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The many valued and non-monotonic turn in logic (2007)

Gabbay, Dov M. 1945- ; Woods, John Hayden ; ScienceDirect (Online service)

Amsterdam : North Holland

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Keywords: Many-valued logic ; Nonmonotonic reasoning ; Many-valued logic ; Nonmonotonic reasoning

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: Online-Ressource , p. cm

Edition: Online-Ausg.] Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect

ISBN: 0444516239 , 9780444516237

Series Statement: Handbook of the history of logic volume 8

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444516237

URL: https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1135.03302

Language: English

Note: Includes index

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Handbook of the history of logic : Volume 2: Mediaeval and renaissance logic (2008)

Gabbay, Dov M. 1945- ; Woods, John Hayden ; ScienceDirect (Online service)

Amsterdam : North Holland

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Keywords: Logic History ; Mathematische Logik ; Mathematik ; Geschichte

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: Online-Ressource , x, 716 p

Edition: Online-Ausg.] Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect

ISBN: 0444516255 , 9780444516251

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444516251

URL: https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1135.03300

Language: English

Note: Includes bibliographical references and index

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Logic and the modalities in the twentieth century (2006)

Gabbay, Dov M. 1945- ; Woods, John 1937-

Amsterdam : Elsevier North Holland | Oxford : [Elsevier Science [distributor]

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Keywords: Logic History ; Mathematische Logik ; Geschichte

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: Online-Ressource

Edition: Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect

ISBN: 0444516220 , 9780444516220

Series Statement: Handbook of the history of logic volume 7

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444516220

URL: https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1135.03301

Language: English

Note: Includes index

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A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems : The Reach of Abduction: Insight and Trial (2005)

Gabbay, Dov M. 1945-

Amsterdam : Elsevier

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Keywords: Logic ; Abduction (Logic) ; Abduction (Logic) ; Logic ; Abduction (Logic) ; Logic ; Abductie (logica) ; PHILOSOPHY ; Logic ; Electronic books ; Electronic books ; Abduktion ; Kognition ; Abduktion ; Kognition

Description / Table of Contents: Acknowledgements. -- Preface. -- -- A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Practical Logic -- Conceptual Models of Abduction -- 3. The Structure of Abduction -- 4. Explanationist Abduction -- 5. Non-Plausibilistic Abduction -- 6. Diagnostic Abduction in AI -- 7. The Characteristic and the Plausible -- 8. Relevance and Analogy -- 9. Interpretation Abduction -- Formal Models of Abduction -- 10. A Glimpse of Formality -- 11. A General Theory of Logical Systems -- 12. A Base Logic -- 13. An Abductive Mechanism for the Base Logic -- Bibliography. -- Index

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: Online-Ressource

Edition: Elsevier e-book collection on ScienceDirect

ISBN: 044451791X , 9780444517913

Series Statement: A practical logic of cognitive systems v. 2

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444517913

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/18745075/2

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/18745075/2

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444517913

URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/18745075/2

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/bookseries/18745075/2

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9780444517913

URL: https://zbmath.org/?q=an:1078.03002

RVK:

CC 2600

Language: English

Note: Includes bibliographical references (p. 443-472) and index , Acknowledgements. -- Preface. -- -- A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Practical Logic -- Conceptual Models of Abduction -- 3. The Structure of Abduction -- 4. Explanationist Abduction -- 5. Non-Plausibilistic Abduction -- 6. Diagnostic Abduction in AI -- 7. The Characteristic and the Plausible -- 8. Relevance and Analogy -- 9. Interpretation Abduction -- Formal Models of Abduction -- 10. A Glimpse of Formality -- 11. A General Theory of Logical Systems -- 12. A Base Logic -- 13. An Abductive Mechanism for the Base Logic -- Bibliography. -- Index. , The present work is a continuation of the authors' acclaimed multi-volume A Practical Logic of Cognitive Systems. After having investigated the notion of relevance in their previous volume, Gabbay and Woods now turn to abduction. In this highly original approach, abduction is construed as ignorance-preserving inference, in which conjecture plays a pivotal role. Abduction is a response to a cognitive target that cannot be hit on the basis of what the agent currently knows. The abducer selects a hypothesis which were it true would enable the reasoner to attain his target. He concludes from this fact that the hypothesis may be conjectured. In allowing conjecture to stand in for the knowledge he fails to have, the abducer reveals himself to be a satisficer, since an abductive solution is not a solution from knowledge. Key to the authors' analysis is the requirement that a conjectured proposition is not just what a reasoner might allow himself to assume, but a proposition he must defeasibly release as a premiss for further inferences in the domain of enquiry in which the original abduction problem has arisen. The coverage of the book is extensive, from the philosophy of science to computer science and AI, from diagnostics to the law, from historical explanation to linguistic interpretation. One of the volume's strongest contributions is its exploration of the abductive character of criminal trials, with special attention given to the standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt. Underlying their analysis of abductive reasoning is the authors' conception of practical agency. In this approach, practical agency is dominantly a matter of the comparative modesty of an agent's cognitive agendas, together with comparatively scant resources available for their advancement. Seen in these ways, abduction has a significantly practical character, precisely because it is a form of inference that satisfices rather than maximizes its response to the agent's cognitive target. The Reach of Abduction will be necessary reading for researchers, graduate students and senior undergraduates in logic, computer science, AI, belief dynamics, argumentation theory, cognitive psychology and neuroscience, linguistics, forensic science, legal reasoning and related areas. Key features: - Reach of Abduction is fully integrated with a background logic of cognitive systems. - The most extensive coverage compared to competitive works. - Demonstrates not only that abduction is a form of ignorance p ...

