulphoniopropionate), can vary considerably over small spatial scales6, so temporal changes can only be established if measurements are made in the same body of water. As water masses are subject to the influence of currents and ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Shelf seas play an important role in the global carbon cycle, absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and exporting carbon (C) to the open ocean and sediments. The magnitude of these processes is poorly constrained, because observations are typically interpolated over multiple years. Here, we used 298500 observations of CO2 fugacity (fCO2) from a single year (2015), to estimate the net influx of atmospheric CO2 as 26.2 ± 4.7 Tg C yr−1 over the open NW European shelf. CO2 influx from the atmosphere was dominated by influx during winter as a consequence of high winds, despite a smaller, thermally-driven, air-sea fCO2 gradient compared to the larger, biologically-driven summer gradient. In order to understand this climate regulation service, we constructed a carbon-budget supplemented by data from the literature, where the NW European shelf is treated as a box with carbon entering and leaving the box. This budget showed that net C-burial was a small sink of 1.3 ± 3.1 Tg C yr−1, while CO2 efflux from estuaries to the atmosphere, removed the majority of river C-inputs. In contrast, the input from the Baltic Sea likely contributes to net export via the continental shelf pump and advection (34.4 ± 6.0 Tg C yr−1).
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The flow (flux) of climate-critical gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), between the ocean and the atmosphere is a fundamental component of our climate and an important driver of the biogeochemical systems within the oceans. Therefore, the accurate calculation of these air–sea gas fluxes is critical if we are to monitor the oceans and assess the impact that these gases are having on Earth's climate and ecosystems. FluxEngine is an open-source software toolbox that allows users to easily perform calculations of air–sea gas fluxes from model, in situ, and Earth observation data. The original development and verification of the toolbox was described in a previous publication. The toolbox has now been considerably updated to allow for its use as a Python library, to enable simplified installation, to ensure verification of its installation, to enable the handling of multiple sparingly soluble gases, and to enable the greatly expanded functionality for supporting in situ dataset analyses. This new functionality for supporting in situ analyses includes user-defined grids, time periods and projections, the ability to reanalyse in situ CO2 data to a common temperature dataset, and the ability to easily calculate gas fluxes using in situ data from drifting buoys, fixed moorings, and research cruises. Here we describe these new capabilities and demonstrate their application through illustrative case studies. The first case study demonstrates the workflow for accurately calculating CO2 fluxes using in situ data from four research cruises from the Surface Ocean CO2 ATlas (SOCAT) database. The second case study calculates air–sea CO2 fluxes using in situ data from a fixed monitoring station in the Baltic Sea. The third case study focuses on nitrous oxide (N2O) and, through a user-defined gas transfer parameterisation, identifies that biological surfactants in the North Atlantic could suppress individual N2O sea–air gas fluxes by up to 13 %. The fourth and final case study illustrates how a dissipation-based gas transfer parameterisation can be implemented and used. The updated version of the toolbox (version 3) and all documentation is now freely available.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: The European Research Infrastructure Consortium “Integrated Carbon Observation System” (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP – Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on community-proven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOS-Oceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a three-dimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2023-03-16
    Keywords: ANT-XVIII/2; CT; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; EisenEx; European Iron Enrichment Experiment in the Southern Ocean; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Polarstern; PS58/2-track; PS58 EISENEX; Sulfur hexafluoride, SF6; Underway cruise track measurements
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4452 data points
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  • 6
