Note: Includes index

Note: Front Cover -- General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Introduction: Explication in Philosophy of Science -- 1 AN IMPORTANT, THOUGH LARGELY IMPLICIT, METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- 2 EXPLICATION OF CONCEPTS AND INTUITIONS IN SCIENCE -- 3 SURVEY OF CHAPTERS -- 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Laws, Theories and Research Programmes -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 OBSERVATIONAL LAWS AND PROPER THEORIES -- 2 INTERMEZZO. THE STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO THEORIES -- 3 RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 2 Past and Contemporary Perspectives on Explanation -- 0. INTRODUCTION -- PART I: A (SELECTIVE) HISTORY OF EXPLANATION -- 1 ARISTOTLE: EXPLANATION AS DEMONSTRATION -- 2 DESCARTES: MECHANICAL EXPLANATION -- 3 LEIBNIZ: POWERS AND TELEOLOGY -- 4 NEWTON: DYNAMICAL EXPLANATION -- 5 HUME: AGAINST THE METAPHYSICS OF EXPLANATION -- 6 KANT: THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDS OF EXPLANATION -- 7 MILL: EXPLANATION AS UNIFICATION -- PART II: UNDERSTANDING EXPLANATION -- 8 THE LOGICAL POSITIVIST LEGACY -- 9 NOMIC EXPECTABILITY -- 10 ENTER CAUSATION -- 11 CAUSAL HISTORIES -- 12 (A BRIEF NOTE ON) LAWS OF NATURE -- 13 UNIFICATION REVISITED -- 14 MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION REVISITED -- 15 EXPLANATION AS MANIPULATION -- 16 STATISTICAL EXPLANATION -- 17 STATISTICAL RELEVANCE -- 18 DEDUCTIVE-NOMOLOGICAL-PROBABILISTIC EXPLANATION -- 19 ON HISTORICAL AND TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION -- 20 A CONCLUDING THOUGHT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Theories -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- 3 VIRTUES OF THEORIES -- 4 CONFIRMATION -- 5 ACCEPTANCE -- 6 CONCLUDING REMARK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 4 The Role of Experiments in the Natural Sciences: Examples from Physics and Biology. , 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 2 THE ROLES OF EXPERIMENT -- 3 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 5 The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The case of Economics -- 1 FROM OBSERVATIONS TO EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- 2 THE NOTION OF "EXPERIMENT" USED IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: FROM THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE ENLARGED VISION -- 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE CASE OF ECONOMICS -- 4 ROLE OF PREDICTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS: THE INFLUENCE OF GAME THEORY -- 5 THE MEASURE OF PREDICTIVE SUCCESS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 6 Ontological, Epistemological, and Methodological Positions -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ONTOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 2 EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 7 Reduction, Integration, and the Unity of Science: Natural, Behavioral, and Social Sciences and the Humanities -- 1 A HISTORICAL LOOK AT UNITY -- 2 FIELD GUIDE TO MODERN CONCEPTS OF REDUCTION AND UNITY -- 3 KITCHER'S REVISIONIST ACCOUNT OF UNIFICATION -- 4 CRITICS OF UNITY -- 5 INTEGRATION INSTEAD OF UNITY -- 6 REDUCTION VIA MECHANISMS -- 7 CASE STUDIES IN REDUCTION AND UNIFICATION ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES -- 8 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 8 Logical, Historical and Computational Approaches -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE LOGICAL APPROACH OF THE VIENNA CIRCLE AND THEIR FOLLOWERS FROM THE 1920S TO THE 1950S -- 3 THE CHALLENGE OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH (C. 1960 TO THE MID 1970S) -- 4 THE 1970S: SCIENCE AS PROBLEM SOLVING -- 5 THE 1980S AND 1990S: LOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE AND DISCOVERY -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 9 Demarcating Science from Nonscience -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WHY DEMARCATION? -- 3 HOW DEMARCATION? -- 4 CHARACTERIZING FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE. , 5 UNSCIENTIFIC FIELDS -- 6 PROTOSCIENCE AND HETERODOXY -- 7 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 History of the Philosophy of Science. From Wissenschaftslogik (Logic of Science) to Philosophy of Science: Europe and America, 1930-1960 -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- 1 THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: "WISSENSCHAFTSLOGIK" (LOGIC OF SCIENCE) BEFORE 1938 -- 2 THE WIENER KREIS IN GREAT BRITAIN: EMIGRATION AND INTERACTION -- 3 VIENNA, PARIS AND THE "FRENCH CONNECTION": CONVENTIONALISM -- 4 THE WIENER KREIS IN AMERICA: LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND (NEO-)PRAGMATISM -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Index.