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Benguela : Predicting a Large Marine Ecosystem. (2006)

Shannon, Vere.

San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,

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Keywords: Atlantic Coast (South Africa) -- Environmental conditions -- Forecasting. ; Electronic books.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 1 online resource (438 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780080476049

Series Statement: Issn Series ; v.Volume 14

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=294003

Language: English

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Series Editor's introduction -- Ministers' page: Towards forecasting a changing ocean: An African Perspective -- Sponsorship page -- Foreword -- List of contributors -- PART I: BY WAY OF INTRODUCTION -- Chapter 1. A plan comes together -- UNIQUE ENVIRONMENT -- TEN YEARS OF CLOSE REGIONAL COLLABORATION -- OBSERVING AND PREDICTING IN THE BCLME WITHIN THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT -- FAST-TRACKING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A REGIONAL OBSERVING SYSTEM AND PREDICTIVE CAPABILITY -- ABOUT THIS BOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2. Forecasting within the context of Large Marine Ecosystem Programs -- LME DEFINITION: DELINEATION AND MAJOR STRESSORS -- LME INDICATOR MODULES -- APPLICATION OF INDICATOR MODULES TO LME MANAGEMENT SUPPORTED BY THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF) -- SCIENCE-BASED ASSESSMENTS OF LME BIOMASS YIELDS -- RECOVERING FISHERIES BIOMASS -- LME MODELING AND DRIVING FORCES OF CHANGE -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3. The Global Ocean Observing System for Africa (GOOS Africa): Monitoring and Predicting in Large Marine Ecosystems -- INTRODUCTION -- THE LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEM (LME) CONCEPT AND STRATEGY -- THE RISE OF THE GLOBAL OCEAN OBSERVING SYSTEM IN AFRICA (GOOS-AFRICA) -- GOOS-AFRICA STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPS -- THE AFRICAN LMES ARE CORE AND VITAL STRATEGIC PARTNERS FOR GOOS-AFRICA -- GOOS-AFRICA CONTRIBUTION TO INTEGRATED MONITORING AND PREDICTING OF LARGE MARINE ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUDING REMARKS: SUCCESS STORIES -- GOOS-AFRICA FORWARD LOOK -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART II: SETTING THE SCENE -- Chapter 4. Large scale physical variability of the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem (BCLME) -- INTRODUCTION -- MAJOR PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ATMOSPHERIC FORCING OF THE BCLME -- LARGE SCALE MODES OF VARIABILITY -- WATER MASSES AND VERTICAL STRUCTURE OF THE BCLME. , NUMERICAL OCEAN MODELLING IN THE BCLME -- SCHEMATIC CIRCULATION DEDUCED FROM A NUMERICAL MODEL -- NUMERICAL MODELLING OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IN THE BCLME -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5. Low oxygen water (LOW) variability in the Benguela system: Key processes and forcing scales relevant to forecasting -- INTRODUCTION -- SYNTHESIS OF SYSTEM PROCESSES AND VARIABILITY -- REMOTE FORCING: EASTERN TROPICAL SOUTHEAST ATLANTIC (ETSA - BENGUELA LINKAGE) -- BENGUELA SHELF VARIABILITY -- PROCESSES REQUIRING DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT -- PROCESSES WITH FORECASTING POTENTIAL -- WHAT ARE THE GAPS? -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7. The variability and potential for prediction of harmful algal blooms in the southern Benguela ecosystem -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- THE SPATIAL [GEOGRAPHIC] DISTRIBUTION OF HABS -- SEASONAL INCIDENCE OF HABS -- THE TIMING OF HABS: ACROSS-SHELF AND ALONGSHORE TRANSPORT -- CONCLUSION: THE