Note: FrontCover -- Philosophy of Economics -- Copyright -- Dedication -- General Preface -- Contents -- Preface -- Contributors -- Part A : General Philosophical Themes -- Realism and Antirealism about Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Scientific Realism in Conventional Philosophy of Science -- 3 Ingredients of a Minimal Scientific Realism -- 4 Commonsensibles and Their Modifications in Economic Modelling -- 5 Social Construction (What?) of What? -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Rise and Fall of Popper and Lakatos in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Early Engagements with Popper -- 3 Lakatos and The Emergence of Economic Methodology -- 4 The Movement From Popper and Lakatos -- 5 Appraising Economic Theories -- 6 Methodology After Lakatos -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Models and Modelling in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Nature of Economic Models -- 3 Working with Models -- 4 Conclusions: From Models to Modelling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory and Causal Inference -- 1 Reductionist and Structuralist Accounts of Causality -- 2 Structual Estimation and Causality -- 3 The Assault on Macroeconometric Models -- 4 Inferring Causes from Interventions -- 5 Graph-Theoretic Accounts of Causal Structure -- 6 A Synthetic Program for Uncovering the Causal Structure of Vars -- Bibliography -- Naturalism and The Nature of Economic Evidence -- 1 Naturalism and Evidence -- 2 Nonexperimental Evidence -- 3 Experimental Evidence -- 4 Evidence and Unrealistic Causal Models -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Some Issues Concerning The Nature of Economic Explanation -- 1 Some Controversies About Explanation -- 2 Formal Criteria For Explanation in Economics -- 3 Theoretical Entities and Explanation -- 4 When Do Models Explain? -- 5 Macro and Microexplanation -- 6 Functional Explanation and Evolutionary Economics. , 7 The Nature of Economic Causes -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Unreasonable Efficacy of Mathematics in Modern Economics -- 1 The Classical Arguments -- 2 The Role and Functions of Mathematics in Neoclassical Economics -- 3 Post-1980 Developments in Alternative Possibilities for Mathematical Formalization in Economics -- 4 A Revival of Philosophy of Mathematics for Economics? -- Bibliography -- Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Introduction -- What Makes an Economic Inquiry Feminist? -- Is Rational Choice Theory Androcentric? -- Values and Objectivity in Economics -- "Critical Realism:" A Contested View in Feminist Philosophy of Economics -- Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Positive-Normative Dichotomy and Economics -- 1 Introduction to The Positive-Normative Dichotomy -- 2 The History of The Positive-Normative Dichotomy in Economics -- 3 Normative and Ethically Normative -- 4 The Entanglement of Positive and (Ethically) Normative -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Economic Theory, Anti-Economics, and Political Ideology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Anti-Economists and Markets -- 3 Economic Theory and The Normative Status of The Market -- 4 Non-Ideological Economics -- Bibliography -- Social Scientific Naturalism and Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Is Game Theory Testable? -- 2 Difficulties in Testing Game Theory -- 3 Determining Preferences -- 4 The Implications of Preference Complexities -- 5 Some Implications for Social Scientific Naturalism -- 6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part B : Specific Methods, Theories, Approaches, Paradigms, Schools, Traditions -- The Philosophy of Economic Forecasting -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Prerequisites -- 3 Forecasting, Prediction, and Economics -- 4 The Purpose of Economics -- 5 Philosophical Questions -- 6 Causality and Control -- Bibliography. , Philosophy of Econometrics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Relevant Philosophical/Methodological Issues -- 3 Philosophy of Science and Empirical Modeling -- 4 Statistical Inference and Its Foundational Problems -- 5 Error-Statistics (E-S) and Inductive Inference -- 6 Statistical Adequacy and The Reliability of Inference -- 7 Philosophical/Methodological Issues Pertaining to Econometrics -- 8 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Measurement in Economics -- 1 The Representational Theory of Measurement -- 