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  • 1
    ISSN: 0006-3525
    Keywords: chemical oxidation ; cellulose ; conformational transition ; capillary viscosity ; microcalorimetry ; calcium ions ; gels ; Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: The conformational behavior of different molecular weight fractions of a synthetic C6-oxidized derivative of cellulose were investigated by means of capillary viscometry, CD, and microcalorimetric measurements. Experiments were carried out in the presence of either monovalent or divalent counterions.The experimental data indicated that C6-oxidized cellulose can assume an ordered extended conformation at low ionic strength, induced by the intrachain repulsions of negative charges. This conformation was suggested to be very similar to the fully extended structure of cellulose. In addition to this, upon increasing the ionic strength, a conformational transition of the order-to-disorder type occurred. In fact, the screening of the electrostatic repulsions introduced a number of conformational kinks into the cellulosic backbone, which enabled the polymer to assume a more coiled conformation hence producing less viscous aqueous solutions. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 157-163, 1998
    Additional Material: 6 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2023-01-13
    Description: A detailed survey of a high Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard),subjected to a large glacier discharge, was carried out from 24 July to 13 August 2016. Field activities addressed the identification ofthe effects of glacier and iceberg melting on the evolution of nutrient, dissolved organic matter and carbonate systems in this coastal marine environment. Complete CTD profiles were collected in 60 marine stations in theinner area of Kongsfjorden, during six oceanographic surveys, by means of CTD downcasts. CTD profiles were acquired with a Seabird 19plus SeaCATprofiler, equipped with a TURNER Cyclops turbidimeter.
    Keywords: Conductivity; CTD, Seabird 19plus; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; DATE/TIME; Density, sigma-theta (0); DEPTH, water; ELEVATION; Event label; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; pHinS; pH Tipping Point in Svalbard; Pressure, water; Salinity; Sample code/label; Station label; Survey-1_ITA001; Survey-1_ITA004; Survey-1_ITA008; Survey-1_ITA009bis; Survey-1_ITA019; Survey-2_ITA001; Survey-2_ITA004; Survey-2_ITA006; Survey-2_ITA006bis; Survey-2_ITA008; Survey-2_ITA009; Survey-2_ITA009bis; Survey-2_ITA010; Survey-2_ITA011; Survey-2_ITA014; Survey-2_ITA017; Survey-2_ITA019; Survey-2_PH1; Survey-2_PH4; Survey-2_PH4bis; Survey-2_PH4tris; Survey-3_ITA006BIS; Survey-3_ITA007bis; Survey-3_ITA008; Survey-3_ITA009; Survey-3_ITA009bis; Survey-3_ITA010; Survey-3_ITA010bis; Survey-3_ITA011; Survey-3_ITA017BIS; Survey-3_ITA018BIS; Survey-3_PH10; Survey-3_PH11; Survey-3_PH12; Survey-3_PH4; Survey-3_PH4bis; Survey-3_PH4tris; Survey-4_ITA006BIS; Survey-4_ITA007bis; Survey-4_ITA009bis; Survey-4_ITA010bis; Survey-4_ITA018BIS; Survey-4_ITA018tris; Survey-4_ITA019bis; Survey-4_PH4tris; Survey-5_ITA001; Survey-5_ITA002; Survey-5_ITA004; Survey-5_ITA005; Survey-5_ITA006; Survey-5_ITA008; Survey-5_ITA011; Survey-5_ITA017; Survey-5_ITA019; Survey-5_PH1; Survey-5_PH1bis; Survey-5_PH25; Survey-5_PH26; Survey-6_ITA004; Survey-6_ITA006; Survey-6_ITA008; Survey-6_ITA009; Survey-6_ITA009bis; Survey-6_ITA013; Survey-6_ITA018tris; Survey-6_ITA019; Survey-6_PH1; Survey-6_PH4; Survey-6_PH4bis; Survey-6_PH4tris; Temperature, water; Turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity unit)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 73113 data points