POTENTIAL FOR PREDICTION -- Chapter 8. Resource and ecosystem variability, including regime shifts, in the Benguela Current system -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- RESOURCE VARIABILITY -- ECOSYSTEM VARIABILITY -- PREDICTING VARIABILITY -- MAKING PREDICTIONS -- A WAY FORWARD -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 6. Variability of plankton with reference to fish variability in the Benguela Current Large Marine Ecosystem - An overview -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- EVENT-SCALE VARIABILITY -- SEASONAL CHANGES -- INTERANNUAL AND DECADAL CHANGES -- CONCLUSIONS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9. Modelling, forecasting and scenarios in comparable upwelling ecosystems --California, Canary, Humboldt -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICS -- ECOLOGY -- TELECONNECTIONS BETWEEN ECOSYSTEMS -- CONCLUSIONS AND FURTHER GENERAL THOUGHTS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- PART III: HOPES, DREAMS AND REALITY. , Chapter 10. Influences of large scale climate modes and Agulhas system variability on the BCLME region -- INTRODUCTION -- ATMOSPHERIC VARIABILITY OF THE BCLME REGION -- BENGUELA NIÑOS AND SST VARIABILITY IN THE TROPICAL EASTERN ATLANTIC OCEAN -- INFLUENCE OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOUTHERN AGULHAS SYSTEM ON THE BCLME REGION -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 11. Developing a basis for detecting and predicting long-term ecosystem changes -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- ECOSYSTEM CHANGES TO BE MONITORED -- APPROPRIATE ECOSYSTEM INDICATORS AND MODELS -- DESIRED END PRODUCTS AND DATA REQUIREMENTS -- SCHEDULE FOR IMPLEMENTATION -- CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 12. The requirements for forecasting harmful algal blooms in the Benguela -- INTRODUCTION -- PHYSICAL-BIOLOGICAL COUPLINGS UNDERLYING HABS -- IDENTIFICATION OF THE PHYSICAL PROCESSES IMPORTANT TO BLOOM CONCENTRATION AND TRANSPORT -- REAL-TIME OBSERVATION OF HABS -- NUMERICAL MODELLING AND PREDICTION OF HAB DYNAMICS -- CONCLUSIONS -- Chapter 13. Low oxygen water (LOW) forcing scales amenable to forecasting in the Benguela ecosystem -- INTRODUCTION -- SCALES OF LOW VARIABILITY AMENABLE TO FORECASTING -- REMOTE EQUATORIAL FORCING: 2 MONTH FORECASTING SCALE -- SHELF SCALE FORCING: 7 DAY FORECASTING SCALE -- IMPORTANCE OF COUPLED MECHANISMS -- OBSERVATIONAL PROGRAMME -- SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- Chapter 14. Forecasting shelf processes of relevance to living marine resources in the BCLME -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- LOW OXYGEN WATER EVENTS -- MESOSCALE PROCESSES -- BOUNDARY PROCESSES -- OTHER SHELF PROCESSES -- DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 15. Environmental data requirements of maritime operations in the Benguela coastal ocean -- INTRODUCTION -- OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION NEEDS -- DIAMOND MINING -- SHIPPING -- PORTS. , FISHING -- SOVEREIGNTY AND RESOURCE PROTECTION -- MARITIME FORECASTING IN SUPPORT OF RISK MANAGEMENT -- SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- PART IV: THE WAY AHEAD -- Chapter 16. Towards a future integrated forecast system -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES FOR THE BCLME -- SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS FOR THE CANDIDATE PREDICTIVE CAPABILITIES -- CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS -- Chapter 17. Forecasting a large marine ecosystem -- SUMMARY -- INTRODUCTION -- MODELLING PRACTICE IN THE 21ST CENTURY -- SHORT-TERM LME FORECASTING -- MEDIUM-TERM LME FORECASTING -- LONG-TERM LME FORECASTING -- WHAT-IF? PREDICTION -- A VISION OF THE FUTURE -- Index -- Large Marine Ecosystems Series.

