Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Physics -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Dedication -- Introduction -- List of Contributors -- Part A -- CHAPTER 1. ON SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION IN CLASSICAL MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMPLECTIC REDUCTION: AN OVERVIEW -- 3 SOME GEOMETRIC TOOLS -- 4 ACTIONS OF LIE GROUPS -- 5 POISSON MANIFOLDS -- 6 SYMMETRY AND CONSERVATION REVISITED: MOMENTUM MAPS -- 7 REDUCTION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 2. THE REPRESENTATION OF TIME AND CHANGE IN MECHANICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 HAMILTONIAN AND LAGRANGIAN MECHANICS -- 3 SYMPLECTIC MATTERS -- 4 LAGRANGIAN FIELD THEORY -- 5 TIME AND CHANGE IN WELL-BEHAVED FIELD THEORIES -- 6 COMPLICATIONS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF TIME IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 3. CLASSICAL RELATIVITY THEORY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE STRUCTURE OF RELATIVITY THEORY -- 3 SPECIAL TOPICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 4. NON-RELATIVISTIC QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 1 THE THEORY -- 2 WHENCE THE KINEMATICAL FORMALISM? -- 3 EMPIRICAL CONTENT -- 4 UNCERTAINTY -- 5 THE 'MEASUREMENT PROBLEM' -- 6 NON-LOCALITY -- 7 MATHEMATICAL APPENDIX -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 5. BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND QUANTUM -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY HISTORY -- 3 COPENHAGEN: A REAPPRAISAL -- 4 QUANTIZATION -- 5 THE LIMIT ћ→ 0 -- 6 THE LIMIT N → ∞ -- 7 WHY CLASSICAL STATES AND OBSERVABLES? -- 8 EPILOGUE -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 6. QUANTUM INFORMATION AND COMPUTATION -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 CLASSICAL INFORMATION -- 3 QUANTUM INFORMATION -- 4 ENTANGLEMENT ASSISTED QUANTUM COMMUNICATION -- 5 QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY -- 6 QUANTUM COMPUTATION -- 7 QUANTUM FOUNDATIONS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF QUANTUM INFORMATION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 7. THE CONCEPTUAL BASIS OF QUANTUM FIELD THEORY. , 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE NOTION OF QUANTIZED FIELDS -- 2 SCALAR FIELDS -- 3 SPINOR FIELDS -- 4 GAUGE FIELDS -- 5 THE BROUT-ENGLERT-HIGGS MECHANISM -- 6 UNITARITY -- 7 RENORMALIZATION -- 8 ANOMALIES -- 9 ASYMPTOTIC FREEDOM -- 10 TOPOLOGICAL TWISTS -- 11 CONFINEMENT -- 12 OUTLOOK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 8. ALGEBRAIC QUANTUM FIELD THEORY -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ALGEBRAIC PROLEGOMENA -- 2 STRUCTURE OF THE NET OF OBSERVABLE ALGEBRAS -- 3 NONLOCALITY AND OPEN SYSTEMS IN AQFT -- 4 PROSPECTS FOR PARTICLES -- 5 THE PROBLEM OF VALUE-DEFINITENESS IN AQFT -- 6 QUANTUM FIELDS AND SPACETIME POINTS -- 7 THE PROBLEM OF INEQUIVALENT REPRESENTATIONS -- 8 THE CATEGORY ∆ OF LOCALIZED TRANSPORTABLE ENDOMORPHISMS -- 9 FROM FIELDS TO REPRESENTATIONS -- 10 FROM REPRESENTATIONS TO FIELDS -- 11 FOUNDATIONAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE RECONSTRUCTION THEOREM -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- APPENDIX: ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *- CATEGORIES -- A CATEGORICAL PRELIMINARIES -- B ABSTRACT DUALITY THEORY FOR SYMMETRIC TENSOR *-CATEGORIES -- PART B -- CHAPTER 9. COMPENDIUM OF THE FOUNDATIONS OF CLASSICAL STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ORTHODOX THERMODYNAMICS -- 3 KINETIC THEORY FROM BERNOULLI TO MAXWELL -- 