Note: FrontCover -- Philosophy of Economics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- General Preface -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part A : General Philosophical Themes -- Realism and Antirealism about Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Realism in Conventional Philosophy of Science -- 3 Ingredients of a Minimal Scientific Realism -- 4 Commonsensibles and Their Modifications in Economic Modelling -- 5 Social Construction (What?) of What? -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Rise and Fall of Popper and Lakatos in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Engagements with Popper -- 3 Lakatos and The Emergence of Economic Methodology -- 4 The Movement From Popper and Lakatos -- 5 Appraising Economic Theories -- 6 Methodology After Lakatos -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Models and Modelling in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nature of Economic Models -- 3 Working with Models -- 4 Conclusions: From Models to Modelling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory and Causal Inference -- 1 Reductionist and Structuralist Accounts of Causality -- 2 Structual Estimation and Causality -- 3 The Assault on Macroeconometric Models -- 4 Inferring Causes from Interventions -- 5 Graph-Theoretic Accounts of Causal Structure -- 6 A Synthetic Program for Uncovering the Causal Structure of Vars -- Bibliography -- Naturalism and The Nature of Economic Evidence -- 1 Naturalism and Evidence -- 2 Nonexperimental Evidence -- 3 Experimental Evidence -- 4 Evidence and Unrealistic Causal Models -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Some Issues Concerning The Nature of Economic Explanation -- 1 Some Controversies About Explanation -- 2 Formal Criteria For Explanation in Economics -- 3 Theoretical Entities and Explanation -- 4 When Do Models Explain? -- 5 Macro and Microexplanation -- 6 Functional Explanation and Evolutionary Economics. , 7 The Nature of Economic Causes -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Unreasonable Efficacy of Mathematics in Modern Economics -- 1 The Classical Arguments -- 2 The Role and Functions of Mathematics in Neoclassical Economics -- 3 Post-1980 Developments in Alternative Possibilities for Mathematical Formalization in Economics -- 4 A Revival of Philosophy of Mathematics for Economics? -- Bibliography -- Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Introduction -- What Makes an Economic Inquiry Feminist? -- Is Rational Choice Theory Androcentric? -- Values and Objectivity in Economics -- "Critical Realism:" A Contested View in Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Positive-Normative Dichotomy and Economics -- 1 Introduction to The Positive-Normative Dichotomy -- 2 The History of The Positive-Normative Dichotomy in Economics -- 3 Normative and Ethically Normative -- 4 The Entanglement of Positive and (Ethically) Normative -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory, Anti-Economics, and Political Ideology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anti-Economists and Markets -- 3 Economic Theory and The Normative Status of The Market -- 4 Non-Ideological Economics -- Bibliography -- Social Scientific Naturalism and Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Is Game Theory Testable? -- 2 Difficulties in Testing Game Theory -- 3 Determining Preferences -- 4 The Implications of Preference Complexities -- 5 Some Implications for Social Scientific Naturalism -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part B : Specific Methods, Theories, Approaches, Paradigms, Schools, Traditions -- The Philosophy of Economic Forecasting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Prerequisites -- 3 Forecasting, Prediction, and Economics -- 4 The Purpose of Economics -- 5 Philosophical Questions -- 6 Causality and Control -- Bibliography. , Philosophy of Econometrics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relevant Philosophical/Methodological Issues -- 3 Philosophy of Science and Empirical Modeling -- 4 Statistical Inference and Its Foundational Problems -- 5 Error-Statistics (E-S) and Inductive Inference -- 6 Statistical Adequacy and The Reliability of Inference -- 7 Philosophical/Methodological Issues Pertaining to Econometrics -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Measurement in Economics -- 1 The Representational Theory of Measurement -- 2 Axiomatic Representational Theory of Measurement -- 3 Empirical Representational Theory of Measurement -- 4 Instrument Measurement -- 5 Reliable Measurement Results -- 6 Economic Modeling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours - Forces Towards and Against Unification -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours -- 3 Explanatory Unification -- 4 Intra-Disciplinary Unification of Location, Trade and Growth -- 5 Inter-Disciplinary Unification: Economics Imperialism -- 6 Unrealistic Assumptions, Idealizations and Explanatory Power -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Homo Economicus Conception of The Individual: An Ontological Approach -- 1 Existence as a Category of Investigation -- 2 What Exists in Economics? -- 3 The Homo Economicus Conception of the Individual -- 4 The Problem of Multiple Selves -- 5 Three Precursor Social Identity Arguments -- 6 Recent Social Identity Arguments -- 7 The Conception of The Individual in Recent Economics -- Bibliography -- Rational Choice and Some Difficulties for Consequentialism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transitivity -- 3 Independence -- 4 Difficulties with The Formalisation of Non-Dictatorship -- 5 The Identification Problem -- 6 Summary -- Bibliography. , Rational Choice, Preferences Over Actions and Rule-Following Behavior -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rationality Principle and Rationality Hypotheses in Economics -- 3 Adjusting the Utility Function -- 4 Preferences Over Actions and Rule Following -- 5 The Rationale of Rule-Following Behavior -- 6 The Explanation of Rule-Following Behavior -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Philosophy of Game Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Basic