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Oceanographic data were collected in 60 marine stationsinthe inner area ofKongsfjorden, during six oceanographic surveys (24 July -10 August 2016),by means ofCTD downcastsandbottle sampling.CTD profileswere acquired with a Seabird 19plus SeaCATprofiler,equipped with a TURNER Cyclops turbidimeter. Potential temperature (Θ, ITS-90; °C), salinity (Practical Salinity Scale, PSS-78) and potential density anomaly (σΘ, sigma-theta) were calculated according to McDougall et al. (2010).Seawater samples for chemical analyses were collected using 10 L Niskin bottles at 1-7 depths per station, depending on the depth of the station (9-304 m), withamore intensive sampling of upper layer. Samples for the determination of Dissolved Oxygen (DO;μmol L-1) were drawnin 60 mL borosilicate glass bottles and spiked with Winkler reagents.Samples forthe determination ofmacronutrients (nitrate, NO3-; nitrite, NO2-; reactive silicate, Si(OH)4; orthophosphate, PO43-; μmol L-1), Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC, μmol L-1) and Nitrogen (DON, μmol L-1) were syringe filtered withprecombusted (450 °C, 4 h) GF/F filters, placed in acid-washed HDPE vials and stored at -20 °C until analysis.Seawater samples for the determination of pH, dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC; μmol kgSW-1) and total alkalinity (TA; μmol kgSW-1) were collected in borosilicate glass bottles. Sample lids were immediately greased (Apiezon L), sealed with positive pressure on the lid, and stored refrigerated (4 °C) in the dark until analysis. The samples were poisoned with 100 μL HgCl2soln. only if they could not be analysed within 24 hour of the collection (Dickson et al., 2007).
    Keywords: Acidification and FTIR; Alkalinity, total; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, organic, dissolved; Colorimetry, flow-segmented (Grasshoff et al. 1983); Conductivity; CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 19plus; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; Date/Time of event; Density, mass density; Density, sigma-theta (0); DEPTH, water; Dissolved oxygen, automated Winkler (Strickland & Parsons, 1972); Elevation of event; Event label; HTCO, Shimadzu TOC-V; ICP, Inductively coupled plasma; Iron, dissolvable; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Manganese, dissolvable; Nitrate; Nitrite; Nitrogen, total dissolved; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; Oxygen; Oxygen saturation; pH; pHinS; Phosphate; pH Tipping Point in Svalbard; Potentiometric titration; Pressure, water; Salinity; Silicate; Spectrophotometric method (NOVA); Survey-1_ITA001; Survey-1_ITA004; Survey-1_ITA008; Survey-1_ITA009bis; Survey-1_ITA019; Survey-2_ITA001; Survey-2_ITA004; Survey-2_ITA006; Survey-2_ITA006bis; Survey-2_ITA008; Survey-2_ITA009; Survey-2_ITA009bis; Survey-2_ITA010; Survey-2_ITA011; Survey-2_ITA014; Survey-2_ITA017; Survey-2_ITA019; Survey-2_PH1; Survey-2_PH4; Survey-2_PH4bis; Survey-2_PH4tris; Survey-3_ITA007bis; Survey-3_ITA008; Survey-3_ITA009; Survey-3_ITA009bis; Survey-3_ITA010; Survey-3_ITA010bis; Survey-3_PH10; Survey-3_PH12; Survey-3_PH4bis; Survey-3_PH4tris; Survey-4_ITA007bis; Survey-4_ITA009bis; Survey-4_ITA010bis; Survey-4_ITA018tris; Survey-4_ITA019bis; Survey-4_PH4tris; Survey-5_ITA001; Survey-5_ITA002; Survey-5_ITA004; Survey-5_ITA005; Survey-5_ITA006; Survey-5_ITA008; Survey-5_ITA017; Survey-5_ITA019; Survey-5_PH1; Survey-5_PH1bis; Survey-5_PH25; Survey-5_PH26; Survey-6_ITA004; Survey-6_ITA006; Survey-6_ITA008; Survey-6_ITA009; Survey-6_ITA009bis; Survey-6_ITA018tris; Survey-6_ITA019; Survey-6_PH1; Survey-6_PH4; Survey-6_PH4bis; Survey-6_PH4tris; Temperature, water; Temperature, water, potential; Turbidity (Nephelometric turbidity unit)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3506 data points
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Ice samples (1-2 kg) from small icebergs floating in the fjord were collected and returned to the laboratoryin insulated plastic boxes, rinsed with ultra-pure laboratory water and melted in low-density polyethylene bags. The first melt water was discarded, whereas the remaining freshwater was subsampled for the determination of chemical parameters.