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Johnson, Gareth; Mayer, Bernhard; Shevalier, Maurice; Nightingale, Michael; Hutcheon, Ian (2011): Tracing the movement of CO2 injected into a mature oilfield using carbon isotope abundance ratios: The example of the Pembina Cardium CO2 Monitoring project. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, 5(4), 933-941, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijggc.2011.02.003
    Publication Date: 2023-02-24
    Description: During CO2 storage operations in mature oilfields or saline aquifers it is desirable to trace the movement of injected CO2 for verification and safety purposes. We demonstrate the successful use of carbon isotope abundance ratios for tracing the movement of CO2 injected at the Cardium CO2 Storage Monitoring project in Alberta between 2005 and 2007. Injected CO2 had a d13C value of -4.6±1.1 per mil that was more than 10 per mil higher than the carbon isotope ratios of casing gas CO2 prior to CO2 injection with average d13C values ranging from -15.9 to -23.5 per mil. After commencement of CO2 injection, d13C values of casing gas CO2 increased in all observation wells towards those of the injected CO2 consistent with a two-source end-member mixing model. At four wells located in a NE-SW trend with respect to the injection wells, breakthrough of injected CO2 was registered chemically (〉50 mol % CO2) and isotopically 1-6 months after commencement of CO2 injection resulting in cumulative CO2 fluxes exceeding 100000 m**3 during the observation period. At four other wells, casing gas CO2 contents remained below 5 mol % resulting in low cumulative CO2 fluxes (〈2000 m**3) throughout the entire observation period, but carbon isotope ratios indicated contributions between 〈30 and 80% of injected CO2. Therefore, we conclude that monitoring the movement of CO2 in the injection reservoir with geochemical and isotopic techniques is an effective approach to determine plume expansion and to identify potential preferential flow paths provided that the isotopic composition of injected CO2 is constant and distinct from that of baseline CO2.
    Keywords: -; Carbon dioxide; Carbon dioxide, standard deviation; ECO2; Group; Number; Pembina area, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada; Sample code/label; Sampling Well; Sub-seabed CO2 Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems; WELL; Well-group_1-2; δ13C, carbon dioxide, atmospheric; δ13C, standard deviation
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 88 data points
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-02-17
    Keywords: 06AQ20001004-track; Algorithm; ANT-XVIII/1; CT; DATE/TIME; Depth, bathymetric, interpolated/gridded; DEPTH, water; Distance; extracted from GLOBALVIEW-CO2; extracted from the 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2); extracted from the NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project; extracted from the World Ocean Atlas 2005; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at equilibrator temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Polarstern; Pressure, atmospheric; Pressure, atmospheric, interpolated; PS58; Quality flag; Recomputed after SOCAT (Pfeil et al., 2013); Salinity; Salinity, interpolated; SOCAT; Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Project; Temperature, water; Temperature at equilibration; Underway cruise track measurements; xCO2 (air), interpolated; xCO2 (water) at equilibrator temperature (dry air); xCO2 (water) at sea surface temperature (dry air)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 91341 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-02-17
    Keywords: 06AQ20001026-track; Algorithm; ANT-XVIII/2; CT; DATE/TIME; Depth, bathymetric, interpolated/gridded; DEPTH, water; Distance; extracted from GLOBALVIEW-CO2; extracted from the 2-Minute Gridded Global Relief Data (ETOPO2); extracted from the NCEP/NCAR 40-Year Reanalysis Project; extracted from the World Ocean Atlas 2005; Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at equilibrator temperature (wet air); Fugacity of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (water) at sea surface temperature (wet air); Polarstern; Pressure, atmospheric; Pressure, atmospheric, interpolated; PS58 EISENEX; Quality flag; Recomputed after SOCAT (Pfeil et al., 2013); Salinity; Salinity, interpolated; SOCAT; Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Project; Temperature, water; Temperature at equilibration; Underway cruise track measurements; xCO2 (air), interpolated; xCO2 (water) at equilibrator temperature (dry air); xCO2 (water) at sea surface temperature (dry air)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 106930 data points
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  • 9
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Croot, Peter L; Laan, Patrick; Nishioka, Jun; Strass, Volker H; Cisewski, Boris; Boyé, Marie; Timmermans, Klaas R; Bellerby, Richard G J; Goldson, Laura; Nightingale, Philip D; de Baar, Hein J W (2005): Spatial and temporal distribution of Fe(II) and H2O2 during EisenEx, an open ocean mescoscale iron enrichment. Marine Chemistry, 95(1-2), 65-88, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2004.06.041