2 Axiomatic Representational Theory of Measurement -- 3 Empirical Representational Theory of Measurement -- 4 Instrument Measurement -- 5 Reliable Measurement Results -- 6 Economic Modeling -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours - Forces Towards and Against Unification -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Geographical Economics and Its Neighbours -- 3 Explanatory Unification -- 4 Intra-Disciplinary Unification of Location, Trade and Growth -- 5 Inter-Disciplinary Unification: Economics Imperialism -- 6 Unrealistic Assumptions, Idealizations and Explanatory Power -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Homo Economicus Conception of The Individual: An Ontological Approach -- 1 Existence as a Category of Investigation -- 2 What Exists in Economics? -- 3 The Homo Economicus Conception of the Individual -- 4 The Problem of Multiple Selves -- 5 Three Precursor Social Identity Arguments -- 6 Recent Social Identity Arguments -- 7 The Conception of The Individual in Recent Economics -- Bibliography -- Rational Choice and Some Difficulties for Consequentialism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Transitivity -- 3 Independence -- 4 Difficulties with The Formalisation of Non-Dictatorship -- 5 The Identification Problem -- 6 Summary -- Bibliography. , Rational Choice, Preferences Over Actions and Rule-Following Behavior -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Rationality Principle and Rationality Hypotheses in Economics -- 3 Adjusting the Utility Function -- 4 Preferences Over Actions and Rule Following -- 5 The Rationale of Rule-Following Behavior -- 6 The Explanation of Rule-Following Behavior -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Philosophy of Game Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Some Basic Concepts -- 3 Game Theory as a Normative Theory Of Rationality -- 4 Game Theory as a Predictive Theory -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- An Embarrassment of Riches: Modeling Social Preferences in Ultimatum Games -- 1 Social Preferences -- 2 Analysis Based on Bug -- 3 Variants to Bug -- 4 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Experimentation in Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Theory and Experiment -- 3 Experimental Inferences -- 4 External Validity -- 5 The Philosophical Relevance of Experimental Economics' Results -- 6 Other Issues and Readings -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Behavioral Economics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Intellectual Backdrop -- 3 Psychological Approaches During The Late Neoclassical Period -- 4 The "New" Behavioral Economics -- 5 The Methods of Behavioral Economics -- 6 Current Directions -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economic Agent: Not Human, But Important -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Economic Agency -- 3 Animal Agents -- 4 The Heartland of Economics -- 5 Behavioral Economics and Neuroeconomics: The Molar and The Molecular -- 6 People as Coordinating Equilibria -- Bibliography -- Ontological Issues in Evolutionary Economics: The Debate Between Generalized Darwinism and The Continuity Hypothesis -- Introduction -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Public Choice: A Methodological Perspective -- Introduction and Overview -- 1 Homo Oeconomicus Goes Politics. , 2 Normative Public Choice -- Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Judgment Aggregation: A Short Introduction -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Problem of Majority Inconsistency -- 3 The Basic Model of Judgment Aggregation -- 4 A General Impossibility Result -- 5 Avoiding the Impossibility -- 6 The Relationship to Other Aggregation Problems -- 7 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- The Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 1 The Idea of an Economics of Scientific Knowledge -- 2 The Optimisation Paradigm -- 3 Epistemic Utility Approaches -- 4 The Exchange Paradigm -- 5 Social Mechanisms for Knowledge Production -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index of Names -- General Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Chemistry -- Copyright -- General Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Part 1: Introduction -- Introduction -- 1 What is the Philosophy of Chemistry? -- 2 History of the Philosophy of chemistry -- 3 Chemical Substances -- 4 Central Concepts and Methodology -- 5 