Note: Ocean Forecasting Conceptual Basis and Applications -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Strategic Planning for Operational Oceanography -- 2 Satellite Oceanography for Ocean Forecasting -- 3 A Marine Information System for Ocean Predictions -- 4 A Generalization of a Sigma Coordinate Ocean Model and an Intercomparison of Model Vertical Grids -- 5 Atmospheric Data Assimilation and Quality Control -- 6 Sequential Data Assimilation for Nonlinear Dynamics: The Ensemble Kalman Filter -- 7 Assimilation of Satellite Altimetry in Ocean Models -- 8 Ensembles, Forecasts and Predictability -- 9 On North Atlantic Intedecadal Variability: A Stochastic View -- 10 Strategy for Regional Seasonal Forecasts -- 11 Rapid Assessment of the Coastal Ocean Environment -- 12 Forecasting of Sea-level, Currents and Sea Ice in the Baltic Sea -- 13 Predictions in the North Sea -- 14 Forecasting Wind-driven Ocean Waves -- 15 A Multivariate Reduced-order Optimal Interpolation Method and its Application to the Mediterranean Basin-scale Circulation -- 16 ENSO Predictions with Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Models -- 17 Toward Marine Environmental Predictions in the Mediterranean Sea Coastal Areas: A Monitoring Approach -- 18 Primitive Equation Modelling of Plankton Ecosystems -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Information -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- General Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Commentators -- Acknowledgements -- Part A Introduction and Scene Setting -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Information is what Information does -- Part B History of Ideas: Information Concepts -- Chapter 2 Epistemology and Information -- Chapter 3 Information in Natural Language -- Chapter 4 Trends in the Philosophy of Information -- Chapter 5 Learning and the Cooperative Computational Universe -- Part C Three Major Foundational Approaches -- Chapter 6 The Quantitative Theory of Information -- Chapter 7 The Stories of Logic and Information -- Chapter 8 Algorithmic Information Theory -- Part D Major Themes in Transforming and Using Information -- Chapter 9 Ockham's Razor, Truth, and Information -- Chapter 10 Epistemic Logic and Information Update -- Chapter 11 Information Structures in Belief Revision -- Chapter 12 Information, Processes and Games -- Chapter 13 Information and Beliefs in Game Theory -- Part E Information in the Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences -- Chapter 14 Information in Computer Science -- Chapter 15 The Physics of Information -- Chapter 16 Information in the Study of Human Interaction -- Chapter 17 The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy -- Chapter 18 Information, Computation, and Cognitive Science -- Chapter 19 Information in Biological Systems -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Series Editor's introduction -- Ministers' page: Towards forecasting a changing ocean: An African Perspective -- Sponsorship page -- Foreword -- List of contributors -- PART I: BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. A plan comes together -- UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT -- TEN YEARS OF CLOSE REGIONAL COLLABORATION -- OBSERVING AND PREDICTING IN THE BCLME WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT -- FAST-TRACKING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL OBSERVING SYSTEM AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY -- ABOUT THIS BOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Forecasting within the context of Large Marine Ecosystem Programs -- LME DEFINITION: DELINEATION AND MAJOR STRESSORS -- LME INDICATOR MODULES -- APPLICATION OF INDICATOR MODULES TO LME MANAGEMENT SUPPORTED BY THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) -- SCIENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF LME BIOMASS YIELDS -- RECOVERING FISHERIES BIOMASS -- LME MODELING AND DRIVING FORCES OF CHANGE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. The Global Ocean Observing System for Africa (GOOS Africa): Monitoring and Predicting in Large Marine Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- THE LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM (LME) CONCEPT AND STRATEGY -- THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM IN AFRICA (GOOS-AFRICA) -- GOOS-AFRICA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS -- THE AFRICAN LMES ARE CORE AND VITAL STRATEGIC PARTNERS FOR GOOS-AFRICA -- GOOS-AFRICA CONTRIBUTION TO INTEGRATED MONITORING AND PREDICTING OF LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS: SUCCESS STORIES -- GOOS-AFRICA FORWARD LOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART II: SETTING THE SCENE -- Chapter 4. Large scale physical variability of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) -- INTRODUCTION -- MAJOR PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ATMOSPHERIC FORCING OF THE BCLME -- LARGE SCALE MODES OF VARIABILITY -- WATER