    Keywords: Acidification and FTIR; Alkalinity, total; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbonate chemistry; Date/time end; Date/time start; DEPTH, water; glacier; Iceberg; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; nutrients; Ocean acidification; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; Oxygen; Oxygen saturation; pHinS; pH Tipping Point in Svalbard; Portable Conductivity-Meter (LF325, WTW); Potentiometric titration; runoff; Sample code/label; Temperature, water; Winkler titration (Parsons et al. 1984)
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 131 data points
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Freshwater samples and physical parameterswere also collectedin theglacial drainages surrounding the fjordin 55 sampling points. This included supraglacial streams and proglacial watercourses from the moraines to the coast (0-5 km in length). Temperature and conductivityin freshwaterwere measured with a portable Conductivity-Meter (LF325, WTW). For chemical parameters, a 10 L carboy was submerged in streams until the bubbles were removed. Subsamples were then collected using a silicone tube for the determination of nutrients, DOC, DON, DIC, pH and TA.
    Keywords: Acidification and FTIR; Alkalinity, total; Carbon, inorganic, dissolved; Carbon, organic, dissolved; Carbonate chemistry; Colorimetry, flow-segmented (Grasshoff et al. 1983); Comment; Conductivity; CTD, Sea-Bird, SBE 19plus; Date/time end; Date/time start; Density, mass density; Density, sigma-theta (0); DEPTH, water; glacier; HTCO, Shimadzu TOC-V; Iceberg; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; Nitrate; Nitrite; Nitrogen, total dissolved; nutrients; Ocean acidification; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; pH; pHinS; Phosphate; pH Tipping Point in Svalbard; Portable Conductivity-Meter (LF325, WTW); Potentiometric titration; runoff; Salinity; Sample code/label; Silicate; Station label; Temperature, water
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 939 data points
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  • 6
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    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Cantoni, Carolina; Clarke, Jennifer; Chiggiato, Jacopo; Achterberg, Eric Pieter; Cozzi, Stefano (2020): Glacial drivers of marine biogeochemistry indicate a future shift to more corrosive conditions in an Arctic fjord. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JG005633
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: A detailed survey of a high Arctic fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard), subjected to a large glacier discharge, was carried out from 24 July to 13 August 2016. Field activities addressed the identification of the effects of glacier and iceberg melting on the evolution of nutrient, dissolved organic matter and carbonate systems in this coastal marine environment. Hydrological (CTD downcasts) and biogeochemical (bottle sampling) data were collected during six oceanographic surveys in the inner area of the fjord, in concomitance to the annual phase of maximum air warming. An extensive sampling was also carried out in all glacier drainage systems located around the fjord and from several iceberg samples, in order to characterize all freshwater loads. The dataset includes hydrological data (T, Sal., density) carbonate chemistry data (pH, DIC, TA) and the concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO), inorganic nutrients (NO3-, NO2-, NH4+, PO43-, SiO2), dissolved organic matter (DOC, DON) and some micronutrients (Fe, Mn).
    Keywords: Carbonate chemistry; glacier; Iceberg; nutrients; Ocean acidification; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; pHinS; pH Tipping Point in Svalbard; runoff
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 4 datasets
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2024-02-27
    Description: In Summer 2015 (4-31 August), CNR-ISMAR carried out an oceanographic field-study in the Western Mediterranean Sea, on board of R/V MINERVA UNO. Sampling stations consisted in 7 transects, that spanned from Sicily Channel to Ligurian sea, Catalan sea, and Balearic Basin, dividing the area in sub-basins. 