Concepts -- 3 Game Theory as a Normative Theory Of Rationality -- 4 Game Theory as a Predictive Theory -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- An Embarrassment of Riches: Modeling Social Preferences in Ultimatum Games -- 1 Social Preferences -- 2 Analysis Based on Bug -- 3 Variants to Bug -- 4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory and Experiment -- 3 Experimental Inferences -- 4 External Validity -- 5 The Philosophical Relevance of Experimental Economics' Results -- 6 Other Issues and Readings -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Behavioral Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Intellectual Backdrop -- 3 Psychological Approaches During The Late Neoclassical Period -- 4 The "New" Behavioral Economics -- 5 The Methods of Behavioral Economics -- 6 Current Directions -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economic Agent: Not Human, But Important -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Agency -- 3 Animal Agents -- 4 The Heartland of Economics -- 5 Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics: The Molar and The Molecular -- 6 People as Coordinating Equilibria -- Bibliography -- Ontological Issues in Evolutionary Economics: The Debate Between Generalized Darwinism and The Continuity Hypothesis -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Public Choice: A Methodological Perspective -- Introduction and Overview -- 1 Homo Oeconomicus Goes Politics. , 2 Normative Public Choice -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Judgment Aggregation: A Short Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Problem of Majority Inconsistency -- 3 The Basic Model of Judgment Aggregation -- 4 A General Impossibility Result -- 5 Avoiding the Impossibility -- 6 The Relationship to Other Aggregation Problems -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 1 The Idea of an Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 2 The Optimisation Paradigm -- 3 Epistemic Utility Approaches -- 4 The Exchange Paradigm -- 5 Social Mechanisms for Knowledge Production -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Index.

Note: Ocean Forecasting Conceptual Basis and Applications -- Copyright -- Foreword -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 Strategic Planning for Operational Oceanography -- 2 Satellite Oceanography for Ocean Forecasting -- 3 A Marine Information System for Ocean Predictions -- 4 A Generalization of a Sigma Coordinate Ocean Model and an Intercomparison of Model Vertical Grids -- 5 Atmospheric Data Assimilation and Quality Control -- 6 Sequential Data Assimilation for Nonlinear Dynamics: The Ensemble Kalman Filter -- 7 Assimilation of Satellite Altimetry in Ocean Models -- 8 Ensembles, Forecasts and Predictability -- 9 On North Atlantic Intedecadal Variability: A Stochastic View -- 10 Strategy for Regional Seasonal Forecasts -- 11 Rapid Assessment of the Coastal Ocean Environment -- 12 Forecasting of Sea-level, Currents and Sea Ice in the Baltic Sea -- 13 Predictions in the North Sea -- 14 Forecasting Wind-driven Ocean Waves -- 15 A Multivariate Reduced-order Optimal Interpolation Method and its Application to the Mediterranean Basin-scale Circulation -- 16 ENSO Predictions with Coupled Ocean Atmosphere Models -- 17 Toward Marine Environmental Predictions in the Mediterranean Sea Coastal Areas: A Monitoring Approach -- 18 Primitive Equation Modelling of Plankton Ecosystems -- References -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Physics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Dedication -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- Part A -- CHAPTER 1. ON SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION: AN OVERVIEW -- 3 SOME GEOMETRIC TOOLS -- 4 ACTIONS OF LIE GROUPS -- 5 POISSON MANIFOLDS -- 6 SYMMETRY AND CONSERVATION REVISITED: MOMENTUM MAPS -- 7 REDUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 2. THE REPRESENTATION OF TIME AND CHANGE IN MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 HAMILTONIAN AND LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS -- 3 SYMPLECTIC MATTERS -- 4 LAGRANGIAN FIELD THEORY -- 5 TIME AND CHANGE IN WELL-BEHAVED FIELD THEORIES -- 6 COMPLICATIONS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF TIME IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 3. CLASSICAL RELATIVITY THEORY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVITY THEORY -- 3 SPECIAL TOPICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 4. NON-RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 1 THE THEORY -- 2 WHENCE THE KINEMATICAL FORMALISM? -- 3 EMPIRICAL CONTENT -- 4 UNCERTAINTY -- 5 THE 'MEASUREMENT PROBLEM' -- 6 NON-LOCALITY -- 7 MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 5. BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY HISTORY -- 3 COPENHAGEN: A REAPPRAISAL -- 4 QUANTIZATION -- 5 THE LIMIT ћ→ 0 -- 6 THE LIMIT N → ∞ -- 7 WHY CLASSICAL STATES AND OBSERVABLES? -- 8 EPILOGUE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 6. QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CLASSICAL INFORMATION -- 3 QUANTUM INFORMATION -- 4 ENTANGLEMENT ASSISTED QUANTUM COMMUNICATION -- 5 QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY -- 6 QUANTUM COMPUTATION -- 7 QUANTUM FOUNDATIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF QUANTUM INFORMATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 7. THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY. , 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NOTION OF QUANTIZED FIELDS -- 2 SCALAR FIELDS -- 3 SPINOR FIELDS -- 4 GAUGE FIELDS -- 5 THE BROUT-ENGLERT-HIGGS MECHANISM -- 6 UNITARITY -- 7 RENORMALIZATION -- 8 ANOMALIES -- 9 ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM -- 10 TOPOLOGICAL TWISTS -- 11 CONFINEMENT -- 12 OUTLOOK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 8. ALGEBRAIC QUANTUM FIELD THEORY -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ALGEBRAIC PROLEGOMENA -- 2 STRUCTURE OF THE NET OF OBSERVABLE ALGEBRAS -- 3 NONLOCALITY AND OPEN SYSTEMS IN AQFT -- 4 PROSPECTS FOR PARTICLES -- 5 THE PROBLEM OF VALUE-DEFINITENESS IN AQFT -- 6 QUANTUM FIELDS AND SPACETIME