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General Philosophy of Science : Focal Issues. (2007)

Gabbay, Dov M.

San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,

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Keywords: Science -- Philosophy. ; Electronic books.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 1 online resource (713 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780080548548

Series Statement: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=305577

Language: English

Note: Front Cover -- General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Introduction: Explication in Philosophy of Science -- 1 AN IMPORTANT, THOUGH LARGELY IMPLICIT, METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- 2 EXPLICATION OF CONCEPTS AND INTUITIONS IN SCIENCE -- 3 SURVEY OF CHAPTERS -- 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Laws, Theories and Research Programmes -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 OBSERVATIONAL LAWS AND PROPER THEORIES -- 2 INTERMEZZO. THE STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO THEORIES -- 3 RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 2 Past and Contemporary Perspectives on Explanation -- 0. INTRODUCTION -- PART I: A (SELECTIVE) HISTORY OF EXPLANATION -- 1 ARISTOTLE: EXPLANATION AS DEMONSTRATION -- 2 DESCARTES: MECHANICAL EXPLANATION -- 3 LEIBNIZ: POWERS AND TELEOLOGY -- 4 NEWTON: DYNAMICAL EXPLANATION -- 5 HUME: AGAINST THE METAPHYSICS OF EXPLANATION -- 6 KANT: THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDS OF EXPLANATION -- 7 MILL: EXPLANATION AS UNIFICATION -- PART II: UNDERSTANDING EXPLANATION -- 8 THE LOGICAL POSITIVIST LEGACY -- 9 NOMIC EXPECTABILITY -- 10 ENTER CAUSATION -- 11 CAUSAL HISTORIES -- 12 (A BRIEF NOTE ON) LAWS OF NATURE -- 13 UNIFICATION REVISITED -- 14 MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION REVISITED -- 15 EXPLANATION AS MANIPULATION -- 16 STATISTICAL EXPLANATION -- 17 STATISTICAL RELEVANCE -- 18 DEDUCTIVE-NOMOLOGICAL-PROBABILISTIC EXPLANATION -- 19 ON HISTORICAL AND TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION -- 20 A CONCLUDING THOUGHT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Theories -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- 3 VIRTUES OF THEORIES -- 4 CONFIRMATION -- 5 ACCEPTANCE -- 6 CONCLUDING REMARK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 4 The Role of Experiments in the Natural Sciences: Examples from Physics and Biology. , 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 2 THE ROLES OF EXPERIMENT -- 3 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 5 The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The case of Economics -- 1 FROM OBSERVATIONS TO EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- 2 THE NOTION OF "EXPERIMENT" USED IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: FROM THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE ENLARGED VISION -- 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE CASE OF ECONOMICS -- 4 ROLE OF PREDICTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS: THE INFLUENCE OF GAME THEORY -- 5 THE MEASURE OF PREDICTIVE SUCCESS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 6 Ontological, Epistemological, and Methodological Positions -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ONTOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 2 EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 7 Reduction, Integration, and the Unity of Science: Natural, Behavioral, and Social Sciences and the Humanities -- 1 A HISTORICAL LOOK AT UNITY -- 2 FIELD GUIDE TO MODERN CONCEPTS OF REDUCTION AND UNITY -- 3 KITCHER'S REVISIONIST ACCOUNT OF UNIFICATION -- 4 CRITICS OF UNITY -- 5 INTEGRATION INSTEAD OF UNITY -- 6 REDUCTION VIA MECHANISMS -- 7 CASE STUDIES IN REDUCTION AND UNIFICATION ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES -- 8 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 8 Logical, Historical and Computational Approaches -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE LOGICAL APPROACH OF THE VIENNA CIRCLE AND THEIR FOLLOWERS FROM THE 1920S TO THE 1950S -- 3 THE CHALLENGE OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH (C. 1960 TO THE MID 1970S) -- 4 THE 1970S: SCIENCE AS PROBLEM SOLVING -- 5 THE 1980S AND 1990S: LOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE AND DISCOVERY -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 9 Demarcating Science from Nonscience -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WHY DEMARCATION? -- 3 HOW DEMARCATION? -- 4 CHARACTERIZING FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE. , 5 UNSCIENTIFIC FIELDS -- 6 PROTOSCIENCE AND HETERODOXY -- 7 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 History of the Philosophy of Science. From Wissenschaftslogik (Logic of Science) to Philosophy of Science: Europe and America, 1930-1960 -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- 1 THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: "WISSENSCHAFTSLOGIK" (LOGIC OF SCIENCE) BEFORE 1938 -- 2 THE WIENER KREIS IN GREAT BRITAIN: EMIGRATION AND INTERACTION -- 3 VIENNA, PARIS AND THE "FRENCH CONNECTION": CONVENTIONALISM -- 4 THE WIENER KREIS IN AMERICA: LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND (NEO-)PRAGMATISM -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Index.