Chemistry, Physics and Other Disciplines -- 6 The Future of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Part 2: History of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Prehistory of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2 The Heritage of Kant -- 3 Hegel, Schelling, Peirce -- 4 Whewell, Mill, Broad -- 5 Ostwald, Cassirer, Paneth -- 6 French Philosophy of Chemistry -- 7 Neglect of Chemistry in English-Language Philosophy of Science -- 8 Philosophy of Chemistry in Eastern Europe -- 9 Resonance and Politics -- 10 Birth of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Robert Boyle (1627-1691) -- Bibliography -- Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) -- Bibliography -- Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Chemical Work -- 3 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- John Dalton (1766-1844) -- Bibliography -- Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biography -- 3 Research Topics -- 4 Philosophical Views -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Thermodynamics -- 3 Physical Chemistry -- 4 Philosophy -- Bibliography -- Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Intellectual Odyssey -- 3 Energetic Theory -- 4 Energetic Chemistry -- 5 Energy And Matter -- Bibliography -- PIERRE DUHEM (1861-1916) -- 1 Bibliographical Sketch -- 2 The Place of Chemistry in Duhem's Interests -- 3 Chemical Formulas -- 4 Duhem's Critique of Chemical Atomism -- 5 Ancient Views of Mixture -- 6 Final Comments -- Bibliography -- FrantiˇSek Wald (1861-1930) -- Phenomenalist Chemistry -- Acknowledgement. , Bibliography -- G. N. Lewis (1875-1946) -- Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) -- 1 Chemistry as a Model for a New Epistemology -- 2 Chemistry: An Anti-Model Science -- 3 Chemistry: A Science of Harmony -- 4 Chemistry: A Science of Effects -- 5 Chemistry: A Phenomenotechnique -- ideal of rationalism, as a kind of ethical engagement. -- Bibliography -- LINUS PAULING (1901-1994) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography. -- Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003) -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Charles Coulson (1910-1974) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography -- Part 3: Chemical Substances -- Ancient Theories of Chemical Substance -- 1 Early Pluralist Theories -- 2 Plato's Speculative Suggestions -- 3 Aristotle's Theory of Mixis -- 4 Later Atomism's More Dynamic Theory -- 5 The Stoic Alternative -- 6 Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Substances: The Ontology of Chemistry -- 1 Terminological Preliminaries -- 2 Phenomenology of Everyday Stuff (and Things) -- 3 High-Entropy Bulk Glassy Metals and Other Mixts -- 4 Protochemistry -- 5 Stuff Perspective -- 6 Natural Kinds -- 7 Molar Definition of "Pure Substance -- 8 Polymorphs -- 9 The Phase Rule -- 10 Phase and Substance Properties -- 11 Metastable and Other Esoteric Phases -- 12 Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- 13 Inclusion Complexes and Addition Compounds -- 14 Atomic Number -- 15 Isotopes (Nuclear Isomers) -- 16 Monomers and Polymers -- 17 Identification of (Submicroscopic) Chemical Species -- 18 Enantiomers and Racemates -- 19 Tautomers and Other Fleeting Species -- 20 One set of Nuclei and Electrons -- 21 Concluding Remarks -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Modality, Mereology and Substance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mereology -- 3 The Interpretation of Quantified Modal Logic -- 4 Natural Kinds -- 5 Substance Properties as Mass Predicates -- 6 Intensive and Homogeneous Predicates -- 7 Modality. , 8 Final Word on the Elements -- Bibliography -- Elements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Development -- 3 Paneth on the Elements -- 4 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Aristotelian Conception of Mixture -- 3 The Stoic Theory of Mixt -- 4 Freeing Substance from Phase -- 5 The Law of Definite Proportions and the Problem of Chemical Combination -- 6 Thermodynamics and the Phase Rule -- 7 Questioning the Law of Definite Proportions: Berthollides -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part 4: Chemical Concepts and Methods -- The Chemical Bond -- 1 Chemical Structure Theory -- 2 The Electron and the Chemical Bond -- 3 Quantum Mechanics and the Chemical Bond -- 4 Two Conceptions of the Chemical Bond -- Bibliography -- Mechanisms and Chemical Reaction -- 1 Introduction. -- 2 What is a