POINTS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF INEQUIVALENT REPRESENTATIONS -- 8 THE CATEGORY ∆ OF LOCALIZED TRANSPORTABLE ENDOMORPHISMS -- 9 FROM FIELDS TO REPRESENTATIONS -- 10 FROM REPRESENTATIONS TO FIELDS -- 11 FOUNDATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION THEOREM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIX: ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *- CATEGORIES -- A CATEGORICAL PRELIMINARIES -- B ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *-CATEGORIES -- PART B -- CHAPTER 9. COMPENDIUM OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ORTHODOX THERMODYNAMICS -- 3 KINETIC THEORY FROM BERNOULLI TO MAXWELL -- 4 BOLTZMANN -- 5 GIBBS' STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 6 MODERN APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 7 STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 10. QUANTUM STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY SUCCESSES -- 3 AXIOMATIC PRUNINGS -- 4 THE KMS CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM -- 5 KMS CONDITION, QSP AND THERMODYNAMICS -- 6 WHENCE AND WHITHER QSP? -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 11. ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF COSMOLOGY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OUTLINE OF COSMOLOGY -- 3 ISSUE A: THE UNIQUENESS OF THE UNIVERSE -- 4 ISSUE B: THE LARGE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE IN SPACE AND TIME -- 5 ISSUE C: THE UNBOUND ENERGIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE. , 6 ISSUE D: EXPLAINING THE UNIVERSE - THE QUESTION OF ORIGINS -- 7 ISSUE E: THE UNIVERSE AS THE BACKGROUND FOR EXISTENCE -- 8 ISSUE F: THE EXPLICIT PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS -- 9 KEY ISSUES -- 10 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SUMMARY TABLE OF ISSUES AND THESES -- CHAPTER 12. QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 APPROACHES -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- 4 THE NATURE OF SPACE AND TIME -- 5 RELATION WITH OTHER OPEN PROBLEMS -- 6 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 13. SYMMETRIES AND INVARIANCES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMMETRIES OF OBJECTS AND OF LAWS -- 3 SYMMETRY AND GROUP THEORY: EARLY HISTORY -- 4 WHAT ARE SYMMETRIES IN PHYSICS? DEFINITIONS AND VARIETIES -- 5 SOME APPLICATIONS OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 6 GENERAL COVARIANCE IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- 7 NOETHER'S THEOREMS -- 8 THE INTERPRETATION OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 14. ASPECTS OF DETERMINISM IN MODERN PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRELIMINARIES -- 3 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 4 DETERMINISM IN SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS -- 5 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN ORDINARY QM -- 6 DETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL GTR -- 7 DETERMINISM IN RELATIVISTIC QFT -- 8 DETERMINISM AND QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 9 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Introduction: Explication in Philosophy of Science -- 1 AN IMPORTANT, THOUGH LARGELY IMPLICIT, METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- 2 EXPLICATION OF CONCEPTS AND INTUITIONS IN SCIENCE -- 3 SURVEY OF CHAPTERS -- 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Laws, Theories and Research Programmes -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 OBSERVATIONAL LAWS AND PROPER THEORIES -- 2 INTERMEZZO. THE STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO THEORIES -- 3 RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 2 Past and Contemporary Perspectives on Explanation -- 0. INTRODUCTION -- PART I: A (SELECTIVE) HISTORY OF EXPLANATION -- 1 ARISTOTLE: EXPLANATION AS DEMONSTRATION -- 2 DESCARTES: MECHANICAL EXPLANATION -- 3 LEIBNIZ: POWERS AND TELEOLOGY -- 4 NEWTON: DYNAMICAL EXPLANATION -- 5 HUME: AGAINST THE METAPHYSICS OF EXPLANATION -- 6 KANT: THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDS OF EXPLANATION -- 7 MILL: EXPLANATION AS UNIFICATION -- PART II: UNDERSTANDING EXPLANATION -- 8 THE LOGICAL POSITIVIST LEGACY -- 9 NOMIC EXPECTABILITY -- 10 ENTER CAUSATION -- 11 CAUSAL HISTORIES -- 12 (A BRIEF NOTE ON) LAWS OF NATURE -- 13 UNIFICATION REVISITED -- 14 MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION REVISITED -- 15 EXPLANATION AS MANIPULATION -- 16 STATISTICAL EXPLANATION -- 17 STATISTICAL RELEVANCE -- 18 DEDUCTIVE-NOMOLOGICAL-PROBABILISTIC EXPLANATION -- 19 ON HISTORICAL AND TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION -- 20 A CONCLUDING THOUGHT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Theories -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- 3 VIRTUES OF THEORIES -- 4 CONFIRMATION -- 5 ACCEPTANCE -- 6 CONCLUDING REMARK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 4 The Role of Experiments in the Natural Sciences: Examples from Physics and Biology. , 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 2 THE ROLES OF EXPERIMENT -- 3 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 5 The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The case of Economics -- 1 FROM OBSERVATIONS TO EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- 2 THE NOTION OF "EXPERIMENT" USED IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: FROM THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE ENLARGED VISION -- 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE CASE OF ECONOMICS -- 4 ROLE OF PREDICTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS: THE INFLUENCE OF GAME THEORY -- 5 THE MEASURE OF PREDICTIVE SUCCESS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 6 Ontological, Epistemological, and Methodological Positions -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ONTOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 2 EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 7 Reduction, Integration, and the Unity of Science: Natural, Behavioral, and Social Sciences and the Humanities -- 1 A HISTORICAL LOOK AT UNITY -- 2 FIELD GUIDE TO MODERN CONCEPTS OF REDUCTION AND UNITY -- 