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Philosophy of Biology. (2007)

Gabbay, Dov M.

San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,

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Keywords: Biology -- Philosophy. ; Evolution (Biology). ; Electronic books.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 1 online resource (639 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780080471242

Series Statement: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=287937

DDC: 570.1

Language: English

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Biography -- Charles Darwin -- Darwin the Geologist -- Darwin Becomes an Evolutionist -- Natural Selection -- The "Origin of Species" -- The Consilience -- After the "Origin" -- Philosophical Issues -- The Darwinian Revolution -- Bibliography -- Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher -- 1 Early Life and Education -- 2 At Rothamsted: A Period of Intense Activity -- 3 At University College, London -- 4 At Life's Close -- Bibliography -- Haldane and the Emergence of Modern Evolutionary Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Haldane's "Mathematical Theory" -- 4 The Causes of Evolution -- 5 The Aftermath -- 6 Historical Reconstructions -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Sewall Wright -- 1 A Biography in Brief -- 2 Inbreeding -- 3 Statistics and Path Analysis -- 4 Physiological Genetics -- 5 Population Genetics -- 6 The Shifting Balance Theory -- 7 Philosophy -- 8 Wright, The Man -- Bibliography -- Motoo Kimura -- 1 A Brief Biography -- 2 Population Genetics Theory -- 3 The Neutral Theory -- 4 Kimura The Man -- Bibliography -- Part II Evolution -- Natural Selection -- Fitness -- What Does Natural Selection Explain? -- Adaptationism -- Forces and Causes -- Bibliography -- Neutralism -- 1 The Neutral Theory: Some Historical Background -- 2 Reception of the Theory -- 3 Kimura's Arguments for Neutral Evolution -- 4 Tests of the Neutral Theory -- 5 Neutralism & -- Adaptive Evolution: The Molecular and the Phenotypic Level -- 6 What is Drift in the Context of the Neutral Theory? -- Bibliography -- Levels of Selection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Organisms to Genes and Groups -- 3 Genes and Organisms: Replicators, Interactors, and Other "Units" -- 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection. , 5 The Problem of Altruism and the Levels of Selection -- 6 Pluralism and Realism -- 7 Groups as Contexts, Groups as Superorganisms -- 8 Transitions in Evolutionary History -- Bibliography -- What is Evolvability? -- 1 The Metazoa and the Volvocaceans: Two Contrasting Fates -- 2 Limits on Volvocacean Disparity -- 3 Fitness: A Model for Evolvability? -- 4 Evolvability, Individuals and Environments -- Bibliography -- Development: Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Fragmentation of Evolution -- 3 Sub-Organismal Biology -- 4 Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 5 Conclusion: Going Through the Grades -- Bibliography -- Evolution and Normativity -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 The Shadow of Darwin -- 3 Final Thoughts -- Bibliography -- Evolutionary Ethics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background Assumptions -- 3 The Evolution of Altruism -- 4 Reproductive Strategies and the Two Norms Theory -- 5 Reproductive Strategies and Sex Roles -- 6 Morality and the Marital Compromise -- 7 Enhancement Norms and Control Norms -- 8 The Open Question Argument -- Bibliography -- Part III Genetics -- Genetic Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Factors to Genes: Mendel to Johannsen -- 3 The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity -- 4 Genetic Linkage as an Analytic Strategy -- 5 Genes - The