Mechanism in Organic Chemistry? -- 3 Establishing a Mechanism: The Bromonation of Alkenes -- 4 Using Mechanisms in Total Synthesis -- 5 Mechanisms in Philosophy and Chemistry -- Bibliography -- The Periodic Table -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief History -- 3 Forms of the Periodic Table -- 4 Developments in Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Laws in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Grammar of Statements of Natural Laws -- 3 Refinements and Qualifications -- 4 Chemical Taxonomies -- 5 A common Feature? -- 6 The Status of Equations Describing Reactions -- 7 Which Concept of Causation is Exemplified in Chemical Discourse? -- 8 Falsification Protection -- 9 The Deducibility of Counterfactuals -- Bibliography -- Chemical Modeling -- 1 Physical Modeling in Chemistry -- 2 Mathematical Modeling in Chemistry -- 3 Putting Chemical Models to Work -- Bibliography -- Part 5: Chemistry and Physics -- Reduction, Emergence and Physicalism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemistry and Classical Reduction -- 3 Chemistry in a Physical World. , 4 Physicalism -- 5 The Completeness of Physics -- Bibliography -- Atoms and Molecules in Classical Chemistry and Quantum Mechanics -- 1 The Evolution of Classical Molecular Structure -- 2 Atomic and Molecular Structure, and Valence Bonds -- 3 The Molecule in Quantum Mechanics -- Bibliography -- Concept Amalgamation and Representation in Quantum Chemistry -- Introduction -- Stage Setting -- The Schr¨Odinger Equation -- The Heitler-London Calculation -- The Valence Bond Approach -- The Molecular Orbital Approach -- Comparison of VB and MO Approaches -- Abstracting the Qualitative from the Quantitative -- A NEW METHOD: CONFIGURATION INTERACTION -- The Dark Age and Beyond: Further Development of Quantum Chemistry -- From Equations to Pictures -- Bridging the Gap -- Representing Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Thermodynamics in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of Thermodynamics -- 3 Practice of Thermodynamics -- 4 The Phase Rule -- 5 Statistical Thermodynamics -- 6 Possible Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Entropy in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Clausius on Entropy -- 3 Gibbs on Entropy -- 4 Planck on Entropy -- 5 The Neglect of Entropy -- 6 Changing Times -- Bibliography -- Part 6: Chemistry and Other Disciplines -- Explanatory Relationships Between Chemical and Biological Sciences -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Specific form of Chemistry -- 3 Chemical Explanations of Biological Phenomena -- 4 The Explanation of the Formation of Life -- Bibliography -- Chemistry and Pharmacy: A Philosophical Inquiry Into an Evolving Relationship -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Philosophy of Pharmacy -- 3 'Targets' and the Promise of Rational Drug Design -- 4 Screening: Creating Chemical Possibilities the Old-Fashioned Way -- 5 Chemical Tweaking as Empirical Drug Design - Variation on a Theme -- 6 The Paradox of the Pharmakon. , 7 Historical Perspectives on the Relationship Between Chemistry and Pharmacy -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chemical Engineering Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena -- 3 Similarity Considerations and Dimensionless Numbers -- 4 Dimensional Analysis in Chemical Engineering -- 5 Fundamental Presuppositions of Dimensional Analysis -- 6 Ceteris Paribus Assumptions -- 7 Geometric Models of Heterogeneous Multiphase Systems -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Ecology -- Copyright Page -- General Preface -- Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Introduction -- Philosophy of Ecology Today -- Introduction -- Part 1: Philosophical Issues in the History and Science of Ecology -- Part 2: Philosophical Issues in Applied Ecology and Conservation Science -- Part 1: Philosophical Issues in the History and Science of Ecology -- Origins and Development of Ecology -- Introduction -- 1 What were the Novel Abductions or Hypotheses that Set Ecology Apart? -- 2 What were the Origins or Inspirations of these Defining Hypotheses? -- 3 How much have these Initial Hypotheses Affected the Subsequent Development of Ecology? -- 4 Who exactly Constituted the Community of Pioneer Ecologists? -- 5 How much Convergence Towards a Consistent set of Hypotheses has Occurred? -- 6 Summary and Conclusions -- Bibliography -- The Legend of Order and Chaos: Communities