3 KITCHER'S REVISIONIST ACCOUNT OF UNIFICATION -- 4 CRITICS OF UNITY -- 5 INTEGRATION INSTEAD OF UNITY -- 6 REDUCTION VIA MECHANISMS -- 7 CASE STUDIES IN REDUCTION AND UNIFICATION ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES -- 8 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 8 Logical, Historical and Computational Approaches -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE LOGICAL APPROACH OF THE VIENNA CIRCLE AND THEIR FOLLOWERS FROM THE 1920S TO THE 1950S -- 3 THE CHALLENGE OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH (C. 1960 TO THE MID 1970S) -- 4 THE 1970S: SCIENCE AS PROBLEM SOLVING -- 5 THE 1980S AND 1990S: LOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE AND DISCOVERY -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 9 Demarcating Science from Nonscience -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WHY DEMARCATION? -- 3 HOW DEMARCATION? -- 4 CHARACTERIZING FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE. , 5 UNSCIENTIFIC FIELDS -- 6 PROTOSCIENCE AND HETERODOXY -- 7 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 History of the Philosophy of Science. From Wissenschaftslogik (Logic of Science) to Philosophy of Science: Europe and America, 1930-1960 -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- 1 THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: "WISSENSCHAFTSLOGIK" (LOGIC OF SCIENCE) BEFORE 1938 -- 2 THE WIENER KREIS IN GREAT BRITAIN: EMIGRATION AND INTERACTION -- 3 VIENNA, PARIS AND THE "FRENCH CONNECTION": CONVENTIONALISM -- 4 THE WIENER KREIS IN AMERICA: LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND (NEO-)PRAGMATISM -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Biography -- Charles Darwin -- Darwin the Geologist -- Darwin Becomes an Evolutionist -- Natural Selection -- The "Origin of Species" -- The Consilience -- After the "Origin" -- Philosophical Issues -- The Darwinian Revolution -- Bibliography -- Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher -- 1 Early Life and Education -- 2 At Rothamsted: A Period of Intense Activity -- 3 At University College, London -- 4 At Life's Close -- Bibliography -- Haldane and the Emergence of Modern Evolutionary Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Haldane's "Mathematical Theory" -- 4 The Causes of Evolution -- 5 The Aftermath -- 6 Historical Reconstructions -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Sewall Wright -- 1 A Biography in Brief -- 2 Inbreeding -- 3 Statistics and Path Analysis -- 4 Physiological Genetics -- 5 Population Genetics -- 6 The Shifting Balance Theory -- 7 Philosophy -- 8 Wright, The Man -- Bibliography -- Motoo Kimura -- 1 A Brief Biography -- 2 Population Genetics Theory -- 3 The Neutral Theory -- 4 Kimura The Man -- Bibliography -- Part II Evolution -- Natural Selection -- Fitness -- What Does Natural Selection Explain? -- Adaptationism -- Forces and Causes -- Bibliography -- Neutralism -- 1 The Neutral Theory: Some Historical Background -- 2 Reception of the Theory -- 3 Kimura's Arguments for Neutral Evolution -- 4 Tests of the Neutral Theory -- 5 Neutralism & -- Adaptive Evolution: The Molecular and the Phenotypic Level -- 6 What is Drift in the Context of the Neutral Theory? -- Bibliography -- Levels of Selection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Organisms to Genes and Groups -- 3 Genes and Organisms: Replicators, Interactors, and Other "Units" -- 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection. , 5 The Problem of Altruism and the Levels of Selection -- 6 Pluralism and Realism -- 7 Groups as Contexts, Groups as Superorganisms -- 8 Transitions in Evolutionary History -- Bibliography -- What is Evolvability? -- 1 The Metazoa and the Volvocaceans: Two Contrasting Fates -- 2 Limits on Volvocacean Disparity -- 3 Fitness: A Model for Evolvability? -- 4 Evolvability, Individuals and Environments -- Bibliography -- Development: Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Fragmentation of Evolution -- 3 Sub-Organismal Biology -- 4 Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 5 Conclusion: Going Through the Grades -- Bibliography -- Evolution and Normativity -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 The Shadow of Darwin -- 3 Final Thoughts -- Bibliography -- Evolutionary Ethics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background Assumptions -- 3 The Evolution of Altruism -- 4 Reproductive Strategies and the Two Norms Theory -- 5 Reproductive Strategies and Sex Roles -- 6 Morality and the Marital Compromise -- 7 Enhancement Norms and Control Norms -- 8 The Open Question Argument -- Bibliography -- Part III Genetics -- Genetic Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Factors to Genes: Mendel to Johannsen -- 3 The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity -- 4 Genetic Linkage as an Analytic Strategy -- 5 Genes - The Atoms of Heredity: From Muller to Watson and Crick -- 6 From Genotypes to Phenotypes to Stereotypes -- 7 Population Genetics Upholds Darwinism -- 8 Opening Pandora's Box: Cracks in the Dogma -- 9 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Development of Population Genetics -- 1 Early Days: The Law of Ancestral Heredity -- 2 Statistical Darwinism Vs. Mendelian Factors -- 3 From Statistical Biology to Mathematical Populations -- 4 Genes and Selection: The Synthesis Established -- 5 Debating the Details -- Bibliography -- Maximisation Principles in Evolutionary Biology. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Extremum Principles in Physics -- 3 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (1) Fisher's 'Fundamental Theorem' -- 4 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (2) Misinterpreting the Fundamental Theorem -- 5 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (3) What Remains To Be Said -- 6 Evolution as Entropy Maximisation -- 7 Reconstructing Evolution: The Principle of Parsimony and Ockham's Razor -- 8 Reconstructing Evolution: The Method of Minimum Evolution -- Bibliography -- Reductionism in Biology -- 1 Post-Positivist Intertheoretical Reduction -- 2 Intertheoretical Antireductionism -- 3 Historical Reductionism -- 4 Completing Why-Necessary Explanations in Evolutionary Biology -- Bibliography -- Traits, Genes, and Coding -- 1 The Uniqueness of Genes -- 2 Cause For Concern -- 3 False Starts and Dead Ends -- 4 A Better Idea -- 5 A Bullet to Bite -- 6 The Reach of the Code -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part IV Taxonomy -- Species, Taxonomy, and Systematics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species -- 3 Taxonomic Pluralism -- 4 The Linnaean Hierarchy -- Bibliography -- Homology and Homoplasy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Similarity -- 3 Hierarchy and Embryonic Development -- 4 Reconceptualizing Homology and Homoplasy -- 5 Homology and Analogy Delineated -- 6 Homoplasy -- 7 Homogeny and Homoplasy -- 8 Convergence -- 9 Parallelism -- 10 Reversals -- 11 Rudiments and Vestiges -- 12 Atavisms -- 13 The Continuum -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Conceptions of Race -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Typological Race Concept -- 3 The Geographical Race Concept -- 4 Global Arguments against Human Biological Races -- 5 Ecological and Phylogenetic Conceptions of Race -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part V Special Topics -- Formalisations of Evolutionary Biology -- Introduction -- 1 The Path to a Galilean Conception of Scientific Theories. , 2 The Complex Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- 3 The Formalisation of Some Component Theories which Comprise Contemporary Evolutionary Theory -- 4 Revisiting Models and Theories -- Bibliography -- Functions -- 1 The Problem of Biological Functions -- 2 Organisms, Artefacts, and Agents -- 3 The Selected Effects Account -- 4 Problems with the Selected Effects Account -- 5 Malfunction -- 6 Goal-Directedness -- 7 Kantian Projectivism -- 8 Naturalism -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Approaches to Mental Representation -- 1 The Problem of Intentionality -- 2 Functional and Semantic Norms -- 3 The Great Divide -- 4 Bridging the Divide: Neuroscience -- 5 Some Problems For Teleosemantics -- Bibliography -- Innateness -- Innateness as Growth -- Chomsky's Poverty of Stimulus -- Canalization and the Epigenetic Landscape -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Artificial Life -- 1 History and Methodology -- 2 Three Illustrations of Contemporary Artificial Life -- 3 Philosophical Implications of Artificial Life -- 4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Series Editor's introduction -- Ministers' page: Towards forecasting a changing ocean: An African Perspective -- Sponsorship page -- Foreword -- List of contributors -- PART I: BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. A plan comes together -- UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT -- TEN YEARS OF CLOSE REGIONAL COLLABORATION -- OBSERVING AND PREDICTING IN THE BCLME WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT -- FAST-TRACKING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL OBSERVING SYSTEM AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY -- ABOUT THIS BOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Forecasting within the context of Large Marine Ecosystem Programs -- LME DEFINITION: DELINEATION AND MAJOR STRESSORS -- LME INDICATOR MODULES -- APPLICATION OF INDICATOR MODULES TO LME MANAGEMENT SUPPORTED BY THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) -- SCIENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF LME BIOMASS YIELDS -- RECOVERING FISHERIES BIOMASS -- LME MODELING AND DRIVING FORCES OF CHANGE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. The Global Ocean Observing System for Africa (GOOS Africa): Monitoring and Predicting in Large Marine Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- THE LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM (LME) CONCEPT AND STRATEGY -- THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM IN AFRICA (GOOS-AFRICA) -- GOOS-AFRICA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS -- THE AFRICAN LMES ARE CORE AND VITAL STRATEGIC PARTNERS FOR GOOS-AFRICA -- GOOS-AFRICA CONTRIBUTION TO INTEGRATED MONITORING AND PREDICTING OF LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS: SUCCESS STORIES -- GOOS-AFRICA FORWARD LOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART II: SETTING THE SCENE -- Chapter 4. Large scale physical variability of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) -- INTRODUCTION -- MAJOR PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ATMOSPHERIC FORCING OF THE BCLME -- LARGE SCALE MODES OF VARIABILITY -- WATER MASSES AND VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BCLME. , NUMERICAL OCEAN MODELLING IN THE BCLME -- SCHEMATIC CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM A NUMERICAL MODEL -- NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Low oxygen water (LOW) variability in the Benguela system: Key processes and forcing scales relevant to forecasting -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHESIS OF SYSTEM PROCESSES AND VARIABILITY -- REMOTE FORCING: EASTERN TROPICAL SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC (ETSA - BENGUELA LINKAGE) -- BENGUELA SHELF VARIABILITY -- PROCESSES REQUIRING DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT -- PROCESSES WITH FORECASTING POTENTIAL -- WHAT ARE THE GAPS? -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. The variability and potential for prediction of harmful algal blooms in the southern Benguela ecosystem -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SPATIAL [GEOGRAPHIC] DISTRIBUTION OF HABS -- SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF HABS -- THE TIMING OF HABS: ACROSS-SHELF AND ALONGSHORE TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSION: THE POTENTIAL FOR PREDICTION -- Chapter 8. Resource and ecosystem variability, including regime shifts, in the Benguela Current system -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESOURCE VARIABILITY -- ECOSYSTEM VARIABILITY -- PREDICTING VARIABILITY -- MAKING PREDICTIONS -- A WAY FORWARD -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 6. Variability of plankton with reference to fish variability in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem - An overview -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EVENT-SCALE VARIABILITY -- SEASONAL CHANGES -- INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL CHANGES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems --California, Canary, Humboldt -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICS -- ECOLOGY -- TELECONNECTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER GENERAL THOUGHTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART III: HOPES, DREAMS AND REALITY. , Chapter 10. Influences of large scale climate modes and Agulhas system variability on the BCLME region -- INTRODUCTION -- ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY OF THE BCLME REGION -- BENGUELA NIÑOS AND SST VARIABILITY IN THE TROPICAL EASTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN -- INFLUENCE OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN AGULHAS SYSTEM ON THE BCLME REGION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 11. Developing a basis for detecting and predicting long-term ecosystem changes -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ECOSYSTEM CHANGES TO BE MONITORED -- APPROPRIATE ECOSYSTEM INDICATORS AND MODELS -- DESIRED END PRODUCTS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS -- SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 12. The requirements for forecasting harmful algal blooms in the Benguela -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL COUPLINGS UNDERLYING HABS -- IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IMPORTANT TO BLOOM CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT -- REAL-TIME OBSERVATION OF HABS -- NUMERICAL MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF HAB DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 13. Low oxygen water (LOW) forcing scales amenable to forecasting in the Benguela ecosystem -- INTRODUCTION -- SCALES OF LOW VARIABILITY AMENABLE TO FORECASTING -- REMOTE EQUATORIAL FORCING: 2 MONTH FORECASTING SCALE -- SHELF SCALE FORCING: 7 DAY FORECASTING SCALE -- IMPORTANCE OF COUPLED MECHANISMS -- OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 14. Forecasting shelf processes of relevance to living marine resources in the BCLME -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LOW OXYGEN WATER EVENTS -- MESOSCALE PROCESSES -- BOUNDARY PROCESSES -- OTHER SHELF PROCESSES -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Environmental data requirements of maritime operations in the Benguela coastal ocean -- INTRODUCTION -- OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION NEEDS -- DIAMOND MINING -- SHIPPING -- PORTS. , FISHING -- SOVEREIGNTY AND RESOURCE PROTECTION -- MARITIME FORECASTING IN SUPPORT OF RISK MANAGEMENT -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART IV: THE WAY AHEAD -- Chapter 16. Towards a future integrated forecast system -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES FOR THE BCLME -- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter 17. Forecasting a large marine ecosystem -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- MODELLING PRACTICE IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- SHORT-TERM LME FORECASTING -- MEDIUM-TERM LME FORECASTING -- LONG-TERM LME FORECASTING -- WHAT-IF? PREDICTION -- A VISION OF THE FUTURE -- Index -- Large Marine Ecosystems Series.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Chemistry -- Copyright -- General Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Part 1: Introduction -- Introduction -- 1 What is the Philosophy of Chemistry? -- 2 History of the Philosophy of chemistry -- 3 Chemical Substances -- 4 Central Concepts and Methodology -- 5 Chemistry, Physics and Other Disciplines -- 6 The Future of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Part 2: History of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Prehistory of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2 The Heritage of Kant -- 3 Hegel, Schelling, Peirce -- 4 Whewell, Mill, Broad -- 5 Ostwald, Cassirer, Paneth -- 6 French Philosophy of Chemistry -- 7 Neglect of Chemistry in English-Language Philosophy of Science -- 8 Philosophy of Chemistry in Eastern Europe -- 9 Resonance and Politics -- 10 Birth of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Robert Boyle (1627-1691) -- Bibliography -- Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) -- Bibliography -- Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Chemical Work -- 3 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- John Dalton (1766-1844) -- Bibliography -- Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biography -- 3 Research Topics -- 4 Philosophical Views -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Thermodynamics -- 3 Physical Chemistry -- 4 Philosophy -- Bibliography -- Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Intellectual Odyssey -- 3 Energetic Theory -- 4 Energetic Chemistry -- 5 Energy And Matter -- Bibliography -- PIERRE DUHEM (1861-1916) -- 1 Bibliographical Sketch -- 2 The Place of Chemistry in Duhem's Interests -- 3 Chemical Formulas -- 4 Duhem's Critique of Chemical Atomism -- 5 Ancient Views of Mixture -- 6 Final Comments -- Bibliography -- FrantiˇSek Wald (1861-1930) -- Phenomenalist Chemistry -- Acknowledgement. , Bibliography -- G. N. Lewis (1875-1946) -- Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) -- 1 Chemistry as a Model for a New Epistemology -- 2 Chemistry: An Anti-Model Science -- 3 Chemistry: A Science of Harmony -- 4 Chemistry: A Science of Effects -- 5 Chemistry: A Phenomenotechnique -- ideal of rationalism, as a kind of ethical engagement. -- Bibliography -- LINUS PAULING (1901-1994) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography. -- Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003) -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Charles Coulson (1910-1974) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography -- Part 3: Chemical Substances -- Ancient Theories of Chemical Substance -- 1 Early Pluralist Theories -- 2 Plato's Speculative Suggestions -- 3 Aristotle's Theory of Mixis -- 4 Later Atomism's More Dynamic Theory -- 5 The Stoic Alternative -- 6 Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Substances: The Ontology of Chemistry -- 1 Terminological Preliminaries -- 2 Phenomenology of Everyday Stuff (and Things) -- 3 High-Entropy Bulk Glassy Metals and Other Mixts -- 4 Protochemistry -- 5 Stuff Perspective -- 6 Natural Kinds -- 7 Molar Definition of "Pure Substance -- 8 Polymorphs -- 9 The Phase Rule -- 10 Phase and Substance Properties -- 11 Metastable and Other Esoteric Phases -- 12 Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- 13 Inclusion Complexes and Addition Compounds -- 14 Atomic Number -- 15 Isotopes (Nuclear Isomers) -- 16 Monomers and Polymers -- 17 Identification of (Submicroscopic) Chemical Species -- 18 Enantiomers and Racemates -- 19 Tautomers and Other Fleeting Species -- 20 One set of Nuclei and Electrons -- 21 Concluding Remarks -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Modality, Mereology and Substance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mereology -- 3 The Interpretation of Quantified Modal Logic -- 4 Natural Kinds -- 5 Substance Properties as Mass Predicates -- 6 Intensive and Homogeneous Predicates -- 7 Modality. , 8 Final Word on the Elements -- Bibliography -- Elements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Development -- 3 Paneth on the Elements -- 4 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Aristotelian Conception of Mixture -- 3 The Stoic Theory of Mixt -- 4 Freeing Substance from Phase -- 5 The Law of Definite Proportions and the Problem of Chemical Combination -- 6 Thermodynamics and the Phase Rule -- 7 Questioning the Law of Definite Proportions: Berthollides -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part 4: Chemical Concepts and Methods -- The Chemical Bond -- 1 Chemical Structure Theory -- 2 The Electron and the Chemical Bond -- 3 Quantum Mechanics and the Chemical Bond -- 4 Two Conceptions of the Chemical Bond -- Bibliography -- Mechanisms and Chemical Reaction -- 1 Introduction. -- 2 What is a Mechanism in Organic Chemistry? -- 3 Establishing a Mechanism: The Bromonation of Alkenes -- 4 Using Mechanisms in Total Synthesis -- 5 Mechanisms in Philosophy and Chemistry -- Bibliography -- The Periodic Table -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief History -- 3 Forms of the Periodic Table -- 4 Developments in Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Laws in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Grammar of Statements of Natural Laws -- 3 Refinements and Qualifications -- 4 Chemical Taxonomies -- 5 A common Feature? -- 6 The Status of Equations Describing Reactions -- 7 Which Concept of Causation is Exemplified in Chemical Discourse? -- 8 Falsification Protection -- 9 The Deducibility of Counterfactuals -- Bibliography -- Chemical Modeling -- 1 Physical Modeling in Chemistry -- 2 Mathematical Modeling in Chemistry -- 3 Putting Chemical Models to Work -- Bibliography -- Part 5: Chemistry and Physics -- Reduction, Emergence and Physicalism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemistry and Classical Reduction -- 3 Chemistry in a Physical World. , 4 Physicalism -- 5 The Completeness of Physics -- Bibliography -- Atoms and Molecules in Classical Chemistry and Quantum Mechanics -- 1 The Evolution of Classical Molecular Structure -- 2 Atomic and Molecular Structure, and Valence Bonds -- 3 The Molecule in Quantum Mechanics -- Bibliography -- Concept Amalgamation and Representation in Quantum Chemistry -- Introduction -- Stage Setting -- The Schr¨Odinger Equation -- The Heitler-London Calculation -- The Valence Bond Approach -- The Molecular Orbital Approach -- Comparison of VB and MO Approaches -- Abstracting the Qualitative from the Quantitative -- A NEW METHOD: CONFIGURATION INTERACTION -- The Dark Age and Beyond: Further Development of Quantum Chemistry -- From Equations to Pictures -- Bridging the Gap -- Representing Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Thermodynamics in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of Thermodynamics -- 3 Practice of Thermodynamics -- 4 The Phase Rule -- 5 Statistical Thermodynamics -- 6 Possible Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Entropy in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Clausius on Entropy -- 3 Gibbs on Entropy -- 4 Planck on Entropy -- 5 The Neglect of Entropy -- 6 Changing Times -- Bibliography -- Part 6: Chemistry and Other Disciplines -- Explanatory Relationships Between Chemical and Biological Sciences -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Specific form of Chemistry -- 3 Chemical Explanations of Biological Phenomena -- 4 The Explanation of the Formation of Life -- Bibliography -- Chemistry and Pharmacy: A Philosophical Inquiry Into an Evolving Relationship -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Philosophy of Pharmacy -- 3 'Targets' and the Promise of Rational Drug Design -- 4 Screening: Creating Chemical Possibilities the Old-Fashioned Way -- 5 Chemical Tweaking as Empirical Drug Design - Variation on a Theme -- 6 The Paradox of the Pharmakon. , 7 Historical Perspectives on the Relationship Between Chemistry and Pharmacy -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chemical Engineering Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena -- 3 Similarity Considerations and Dimensionless Numbers -- 4 Dimensional Analysis in Chemical Engineering -- 5 Fundamental Presuppositions of Dimensional Analysis -- 6 Ceteris Paribus Assumptions -- 7 Geometric Models of Heterogeneous Multiphase Systems -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Ecology -- Copyright Page -- General Preface -- Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Introduction -- Philosophy of Ecology Today -- Introduction -- Part 1: Philosophical Issues in the History and Science of Ecology -- Part 2: Philosophical Issues in Applied Ecology and Conservation Science -- Part 1: Philosophical Issues in the History and Science of Ecology -- Origins and Development of Ecology -- Introduction -- 1 What were the Novel Abductions or Hypotheses that Set Ecology Apart? -- 2 What were the Origins or Inspirations of these Defining Hypotheses? -- 3 How much have these Initial Hypotheses Affected the Subsequent Development of