MASSES AND VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BCLME. , NUMERICAL OCEAN MODELLING IN THE BCLME -- SCHEMATIC CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM A NUMERICAL MODEL -- NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Low oxygen water (LOW) variability in the Benguela system: Key processes and forcing scales relevant to forecasting -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHESIS OF SYSTEM PROCESSES AND VARIABILITY -- REMOTE FORCING: EASTERN TROPICAL SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC (ETSA - BENGUELA LINKAGE) -- BENGUELA SHELF VARIABILITY -- PROCESSES REQUIRING DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT -- PROCESSES WITH FORECASTING POTENTIAL -- WHAT ARE THE GAPS? -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. The variability and potential for prediction of harmful algal blooms in the southern Benguela ecosystem -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SPATIAL [GEOGRAPHIC] DISTRIBUTION OF HABS -- SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF HABS -- THE TIMING OF HABS: ACROSS-SHELF AND ALONGSHORE TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSION: THE POTENTIAL FOR PREDICTION -- Chapter 8. Resource and ecosystem variability, including regime shifts, in the Benguela Current system -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESOURCE VARIABILITY -- ECOSYSTEM VARIABILITY -- PREDICTING VARIABILITY -- MAKING PREDICTIONS -- A WAY FORWARD -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 6. Variability of plankton with reference to fish variability in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem - An overview -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EVENT-SCALE VARIABILITY -- SEASONAL CHANGES -- INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL CHANGES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems --California, Canary, Humboldt -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICS -- ECOLOGY -- TELECONNECTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER GENERAL THOUGHTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART III: HOPES, DREAMS AND REALITY. , Chapter 10. Influences of large scale climate modes and Agulhas system variability on the BCLME region -- INTRODUCTION -- ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY OF THE BCLME REGION -- BENGUELA NIÑOS AND SST VARIABILITY IN THE TROPICAL EASTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN -- INFLUENCE OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN AGULHAS SYSTEM ON THE BCLME REGION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 11. Developing a basis for detecting and predicting long-term ecosystem changes -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ECOSYSTEM CHANGES TO BE MONITORED -- APPROPRIATE ECOSYSTEM INDICATORS AND MODELS -- DESIRED END PRODUCTS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS -- SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 12. The requirements for forecasting harmful algal blooms in the Benguela -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL COUPLINGS UNDERLYING HABS -- IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IMPORTANT TO BLOOM CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT -- REAL-TIME OBSERVATION OF HABS -- NUMERICAL MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF HAB DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 13. Low oxygen water (LOW) forcing scales amenable to forecasting in the Benguela ecosystem -- INTRODUCTION -- SCALES OF LOW VARIABILITY AMENABLE TO FORECASTING -- REMOTE EQUATORIAL FORCING: 2 MONTH FORECASTING SCALE -- SHELF SCALE FORCING: 7 DAY FORECASTING SCALE -- IMPORTANCE OF COUPLED MECHANISMS -- OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 14. Forecasting shelf processes of relevance to living marine resources in the BCLME -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LOW OXYGEN WATER EVENTS -- MESOSCALE PROCESSES -- BOUNDARY PROCESSES -- OTHER SHELF PROCESSES -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Environmental data requirements of maritime operations in the Benguela coastal ocean -- INTRODUCTION -- OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION NEEDS -- DIAMOND MINING -- SHIPPING -- PORTS. , FISHING -- SOVEREIGNTY AND RESOURCE PROTECTION -- MARITIME FORECASTING IN SUPPORT OF RISK MANAGEMENT -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART IV: THE WAY AHEAD -- Chapter 16. Towards a future integrated forecast system -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES FOR THE BCLME -- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter 17. Forecasting a large marine ecosystem -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- MODELLING PRACTICE IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- SHORT-TERM LME FORECASTING -- MEDIUM-TERM LME FORECASTING -- LONG-TERM LME FORECASTING -- WHAT-IF? PREDICTION -- A VISION OF THE FUTURE -- Index -- Large Marine Ecosystems Series.