and Early Community Ecology -- 1 Clements, Gleason, and Preservability -- 2 The Prospect of Scientific Ecology -- 3 Order and Chaos -- 4 Clements's and Gleason's Ontologies -- 5 Polarizing Narratives -- 6 Multiple Communities -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Philosophical Themes in the Work of Robert H. Macarthur -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Biographical Sketch and Sketch of Macarthur's Research Program -- 3 A Tale of Two Models -- 4 Did Macarthur Unify Population Biology? -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Embodied Realism and Invasive Species -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Image Schemata of Invasion Biology -- 3 Discussion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Adequacy Criteria for the Concept of Ecological Diversity -- 3 Simpson's Index -- 4 Shannon's Index -- 5 The Role of the Diversity Concept within Ecology -- Acknowledgements. , Bibliography -- The Biodiversity-ecosystem Function Debate in Ecology -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background: The Diversity-Stability Debate -- 3 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functions: Key Concepts -- 4 The Biodiversity-Ecosystem Function Debate -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- A Dynamical Approach to Ecosystem Identity -- Introduction -- 1 The Practical Significance of Ecosystem Individuation -- 2 Identity and Individuation of Dynamical Systems -- 3 Ecosystem Individuation and Change -- 4 Ecosystem Meta-Models -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Symbiosis in Ecology and Evolution -- 1 Symbiosis-The Neglected Link Between Ecology and Evolution -- 2 History of the Concept -- 3 What, Precisely, Is Symbiosis? -- 4 Symbiosis and Evolution -- 5 Symbiosis and Cancer -- 6 Symbiosis and Human Ecology -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Ecology as Historical Science -- 1 History in Science and Historical Sciences -- 2 Status and Authority among the Sciences -- 3 Aims of Explanation -- 4 The Role of Prediction -- 5 A Case in Point -- 6 Reduction and Supervenience -- 7 Models and Evidence -- 8 The Standing of Ecological Models -- 9 Epistemic Remarks -- 10 Conclusion: Ecology as a Historical Science -- Bibliography -- Part 2: Philosophical Issues in Applied Ecology and Conservation Science -- Environmental Ethics and Decision Theory: Fellow Travellers or Bitter Enemies? -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Case for Triage and Carbon Trading -- 3 Some Arguments Against Triage and Carbon Trading -- 4 A Decision-Theoretic Case Against Triage and Carbon Trading -- 5 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Postmodern Ecological Restoration: Choosing Appropriate Temporal and Spatial Scales -- Introduction: Classic Ecological Restoration -- The Wilderness Myth and the Equilibrium-Ecology Myth. , The Myth of Clementsian Equilibrium Ecology Debunked -- The Colonial Wilderness Myth Debunked -- Pleistocene Parks? -- A Question of Scale -- Temporal Scale and the Problem of Selecting a Reference System for Ecological Restoration -- The Classic Norms of Ecological Restoration Scientifically Justified -- A Scalar Distinction Between Pre- and Post-Industrial Human Disturbance -- Is Ecological Restoration Hubristic? -- Summary and Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Habitat Reconstruction: Moving Beyond Historical Fidelity -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Balcones Canyonlands -- 3 Defining Ecological Restoration -- 4 Doubts About Integrity -- 5 Problems with Fidelity -- 6 Natural Values -- 7 The Reconstructionist Agenda -- 8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Modeling Sustainability in Economics and Ecology -- 1 Introduction: The Challenge -- 2 Accounting and Reversibility and Substitutability: Still Controversial -- 3 Scale Determination: The Greater Challenge Today -- 4 Reforming or Replacing Economics: What is Needed? -- 5 Reflexive Philosophy of Science: Models, Metaphors, and the Discernment of Social Values -- 6 Conclusion: Prospects for a Truly Ecological Approach to Sustainability -- Bibliography -- Diversity and the Good -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species Richness and Biological Productivity -- 3 Economic Inequality and Biodiversity Loss -- 4 The Intrinsic Value of Diversity and Equality -- 5 Other Potential Applications -- 6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Index.