4 BOLTZMANN -- 5 GIBBS' STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 6 MODERN APPROACHES TO STATISTICAL MECHANICS -- 7 STOCHASTIC DYNAMICS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 10. QUANTUM STATISTICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 EARLY SUCCESSES -- 3 AXIOMATIC PRUNINGS -- 4 THE KMS CONDITION FOR EQUILIBRIUM -- 5 KMS CONDITION, QSP AND THERMODYNAMICS -- 6 WHENCE AND WHITHER QSP? -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 11. ISSUES IN THE PHILOSOPHY OF COSMOLOGY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OUTLINE OF COSMOLOGY -- 3 ISSUE A: THE UNIQUENESS OF THE UNIVERSE -- 4 ISSUE B: THE LARGE SCALE OF THE UNIVERSE IN SPACE AND TIME -- 5 ISSUE C: THE UNBOUND ENERGIES IN THE EARLY UNIVERSE. , 6 ISSUE D: EXPLAINING THE UNIVERSE - THE QUESTION OF ORIGINS -- 7 ISSUE E: THE UNIVERSE AS THE BACKGROUND FOR EXISTENCE -- 8 ISSUE F: THE EXPLICIT PHILOSOPHICAL BASIS -- 9 KEY ISSUES -- 10 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- SUMMARY TABLE OF ISSUES AND THESES -- CHAPTER 12. QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 APPROACHES -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES -- 4 THE NATURE OF SPACE AND TIME -- 5 RELATION WITH OTHER OPEN PROBLEMS -- 6 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 13. SYMMETRIES AND INVARIANCES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SYMMETRIES OF OBJECTS AND OF LAWS -- 3 SYMMETRY AND GROUP THEORY: EARLY HISTORY -- 4 WHAT ARE SYMMETRIES IN PHYSICS? DEFINITIONS AND VARIETIES -- 5 SOME APPLICATIONS OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 6 GENERAL COVARIANCE IN GENERAL RELATIVITY -- 7 NOETHER'S THEOREMS -- 8 THE INTERPRETATION OF SYMMETRIES IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- CHAPTER 14. ASPECTS OF DETERMINISM IN MODERN PHYSICS -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRELIMINARIES -- 3 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL PHYSICS -- 4 DETERMINISM IN SPECIAL RELATIVISTIC PHYSICS -- 5 DETERMINISM AND INDETERMINISM IN ORDINARY QM -- 6 DETERMINISM IN CLASSICAL GTR -- 7 DETERMINISM IN RELATIVISTIC QFT -- 8 DETERMINISM AND QUANTUM GRAVITY -- 9 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- INDEX.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Biology -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Preface -- List of Contributors -- Part I Biography -- Charles Darwin -- Darwin the Geologist -- Darwin Becomes an Evolutionist -- Natural Selection -- The "Origin of Species" -- The Consilience -- After the "Origin" -- Philosophical Issues -- The Darwinian Revolution -- Bibliography -- Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher -- 1 Early Life and Education -- 2 At Rothamsted: A Period of Intense Activity -- 3 At University College, London -- 4 At Life's Close -- Bibliography -- Haldane and the Emergence of Modern Evolutionary Theory -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Background -- 3 Haldane's "Mathematical Theory" -- 4 The Causes of Evolution -- 5 The Aftermath -- 6 Historical Reconstructions -- Acknowledgments -- Bibliography -- Sewall Wright -- 1 A Biography in Brief -- 2 Inbreeding -- 3 Statistics and Path Analysis -- 4 Physiological Genetics -- 5 Population Genetics -- 6 The Shifting Balance Theory -- 7 Philosophy -- 8 Wright, The Man -- Bibliography -- Motoo Kimura -- 1 A Brief Biography -- 2 Population Genetics Theory -- 3 The Neutral Theory -- 4 Kimura The Man -- Bibliography -- Part II Evolution -- Natural Selection -- Fitness -- What Does Natural Selection Explain? -- Adaptationism -- Forces