    Publication Date: 2024-01-19
    Description: Measurements of Fe(II) and H2O2 were carried out in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean during EisenEx, an iron enrichment experiment. Iron was added on three separate occasions, approximately every 8 days, as a ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) solution. Vertical profiles of Fe(II) showed maxima consistent with the plume of the iron infusion. While H2O2 profiles revealed a corresponding minima showing the effect of oxidation of Fe(II) by H2O2, observations showed detectable Fe(II) concentrations existed for up to 8 days after an iron infusion. H2O2 concentrations increased at the depth of the chlorophyll maximum when iron concentrations returned to pre-infusion concentrations (〈80 pM) possibly due to biological production related to iron reductase activity. In this work, Fe(II) and dissolved iron were used as tracers themselves for subsequent iron infusions when no further SF6 was added. EisenEx was subject to periods of weak and strong mixing. Slow mixing after the second infusion allowed significant concentrations of Fe(II) and Fe to exist for several days. During this time, dissolved and total iron in the infusion plume behaved almost conservatively as it was trapped between a relict mixed layer and a new rain-induced mixed layer. Using dissolved iron, a value for the vertical diffusion coefficient Kz=6.7±0.7 cm**2/s was obtained for this 2-day period. During a subsequent surface survey of the iron-enriched patch, elevated levels of Fe(II) were found in surface waters presumably from Fe(II) dissolved in the rainwater that was falling at this time. Model results suggest that the reaction between uncomplexed Fe(III) and O2? was a significant source of Fe(II) during EisenEx and helped to maintain high levels of Fe(II) in the water column. This phenomenon may occur in iron enrichment experiments when two conditions are met: (i) When Fe is added to a system already saturated with regard to organic complexation and (ii) when mixing processes are slow, thereby reducing the dispersion of iron into under-saturated waters.
    Keywords: ANT-XVIII/2; CT; EisenEx; European Iron Enrichment Experiment in the Southern Ocean; Polarstern; Priority Programme 1158 Antarctic Research with Comparable Investigations in Arctic Sea Ice Areas; PS58_transect01; PS58_transect02; PS58_transect03; PS58_transect04; PS58_transect05; PS58_transect06; PS58_transect07; PS58_transect08; PS58_transect09; PS58_transect10; PS58_transect11; PS58 EISENEX; SPP1158; Underway cruise track measurements
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 11 datasets
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Author Posting. © American Meteorological Society, 2009. This article is posted here by permission of The UK–SOLAS projects were funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Grants NE/C001826/1 (HiWASE), NE/C001842/1 (SEASAW), NE/C001702/1 (DOGEE), and NE/E011489/1 (DMS Fluxes); and by NSF Grants ATM05-26341 (Hawaii), OCE-0623450 (Miami), and NSF-OCE 0549887/0834340/0550000 (APL-UW). for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 90 (2009): 629-644, doi:10.1175/2008BAMS2578.1.
    Description: As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosol-size spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.
    Description: As part of the U.K. contribution to the international Surface Ocean–Lower Atmosphere Study, a series of three related projects—DOGEE, SEASAW, and HiWASE—undertook experimental studies of the processes controlling the physical exchange of gases and sea spray aerosol at the sea surface. The studies share a common goal: to reduce the high degree of uncertainty in current parameterization schemes. The wide variety of measurements made during the studies, which incorporated tracer and surfactant release experiments, included direct eddy correlation fluxes, detailed wave spectra, wind history, photographic retrievals of whitecap fraction, aerosol-size spectra and composition, surfactant concentration, and bubble populations in the ocean mixed layer. Measurements were made during three cruises in the northeast Atlantic on the RRS Discovery during 2006 and 2007; a fourth campaign has been making continuous measurements on the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront since September 2006. This paper provides an overview of the three projects and some of the highlights of the measurement campaigns.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
    Format: application/pdf
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