92 stations were visited totally. The dataset includes 550 discrete data of carbonate chemistry (pH-total scale and Total Alkalinity), concentrations of dissolved oxygen, and basic hydrological data (temperature, salinity and density). Methods: At each station, pressure (dbar), temperature (°C), and conductivity(mS/cm) were measured with a CTD SBE 911 plus General Oceanics Rosette System, equipped with 24 12-litres Niskin Bottles. Salinity (S, psu) and depth (m) were calculated by Sea-Bird Scientific routines. Seawater samples (n = 550) for the determination of biogeochemical parameters were collected from the Niskin bottles. Samples for dissolved oxygen (DO) were drawn in 60-mL BOD bottles and treated with Winkler reagents immediately after collection. For the determination of pH on the total hydrogen ion scale at 25 °C (pHT25), the samples were drawn after DO samples into 10 cm long cylindrical glass cells and analyzed spectrophotometrically. For the determination of total alkalinity (TA; μmol kg-1), the samples were collected in 300 ml borosilicate bottles, poisoned with mercuric chloride, tightly closed and stored in the dark at a temperature similar to the in situ one (4-25 °C). DO samples were analyzed by the Winkler method (Grasshoff et al., 1999) using an automated Metrohm 798 MPT Titrino potentiometric titration system (CV = 0.17 % at 210 µmol L-1). pHT25 was measured on board, within 24 h after the sampling, using the spectrophotometric method with m-cresol purple as indicator (Clayton and Byrne, 1993). The precision was ±0.002 units (n = 3), accuracy and stability of the method were checked daily with reference seawater certified for TA and TCO2 (n = 34, CRM batch 146 provided by Prof A. G. Dickson, Scripps, 210 California). TA was determined by potentiometric titration in an open cell with a difference derivative readout (Hernandez-Ayon et al., 1999). The average precision was ±2.0 μmol kg-1 (n = 86 duplicate samples) and the accuracy was checked daily by the titration of certified reference seawater (n = 59, CRM batch 146)
    Keywords: 108; 109; 110; 111; 213; 215; 217; 218; 219; 225; 227; 231; 261; 291; 405; 406; 433; 434; 438; 451; 460; 462; 51; 900; 901; 903; 906; 907; 908; 910; 911; 912; 913; Alkalinity, total; B1; B2; B3; B4; B5; B6; B7; B8; Balearic Basin; CORS-MOOR; CTD, Sea-Bird SBE 911plus; CTD/Rosette; CTD-RO; D1; D2; D3; D5; D7; DATE/TIME; DEPTH, water; Elevation of event; Event label; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; M9; MINERVA UNO; OC2015; OC2015_108; OC2015_109; OC2015_110; OC2015_111; OC2015_213; OC2015_215; OC2015_217; OC2015_218; OC2015_219; OC2015_225; OC2015_227; OC2015_231; OC2015_261; OC2015_291; OC2015_405; OC2015_406; OC2015_433; OC2015_434; OC2015_438; OC2015_451; OC2015_460; OC2015_462; OC2015_51; OC2015_900; OC2015_901; OC2015_903; OC2015_906; OC2015_907; OC2015_908; OC2015_910; OC2015_911; OC2015_912; OC2015_913; OC2015_B1; OC2015_B2; OC2015_B3; OC2015_B4; OC2015_B5; OC2015_B6; OC2015_B7; OC2015_B8; OC2015_CORS-MOOR; OC2015_D1; OC2015_D2; OC2015_D3; OC2015_D5; OC2015_D7; OC2015_M9; OC2015_S10; OC2015_S12; OC2015_S14; OC2015_S16; OC2015_S18; OC2015_S19; OC2015_S2; OC2015_S20; OC2015_S4; OC2015_S6; OC2015_S8; Ocean acidification; OCEAN-CERTAIN; Ocean Food-web Patrol – Climate Effects: Reducing Targeted Uncertainties with an Interactive Network; Oxygen; pH; Pressure, water; S10; S12; S14; S16; S18; S19; S2; S20; S4; S6; S8; Salinity; Sicily Channel; Spectrophotometry; Temperature, water; Titration, Winkler; Titration potentiometric; Total alkalinity; Western Mediterranean; Winkler oxygen
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 2921 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2019-09-11
    Description: The European Research Infrastructure Consortium “Integrated Carbon Observation System” (ICOS) aims at delivering high quality greenhouse gas (GHG) observations and derived data products (e.g., regional GHG-flux maps) for constraining the GHG balance on a European level, on a sustained long-term basis. The marine domain (ICOS-Oceans) currently consists of 11 Ship of Opportunity lines (SOOP – Ship of Opportunity Program) and 10 Fixed Ocean Stations (FOSs) spread across European waters, including the North Atlantic and Arctic Oceans and the Barents, North, Baltic, and Mediterranean Seas. The stations operate in a harmonized and standardized way based on communityproven protocols and methods for ocean GHG observations, improving operational conformity as well as quality control and assurance of the data. This enables the network to focus on long term research into the marine carbon cycle and the anthropogenic carbon sink, while preparing the network to include other GHG fluxes. ICOS data are processed on a near real-time basis and will be published on the ICOS Carbon Portal (CP), allowing monthly estimates of CO2 air-sea exchange to be quantified for European waters. ICOS establishes transparent operational data management routines following the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) guiding principles allowing amongst others reproducibility, interoperability, and traceability. The ICOSOceans network is actively integrating with the atmospheric (e.g., improved atmospheric measurements onboard SOOP lines) and ecosystem (e.g., oceanic direct gas flux measurements) domains of ICOS, and utilizes techniques developed by the ICOS Central Facilities and the CP. There is a strong interaction with the international ocean carbon cycle community to enhance interoperability and harmonize data flow. The future vision of ICOS-Oceans includes ship-based ocean survey sections to obtain a threedimensional understanding of marine carbon cycle processes and optimize the existing network design.