and Causes -- Bibliography -- Neutralism -- 1 The Neutral Theory: Some Historical Background -- 2 Reception of the Theory -- 3 Kimura's Arguments for Neutral Evolution -- 4 Tests of the Neutral Theory -- 5 Neutralism & -- Adaptive Evolution: The Molecular and the Phenotypic Level -- 6 What is Drift in the Context of the Neutral Theory? -- Bibliography -- Levels of Selection -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Organisms to Genes and Groups -- 3 Genes and Organisms: Replicators, Interactors, and Other "Units" -- 4 Group Selection and Individual Selection. , 5 The Problem of Altruism and the Levels of Selection -- 6 Pluralism and Realism -- 7 Groups as Contexts, Groups as Superorganisms -- 8 Transitions in Evolutionary History -- Bibliography -- What is Evolvability? -- 1 The Metazoa and the Volvocaceans: Two Contrasting Fates -- 2 Limits on Volvocacean Disparity -- 3 Fitness: A Model for Evolvability? -- 4 Evolvability, Individuals and Environments -- Bibliography -- Development: Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Fragmentation of Evolution -- 3 Sub-Organismal Biology -- 4 Three Grades of Ontogenetic Involvement -- 5 Conclusion: Going Through the Grades -- Bibliography -- Evolution and Normativity -- 1 General Introduction -- 2 The Shadow of Darwin -- 3 Final Thoughts -- Bibliography -- Evolutionary Ethics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Background Assumptions -- 3 The Evolution of Altruism -- 4 Reproductive Strategies and the Two Norms Theory -- 5 Reproductive Strategies and Sex Roles -- 6 Morality and the Marital Compromise -- 7 Enhancement Norms and Control Norms -- 8 The Open Question Argument -- Bibliography -- Part III Genetics -- Genetic Analysis -- 1 Introduction -- 2 From Factors to Genes: Mendel to Johannsen -- 3 The Chromosomal Theory of Heredity -- 4 Genetic Linkage as an Analytic Strategy -- 5 Genes - The Atoms of Heredity: From Muller to Watson and Crick -- 6 From Genotypes to Phenotypes to Stereotypes -- 7 Population Genetics Upholds Darwinism -- 8 Opening Pandora's Box: Cracks in the Dogma -- 9 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- The Development of Population Genetics -- 1 Early Days: The Law of Ancestral Heredity -- 2 Statistical Darwinism Vs. Mendelian Factors -- 3 From Statistical Biology to Mathematical Populations -- 4 Genes and Selection: The Synthesis Established -- 5 Debating the Details -- Bibliography -- Maximisation Principles in Evolutionary Biology. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Extremum Principles in Physics -- 3 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (1) Fisher's 'Fundamental Theorem' -- 4 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (2) Misinterpreting the Fundamental Theorem -- 5 Evolution as Fitness-Maximisation. (3) What Remains To Be Said -- 6 Evolution as Entropy Maximisation -- 7 Reconstructing Evolution: The Principle of Parsimony and Ockham's Razor -- 8 Reconstructing Evolution: The Method of Minimum Evolution -- Bibliography -- Reductionism in Biology -- 1 Post-Positivist Intertheoretical Reduction -- 2 Intertheoretical Antireductionism -- 3 Historical Reductionism -- 4 Completing Why-Necessary Explanations in Evolutionary Biology -- Bibliography -- Traits, Genes, and Coding -- 1 The Uniqueness of Genes -- 2 Cause For Concern -- 3 False Starts and Dead Ends -- 4 A Better Idea -- 5 A Bullet to Bite -- 6 The Reach of the Code -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Part IV Taxonomy -- Species, Taxonomy, and Systematics -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Species -- 3 Taxonomic Pluralism -- 4 The Linnaean Hierarchy -- Bibliography -- Homology and Homoplasy -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Similarity -- 3 Hierarchy and Embryonic Development -- 4 Reconceptualizing Homology and Homoplasy -- 5 Homology and Analogy Delineated -- 6 Homoplasy -- 7 Homogeny and Homoplasy -- 8 Convergence -- 9 Parallelism -- 10 Reversals -- 11 Rudiments and Vestiges -- 12 Atavisms -- 13 The Continuum -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Conceptions of Race -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Typological Race Concept -- 3 The Geographical Race Concept -- 4 Global Arguments against Human Biological Races -- 5 Ecological and Phylogenetic Conceptions of Race -- 6 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part V Special Topics -- Formalisations of Evolutionary Biology -- Introduction -- 1 The Path to a Galilean Conception of Scientific Theories. , 2 The Complex Structure of Evolutionary Theory -- 3 The Formalisation of Some Component Theories which Comprise Contemporary Evolutionary Theory -- 4 Revisiting Models and Theories -- Bibliography -- Functions -- 1 The Problem of Biological Functions -- 2 Organisms, Artefacts, and Agents -- 3 The Selected Effects Account -- 4 Problems with the Selected Effects Account -- 5 Malfunction -- 6 Goal-Directedness -- 7 Kantian Projectivism -- 8 Naturalism -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Biological Approaches to Mental Representation -- 1 The Problem of Intentionality -- 2 Functional and Semantic Norms -- 3 The Great Divide -- 4 Bridging the Divide: Neuroscience -- 5 Some Problems For Teleosemantics -- Bibliography -- Innateness -- Innateness as Growth -- Chomsky's Poverty of Stimulus -- Canalization and the Epigenetic Landscape -- Acknowledgements -- Bibliography -- Artificial Life -- 1 History and Methodology -- 2 Three Illustrations of Contemporary Artificial Life -- 3 Philosophical Implications of Artificial Life -- 4 Conclusions -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Introduction and Motivation -- Programme -- Short Overview of the Different Logics -- Nonmonotonic Logics -- Theory Revision -- Theory Update -- Deontic Logic -- Counterfactual Conditionals -- Modal Logic -- Intuitionistic Logic -- Inheritance Systems -- A Summarizing Table for the Semantics -- A Discussion of Concepts -- Basic Semantic Entities, Truth Values, and Operators -- Algebraic and Structural Semantics -- Restricted Operators and Relations -- Copies in Preferential Models -- Further Remarks on Universality of Representation Proofs -- in the Object Language? -- Various Considerations on Abstract Semantics -- A Comparison with Reiter Defaults -- IBRS -- Definition and Comments -- The Power of IBRS -- Abstract Semantics for IBRS and Its Engineering Realization -- 2 Basic Definitions and Results -- Algebraic Definitions -- Basic Logical Definitions -- Basic Definitions and Results for Nonmonotonic Logics -- 3 Abstract Semantics by Size -- The First-Order Setting -- General Size Semantics -- Introduction -- Main Table -- Coherent Systems -- Size and Principal Filter Logic -- 4 Preferential Structures -- Part I -- Introduction -- Remarks on Nonmonotonic Logics and Preferential Semantics -- Basic Definitions -- Preferential Structures Without Domain Conditions -- General Discussion -- Detailed Discussion -- 5 Preferential Structures -- Part II -- Simplifications by Domain Conditions, Logical Properties -- Introduction -- Smooth Structures -- Ranked Structures -- The Logical Properties with Definability Preservation -- A-Ranked Structures -- Representation Results for A-Ranked Structures -- Two-Sequent Calculi -- Introduction -- Plausibility Logic -- A Comment on the Work by Arieli and Avron -- Blurred Observation -- Absence of Definability Preservation -- Introduction. , General and Smooth Structures Without Definability Preservation -- Ranked Structures -- The Limit Variant -- Introduction -- The Algebraic Limit -- The Logical Limit -- 6 Higher Preferential Structures -- Introduction -- The General Case -- Discussion of the Totally Smooth Case -- The Essentially Smooth Case -- Translation to Logic -- 7 Deontic Logic and Hierarchical Conditionals -- Semantics of Deontic Logic -- Introductory Remarks -- Basic Definitions -- Philosophical Discussion of Obligations -- Examination of the Various Cases -- What Is An Obligation? -- Conclusion -- A Comment on Work by Aqvist -- Introduction -- There Are (At Least) Two Solutions -- Outline -- Gm A Implies G A (Outline) -- Hierarchical Conditionals -- Introduction -- Formal Modelling and Summary of Results -- Overview -- Connections with Other Concepts -- Formal Results and Representation for Hierarchical Conditionals -- 8 Theory Update and Theory Revision -- Update -- Introduction -- Hidden Dimensions -- Theory Revision -- Introduction to Theory Revision -- Booth Revision -- Revision and Independence -- Preferential Modelling of Defaults -- Remarks on Independence -- 9 An Analysis of Defeasible Inheritance Systems -- Introduction -- Terminology -- Inheritance and Reactive Diagrams -- Conceptual Analysis -- Introduction to Nonmonotonic Inheritance -- Basic Discussion -- Directly Sceptical Split Validity Upward Chaining Off-Path Inheritance -- Review of Other Approaches and Problems -- Defeasible Inheritance and Reactive Diagrams -- Summary of Our Algorithm -- Overview -- Compilation and Memorization -- Executing the Algorithm -- Signposts -- Beyond Inheritance -- Interpretations -- Introduction -- Informal Comparison of Inheritance with the Systems P and R -- Inheritance as Information Transfer -- Inheritance as Reasoning with Prototypes. , Detailed Translation of Inheritance to Modified Systems of Small Sets -- Normality -- Small Sets -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- General Philosophy of Science: Focal Issues -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- General Preface -- Introduction: Explication in Philosophy of Science -- 1 AN IMPORTANT, THOUGH LARGELY IMPLICIT, METHOD IN PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE -- 2 EXPLICATION OF CONCEPTS AND INTUITIONS IN SCIENCE -- 3 SURVEY OF CHAPTERS -- 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- List of Contributors -- Chapter 1 Laws, Theories and Research Programmes -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 OBSERVATIONAL LAWS AND PROPER THEORIES -- 2 INTERMEZZO. THE STRUCTURALIST APPROACH TO THEORIES -- 3 RESEARCH PROGRAMS AND RESEARCH STRATEGIES -- CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 2 Past and Contemporary Perspectives on Explanation -- 0. INTRODUCTION -- PART I: A (SELECTIVE) HISTORY OF EXPLANATION -- 1 ARISTOTLE: EXPLANATION AS DEMONSTRATION -- 2 DESCARTES: MECHANICAL EXPLANATION -- 3 LEIBNIZ: POWERS AND TELEOLOGY -- 4 NEWTON: DYNAMICAL EXPLANATION -- 5 HUME: AGAINST THE METAPHYSICS OF EXPLANATION -- 6 KANT: THE METAPHYSICAL GROUNDS OF EXPLANATION -- 7 MILL: EXPLANATION AS UNIFICATION -- PART II: UNDERSTANDING EXPLANATION -- 8 THE LOGICAL POSITIVIST LEGACY -- 9 NOMIC EXPECTABILITY -- 10 ENTER CAUSATION -- 11 CAUSAL HISTORIES -- 12 (A BRIEF NOTE ON) LAWS OF NATURE -- 13 UNIFICATION