Ecology? -- 4 Who exactly Constituted the Community of Pioneer Ecologists? -- 5 How much Convergence Towards a Consistent set of Hypotheses has Occurred? -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- Bibliography -- The Legend of Order and Chaos: Communities and Early Community Ecology -- 1 Clements, Gleason, and Preservability -- 2 The Prospect of Scientific Ecology -- 3 Order and Chaos -- 4 Clements's and Gleason's Ontologies -- 5 Polarizing Narratives -- 6 Multiple Communities -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Philosophical Themes in the Work of Robert H. Macarthur -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Biographical Sketch and Sketch of Macarthur's Research Program -- 3 A Tale of Two Models -- 4 Did Macarthur Unify Population Biology? -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Embodied Realism and Invasive Species -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Image Schemata of Invasion Biology -- 3 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adequacy Criteria for the Concept of Ecological Diversity -- 3 Simpson's Index -- 4 Shannon's Index -- 5 The Role of the Diversity Concept within Ecology -- Acknowledgements. , Bibliography -- The Biodiversity-ecosystem Function Debate in Ecology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: The Diversity-Stability Debate -- 3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions: Key Concepts -- 4 The Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function Debate -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- A Dynamical Approach to Ecosystem Identity -- Introduction -- 1 The Practical Significance of Ecosystem Individuation -- 2 Identity and Individuation of Dynamical Systems -- 3 Ecosystem Individuation and Change -- 4 Ecosystem Meta-Models -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Symbiosis in Ecology and Evolution -- 1 Symbiosis-The Neglected Link Between Ecology and Evolution -- 2 History of the Concept -- 3 What, Precisely, Is Symbiosis? -- 4 Symbiosis and Evolution -- 5 Symbiosis and Cancer -- 6 Symbiosis and Human Ecology -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Ecology as Historical Science -- 1 History in Science and Historical Sciences -- 2 Status and Authority among the Sciences -- 3 Aims of Explanation -- 4 The Role of Prediction -- 5 A Case in Point -- 6 Reduction and Supervenience -- 7 Models and Evidence -- 8 The Standing of Ecological Models -- 9 Epistemic Remarks -- 10 Conclusion: Ecology as a Historical Science -- Bibliography -- Part 2: Philosophical Issues in Applied Ecology and Conservation Science -- Environmental Ethics and Decision Theory: Fellow Travellers or Bitter Enemies? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Case for Triage and Carbon Trading -- 3 Some Arguments Against Triage and Carbon Trading -- 4 A Decision-Theoretic Case Against Triage and Carbon Trading -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Postmodern Ecological Restoration: Choosing Appropriate Temporal and Spatial Scales -- Introduction: Classic Ecological Restoration -- The Wilderness Myth and the Equilibrium-Ecology Myth. , The Myth of Clementsian Equilibrium Ecology Debunked -- The Colonial Wilderness Myth Debunked -- Pleistocene Parks? -- A Question of Scale -- Temporal Scale and the Problem of Selecting a Reference System for Ecological Restoration -- The Classic Norms of Ecological Restoration Scientifically Justified -- A Scalar Distinction Between Pre- and Post-Industrial Human Disturbance -- Is Ecological Restoration Hubristic? -- Summary and Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Habitat Reconstruction: Moving Beyond Historical Fidelity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Balcones Canyonlands -- 3 Defining Ecological Restoration -- 4 Doubts About Integrity -- 5 Problems with Fidelity -- 6 Natural Values -- 7 The Reconstructionist Agenda -- 8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Modeling Sustainability in Economics and Ecology -- 1 Introduction: The Challenge -- 2 Accounting and Reversibility and Substitutability: Still Controversial -- 3 Scale Determination: The Greater Challenge Today -- 4 Reforming or Replacing Economics: What is Needed? -- 5 Reflexive Philosophy of Science: Models, Metaphors, and the Discernment of Social Values -- 6 Conclusion: Prospects for a Truly Ecological Approach to Sustainability -- Bibliography -- Diversity and the Good -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species Richness and Biological Productivity -- 3 Economic Inequality and Biodiversity Loss -- 4 The Intrinsic Value of Diversity and Equality -- 5 Other Potential Applications -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Information -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- General Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Commentators -- Acknowledgements -- Part A Introduction and Scene Setting -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Information is what Information does -- Part B History of Ideas: Information Concepts -- Chapter 2 Epistemology and Information -- Chapter 3 Information in Natural Language -- Chapter 4 Trends in the Philosophy of Information -- Chapter 5 Learning and the Cooperative Computational Universe -- Part C Three Major Foundational Approaches -- Chapter 6 The Quantitative Theory of Information -- Chapter 7 The Stories of Logic and Information -- Chapter 8 Algorithmic Information Theory -- Part D Major Themes in Transforming and Using Information -- Chapter 9 Ockham's Razor, Truth, and Information -- Chapter 10 Epistemic Logic and Information Update -- Chapter 11 Information Structures in Belief Revision -- Chapter 12 Information, Processes and Games -- Chapter 13 Information and Beliefs in Game Theory -- Part E Information in the Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences -- Chapter 14 Information in Computer Science -- Chapter 15 The Physics of Information -- Chapter 16 Information in the Study of Human Interaction -- Chapter 17 The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy -- Chapter 18 Information, Computation, and Cognitive Science -- Chapter 19 Information in Biological Systems -- Index.