Atoms of Heredity: From Muller to Watson and Crick -- 6 From Genotypes to Phenotypes to Stereotypes -- 7 Population Genetics Upholds Darwinism -- 8 Opening Pandora's Box: Cracks in the Dogma -- 9 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Development of Population Genetics -- 1 Early Days: The Law of Ancestral Heredity -- 2 Statistical Darwinism Vs. Mendelian Factors -- 3 From Statistical Biology to Mathematical Populations -- 4 Genes and Selection: The Synthesis Established -- 5 Debating the Details -- Bibliography -- Maximisation Principles in Evolutionary Biology. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Extremum Principles in Physics -- 3 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (1) Fisher's 'Fundamental Theorem' -- 4 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (2) Misinterpreting the Fundamental Theorem -- 5 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (3) What Remains To Be Said -- 6 Evolution as Entropy Maximisation -- 7 Reconstructing Evolution: The Principle of Parsimony and Ockham's Razor -- 8 Reconstructing Evolution: The Method of Minimum Evolution -- Bibliography -- Reductionism in Biology -- 1 Post-Positivist Intertheoretical Reduction -- 2 Intertheoretical Antireductionism -- 3 Historical Reductionism -- 4 Completing Why-Necessary Explanations in Evolutionary Biology -- Bibliography -- Traits, Genes, and Coding -- 1 The Uniqueness of Genes -- 2 Cause For Concern -- 3 False Starts and Dead Ends -- 4 A Better Idea -- 5 A Bullet to Bite -- 6 The Reach of the Code -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part IV Taxonomy -- Species, Taxonomy, and Systematics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species -- 3 Taxonomic Pluralism -- 4 The Linnaean Hierarchy -- Bibliography -- Homology and Homoplasy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Similarity -- 3 Hierarchy and Embryonic Development -- 4 Reconceptualizing Homology and Homoplasy -- 5 Homology and Analogy Delineated -- 6 Homoplasy -- 7 Homogeny and Homoplasy -- 8 Convergence -- 9 Parallelism -- 10 Reversals -- 11 Rudiments and Vestiges -- 12 Atavisms -- 13 The Continuum -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Conceptions of Race -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Typological Race Concept -- 3 The Geographical Race Concept -- 4 Global Arguments against Human Biological Races -- 5 Ecological and Phylogenetic Conceptions of Race -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part V Special Topics -- Formalisations of Evolutionary Biology -- Introduction -- 1 The Path to a Galilean Conception of Scientific Theories. , 2 The Complex Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- 3 The Formalisation of Some Component Theories which Comprise Contemporary Evolutionary Theory -- 4 Revisiting Models and Theories -- Bibliography -- Functions -- 1 The Problem of Biological Functions -- 2 Organisms, Artefacts, and Agents -- 3 The Selected Effects Account -- 4 Problems with the Selected Effects Account -- 5 Malfunction -- 6 Goal-Directedness -- 7 Kantian Projectivism -- 8 Naturalism -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Approaches to Mental Representation -- 1 The Problem of Intentionality -- 2 Functional and Semantic Norms -- 3 The Great Divide -- 4 Bridging the Divide: Neuroscience -- 5 Some Problems For Teleosemantics -- Bibliography -- Innateness -- Innateness as Growth -- Chomsky's Poverty of Stimulus -- Canalization and the Epigenetic Landscape -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Artificial Life -- 1 History and Methodology -- 2 Three Illustrations of Contemporary Artificial Life -- 3 Philosophical Implications of Artificial Life -- 4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index.