REVISITED -- 14 MECHANISTIC EXPLANATION REVISITED -- 15 EXPLANATION AS MANIPULATION -- 16 STATISTICAL EXPLANATION -- 17 STATISTICAL RELEVANCE -- 18 DEDUCTIVE-NOMOLOGICAL-PROBABILISTIC EXPLANATION -- 19 ON HISTORICAL AND TELEOLOGICAL EXPLANATION -- 20 A CONCLUDING THOUGHT -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3 Evaluation of Theories -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DIMENSIONS OF EVALUATION -- 3 VIRTUES OF THEORIES -- 4 CONFIRMATION -- 5 ACCEPTANCE -- 6 CONCLUDING REMARK -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 4 The Role of Experiments in the Natural Sciences: Examples from Physics and Biology. , 1 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS -- 2 THE ROLES OF EXPERIMENT -- 3 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 5 The Role of Experiments in the Social Sciences: The case of Economics -- 1 FROM OBSERVATIONS TO EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES -- 2 THE NOTION OF "EXPERIMENT" USED IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: FROM THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH TO THE ENLARGED VISION -- 3 THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES: THE CASE OF ECONOMICS -- 4 ROLE OF PREDICTION IN EXPERIMENTAL ECONOMICS: THE INFLUENCE OF GAME THEORY -- 5 THE MEASURE OF PREDICTIVE SUCCESS: ACCURACY AND PRECISION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 6 Ontological, Epistemological, and Methodological Positions -- INTRODUCTION -- 1 ONTOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 2 EPISTEMOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- 3 METHODOLOGICAL POSITIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 7 Reduction, Integration, and the Unity of Science: Natural, Behavioral, and Social Sciences and the Humanities -- 1 A HISTORICAL LOOK AT UNITY -- 2 FIELD GUIDE TO MODERN CONCEPTS OF REDUCTION AND UNITY -- 3 KITCHER'S REVISIONIST ACCOUNT OF UNIFICATION -- 4 CRITICS OF UNITY -- 5 INTEGRATION INSTEAD OF UNITY -- 6 REDUCTION VIA MECHANISMS -- 7 CASE STUDIES IN REDUCTION AND UNIFICATION ACROSS THE DISCIPLINES -- 8 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 8 Logical, Historical and Computational Approaches -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE LOGICAL APPROACH OF THE VIENNA CIRCLE AND THEIR FOLLOWERS FROM THE 1920S TO THE 1950S -- 3 THE CHALLENGE OF THE HISTORICAL APPROACH (C. 1960 TO THE MID 1970S) -- 4 THE 1970S: SCIENCE AS PROBLEM SOLVING -- 5 THE 1980S AND 1990S: LOGICAL AND COMPUTATIONAL MODELS FOR SCIENTIFIC INFERENCE AND DISCOVERY -- 6 CONCLUSIONS -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 9 Demarcating Science from Nonscience -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 WHY DEMARCATION? -- 3 HOW DEMARCATION? -- 4 CHARACTERIZING FIELDS OF KNOWLEDGE. , 5 UNSCIENTIFIC FIELDS -- 6 PROTOSCIENCE AND HETERODOXY -- 7 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 History of the Philosophy of Science. From Wissenschaftslogik (Logic of Science) to Philosophy of Science: Europe and America, 1930-1960 -- PRELIMINARY REMARKS -- 1 THE EMERGENCE OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE: "WISSENSCHAFTSLOGIK" (LOGIC OF SCIENCE) BEFORE 1938 -- 2 THE WIENER KREIS IN GREAT BRITAIN: EMIGRATION AND INTERACTION -- 3 VIENNA, PARIS AND THE "FRENCH CONNECTION": CONVENTIONALISM -- 4 THE WIENER KREIS IN AMERICA: LOGICAL EMPIRICISM AND (NEO-)PRAGMATISM -- 5 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Background and Overview -- 1.1 Introductory Discussion -- 1.2 Focusing on `Acceptability' Rather than `Inconsistency' -- 