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Freshwater discharge from glaciers is increasing across the Arctic in response to anthropogenic climate change, which raises questions about the potential downstream effects in the marine environment. Whilst a combination of long-term monitoring programmes and intensive Arctic field campaigns have improved our knowledge of glacier–ocean interactions in recent years, especially with respect to fjord/ocean circulation, there are extensive knowledge gaps concerning how glaciers affect marine biogeochemistry and productivity. Following two cross-cutting disciplinary International Arctic Science Committee (IASC) workshops addressing the importance of glaciers for the marine ecosystem, here we review the state of the art concerning how freshwater discharge affects the marine environment with a specific focus on marine biogeochemistry and biological productivity. Using a series of Arctic case studies (Nuup Kangerlua/Godthåbsfjord, Kongsfjorden, Kangerluarsuup Sermia/Bowdoin Fjord, Young Sound and Sermilik Fjord), the interconnected effects of freshwater discharge on fjord–shelf exchange, nutrient availability, the carbonate system, the carbon cycle and the microbial food web are investigated. Key findings are that whether the effect of glacier discharge on marine primary production is positive or negative is highly dependent on a combination of factors. These include glacier type (marine- or land-terminating), fjord–glacier geometry and the limiting resource(s) for phytoplankton growth in a specific spatio-temporal region (light, macronutrients or micronutrients). Arctic glacier fjords therefore often exhibit distinct discharge–productivity relationships, and multiple case-studies must be considered in order to understand the net effects of glacier discharge on Arctic marine ecosystems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Key Points In Kongsfjorden, an Arctic glacier fjord, freshwater from glacier runoff and ice meltwater decreases phosphate, alkalinity and DOM concentrations Estuarine mixing is the major driver of summer CO2 undersaturation in glacially modified waters and near‐corrosive conditions were observed Future changes will amplify ocean acidification in the inner‐fjord surface waters Abstract A detailed survey of a high Arctic glacier fjord (Kongsfjorden, Svalbard) was carried out in summer 2016, close to the peak of the meltwater season, in order to identify the effects of glacier runoff on nutrient distributions and the carbonate system. Short‐term weather patterns were found to exert a strong influence on freshwater content within the fjord. Freshwater inputs from glacier runoff and ice meltwater averaged (±SD) low nitrate (1.85±0.47 μM; 0.41±0.99 μM), orthophosphate (0.07±0.27 μM; 0.02 ±0.03 μM), dissolved organic carbon (27 ±14 μM in glacier runoff), total alkalinity (708±251 μmol kg‐1; 173±121 μmol kg‐1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (622±108 μmol kg‐1; 41±88 μmol kg‐1), as well as a modest silicate concentration (3.71±0.02 μM; 3.16±5.41 μM). pCO2 showed a non‐conservative behavior across the estuarine salinity gradient with a pronounced under‐saturation in the inner‐fjord, leading to strong CO2 uptake from the atmosphere. The combined effect of freshwater dilution and atmospheric CO2 absorption was the lowering of aragonite saturation state, to values that are known to negatively affect marine calcifiers (ΩAr, 1.07). Glacier discharge was therefore a strong local amplifier of ocean acidification. Future increases in discharge volume and the loss of marine productivity following the retreat of marine‐terminating glaciers inland are both anticipated to further lower ΩAr within inner‐fjord surface waters. This shift may be partially buffered by an increase in the mean freshwater total alkalinity as the fractional importance of iceberg melt to freshwater fjord inputs declines and runoff increases.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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