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Philosophy of Physics. (2006)

Gabbay, Dov M.

San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,

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Keywords: Physics -- Philosophy. ; Electronic books.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 1 online resource (1479 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780080466651

Series Statement: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=282062

DDC: 530.01

Language: English

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Physics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Dedication -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- Part A -- CHAPTER 1. ON SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION: AN OVERVIEW -- 3 SOME GEOMETRIC TOOLS -- 4 ACTIONS OF LIE GROUPS -- 5 POISSON MANIFOLDS -- 6 SYMMETRY AND CONSERVATION REVISITED: MOMENTUM MAPS -- 7 REDUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 2. THE REPRESENTATION OF TIME AND CHANGE IN MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 HAMILTONIAN AND LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS -- 3 SYMPLECTIC MATTERS -- 4 LAGRANGIAN FIELD THEORY -- 5 TIME AND CHANGE IN WELL-BEHAVED FIELD THEORIES -- 6 COMPLICATIONS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF TIME IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 3. CLASSICAL RELATIVITY THEORY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVITY THEORY -- 3 SPECIAL TOPICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 4. NON-RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 1 THE THEORY -- 2 WHENCE THE KINEMATICAL FORMALISM? -- 3 EMPIRICAL CONTENT -- 4 UNCERTAINTY -- 5 THE 'MEASUREMENT PROBLEM' -- 6 NON-LOCALITY -- 7 MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 5. BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY HISTORY -- 3 COPENHAGEN: A REAPPRAISAL -- 4 QUANTIZATION -- 5 THE LIMIT ћ→ 0 -- 6 THE LIMIT N → ∞ -- 7 WHY CLASSICAL STATES AND OBSERVABLES? -- 8 EPILOGUE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 6. QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CLASSICAL INFORMATION -- 3 QUANTUM INFORMATION -- 4 ENTANGLEMENT ASSISTED QUANTUM COMMUNICATION -- 5 QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY -- 6 QUANTUM COMPUTATION -- 7 QUANTUM FOUNDATIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF QUANTUM INFORMATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 7. THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY. , 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NOTION OF QUANTIZED FIELDS -- 2 SCALAR FIELDS -- 3 SPINOR FIELDS -- 4 GAUGE FIELDS -- 5 THE BROUT-ENGLERT-HIGGS MECHANISM -- 6 UNITARITY -- 7 RENORMALIZATION -- 8 ANOMALIES -- 9 ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM -- 10 TOPOLOGICAL TWISTS -- 11 CONFINEMENT -- 12 OUTLOOK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 8. ALGEBRAIC QUANTUM FIELD THEORY -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ALGEBRAIC PROLEGOMENA -- 2 STRUCTURE OF THE NET OF OBSERVABLE ALGEBRAS -- 3 NONLOCALITY AND OPEN SYSTEMS IN AQFT -- 4 PROSPECTS FOR PARTICLES -- 5 THE PROBLEM OF VALUE-DEFINITENESS IN AQFT -- 6 QUANTUM FIELDS AND SPACETIME POINTS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF INEQUIVALENT REPRESENTATIONS -- 8 THE CATEGORY ∆ OF LOCALIZED TRANSPORTABLE ENDOMORPHISMS -- 9 FROM FIELDS TO REPRESENTATIONS -- 10 FROM REPRESENTATIONS TO FIELDS -- 11 FOUNDATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION THEOREM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIX: ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *- CATEGORIES -- A CATEGORICAL PRELIMINARIES -- B ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *-CATEGORIES -- PART B -- CHAPTER 9. COMPENDIUM OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ORTHODOX THERMODYNAMICS -- 3 KINETIC THEORY FROM BERNOULLI TO MAXWELL -- 4 BOLTZMANN -- 5 GIBBS' STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 6 MODERN APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 7 STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 10. QUANTUM STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY SUCCESSES -- 3 AXIOMATIC PRUNINGS -- 4 THE KMS CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM -- 5 KMS CONDITION, QSP AND THERMODYNAMICS -- 6 WHENCE AND WHITHER QSP? -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 11. ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF COSMOLOGY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OUTLINE OF COSMOLOGY -- 3 ISSUE A: THE UNIQUENESS OF THE UNIVERSE -- 4 ISSUE B: THE LARGE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE IN SPACE AND TIME -- 5 ISSUE C: THE UNBOUND ENERGIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE. , 6 ISSUE D: EXPLAINING THE UNIVERSE - THE QUESTION OF ORIGINS -- 7 ISSUE E: THE UNIVERSE AS THE BACKGROUND FOR EXISTENCE -- 8 ISSUE F: THE EXPLICIT PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS -- 9 KEY ISSUES -- 10 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SUMMARY TABLE OF ISSUES AND THESES -- CHAPTER 12. QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 APPROACHES -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- 4 THE NATURE OF SPACE AND TIME -- 5 RELATION WITH OTHER OPEN PROBLEMS -- 6 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 13. SYMMETRIES AND INVARIANCES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMMETRIES OF OBJECTS AND OF LAWS -- 3 SYMMETRY AND GROUP THEORY: EARLY HISTORY -- 4 WHAT ARE SYMMETRIES IN PHYSICS? DEFINITIONS AND VARIETIES -- 5 SOME APPLICATIONS OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 6 GENERAL COVARIANCE IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- 7 NOETHER'S THEOREMS -- 8 THE INTERPRETATION OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 14. ASPECTS OF DETERMINISM IN MODERN PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRELIMINARIES -- 3 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 4 DETERMINISM IN SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS -- 5 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN ORDINARY QM -- 6 DETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL GTR -- 7 DETERMINISM IN RELATIVISTIC QFT -- 8 DETERMINISM AND QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 9 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.

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Philosophy of Information. (2008)

Gabbay, Dov M.

San Diego :Elsevier Science & Technology,

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Keywords: Information theory--Philosophy. ; Electronic books.

Type of Medium: Online Resource

Pages: 1 online resource (823 pages)

Edition: 1st ed.

ISBN: 9780080930848

Series Statement: Handbook of the Philosophy of Science Series

URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=380942

Language: English

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Information -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- General Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Commentators -- Acknowledgements -- Part A Introduction and Scene Setting -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Information is what Information does -- Part B History of Ideas: Information Concepts -- Chapter 2 Epistemology and Information -- Chapter 3 Information in Natural Language -- Chapter 4 Trends in the Philosophy of Information -- Chapter 5 Learning and the Cooperative Computational Universe -- Part C Three Major Foundational Approaches -- Chapter 6 The Quantitative Theory of Information -- Chapter 7 The Stories of Logic and Information -- Chapter 8 Algorithmic Information Theory -- Part D Major Themes in Transforming and Using Information -- Chapter 9 Ockham's Razor, Truth, and Information -- Chapter 10 Epistemic Logic and Information Update -- Chapter 11 Information Structures in Belief Revision -- Chapter 12 Information, Processes and Games -- Chapter 13 Information and Beliefs in Game Theory -- Part E Information in the Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences -- Chapter 14 Information in Computer Science -- Chapter 15 The Physics of Information -- Chapter 16 Information in the Study of Human Interaction -- Chapter 17 The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy -- Chapter 18 Information, Computation, and Cognitive Science -- Chapter 19 Information in Biological Systems -- Index.

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Stability and predictability of a virtual plankton ecosystem created with an individual-based model (2005)

Woods, John D. ; Perilli, Angelo ; Barkmann, Wolfgang

Elsevier

In: Progress in Oceanography, 67 (1-2). pp. 43-83.

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Publication Date: 2016-10-05

Description: This paper establishes the predictability of a one-dimensional virtual plankton ecosystem created by Lagrangian Ensemble integration of an individual-based model. It is based on numerical experiments for a scenario, in which the surface fluxes have stationary annual cycles, and the annual surface heat budget is in balance, i.e. solar heating equals cooling to the atmosphere. Under these conditions, the virtual ecosystem also followed a stationary annual cycle. We investigate the stability of this ecosystem by studying the statistics of multi-year simulations of the ecosystem in a virtual mesocosm moored off the Azores. The integrations were initialised by a first guess at the state of the ecosystem at the end of the cooling season, when the mixed layer was approaching the annual maximum depth. The virtual ecosystem quickly adjusted to a stable attractor, in which the inter-annual variation was only a few percent of the multi-year mean. This inter-annual variation was due to random displacement of individual plankters by turbulence in the mixed layer. The inter-annual variance is nearly, but not exactly ergodic; the deviation is due to inheritance of zooplankton weight through lineages. The virtual ecosystem is independent of initial conditions: that is the proof of stability. The legacy of initialisation error decays within three years. The form of the attractor depends on three factors: the specification of the ecosystem model, the resource level (nutrients), and the annual cycle of external forcing. Sensitivity studies spanning the full range of model parameters and resource levels demonstrate that the virtual ecosystem is globally stable. In extreme cases the zooplankton becomes extinct during the simulation; the attractor adjusts gracefully to this new regime, without the emergence of vacillation or a strange attractor that would signal instability. At high resource levels, some of the zooplankton produce two generations per year (as was observed by Marshall and Orr [Marshall, S. M., and Orr, A. P. (1955). The biology of a marine copepod. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 188 pp.]; again the attractor adjusts gracefully to the new regime. Ocean circulation does not disrupt the stability of the virtual ecosystem. This is demonstrated by a numerical experiment in which the virtual ecosystem drifts with the mean circulation on a five-year cycle, following a track in the Sargasso Sea that penetrates deep into the zones of annual heating and cooling. The legacy of initialisation error decays within three cycles of the external forcing. Thereafter the ecosystem lies on a five-year geographically/lagrangian attractor. The stability of virtual ecosystems offers useful predictability with a good sign-to-noise ratio. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Type: Article , PeerReviewed

Format: text

DOI: 10.1016/j.pocean.2005.04.004

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OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed

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