1.3 Overview of This Book -- 1.4 Notation Used in This Book -- 1.5 Basic Mathematical Notions -- References -- 2 Introducing Revision Theory -- 2.1 AGM Belief Revision -- 2.2 Katsuno and Mendelzon's Characterisation -- 2.3 Counterfactual Statements and the Ramsey Test -- 2.4 Grove's Systems of Spheres -- 2.5 Epistemic Entrenchment -- 2.6 Discussion -- 2.7 Action Updates -- 2.8 Generalising the Concept of Revision -- 2.9 Iterating the Revision Operation -- 2.9.1 Darwiche and Pearl's Postulates for Iterated Revisions -- 2.9.2 Lehmann's Approach: Belief Revision, Revised -- 2.10 Compromise Revision -- 2.11 Controlled Revision -- 2.12 Revision by Translation -- 2.13 A General Setting for Algorithmic Revision -- 2.14 Outline of This Book -- References -- 3 Stepwise Revision Operations -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Quantitative Measurement of Change -- 3.2.1 Minimal Change and the Function d -- 3.3 Qualitative Measurements of Change -- 3.4 Representation Issues -- 3.5 Revision of Formulae -- 3.6 Properties of the Revision Operator r -- 3.7 Other Belief Change Operators -- 3.7.1 Belief Contraction -- 3.7.2 Consolidating Information on the Belief Base -- 3.8 Comparison with Other Belief Change Operators -- 3.9 Operators for Reasoning About the Effects of Actions -- 3.9.1 Updates of Sentences via Distance d -- 3.9.2 Properties of the Action Update Operator -- 3.9.3 Action Updates of Sentences via Distance diff -- 3.9.4 Ambiguous Action Updates -- 3.9.5 Taking Causality into Account -- References -- 4 Iterating Revision -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Motivating Structure for Belief Revision -- 4.3 Iteration of the Revision Operation -- 4.4 Prioritised Databases -- 4.4.1 Properties of the Revisions of PDBs. , 4.4.2 Discussion about Iteration of Revision -- 4.5 Structured Databases -- 4.6 Applications and Examples -- 4.7 Related Work -- 4.7.1 Prioritised Base Revision -- 4.7.2 Ordered Theory Presentations -- 4.8 Using Additional Information for Action Updates -- References -- 5 Structured Revision -- 5.1 Identifying Inconsistency -- 5.2 Reasoning with Partial Priorities -- 5.2.1 Degree of Confidence/Reliability of the Source -- 5.2.2 Linearisations -- 5.3 Clustering -- 5.4 Applications in Software Engineering -- 5.4.1 Requirements Specification -- 5.4.2 An Example with the Light Control System -- References -- 6 Algorithmic Context Revision -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Abductive Revision -- 6.2.1 Introducing LDS for -- 6.2.2 Goal-Directed Algorithm for -- 6.2.3 Discussion on the Abduction Procedure -- 6.2.4 Abduction Algorithm for -- 6.2.5 Abduction for Intuitionistic Logic -- 6.3 Compromise Revision -- 6.3.1 Introducing Compromise Revision for -- 6.3.2 Comparison with AGM Revision -- 6.4 Controlled Revision -- 6.4.1 Proof Theory -- 6.4.2 Policies for Inconsistency -- 6.4.3 Conclusions -- References -- 7 Revision by Translation -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Belief Revision for Modal Logic -- 7.2.1 An Overview of Propositional Modal Logics -- 7.2.2 Hilbert Systems for Modal Logics -- 7.2.3 Translation of the Modal Logic K into Classical Logic -- 7.3 Revising in Łukasiewicz' Finitely Many-Valued Logic Łn -- 7.3.1 Łukasiewicz' Finitely Many-Valued Logic Łn -- 7.3.2 Translating Łukasiewicz' Many-Valued Logic Łn into Classical Logic -- 7.3.3 Revision in Łukasiewicz' Many-Valued Logic (Łn) -- 7.4 Revising in Algebraic Logics -- 7.4.1 Translating Algebraic Logic into Classical Logic -- 7.4.2 Revision in Algebraic Logics -- 7.5 Introducing Belnap's Four-Valued Logic -- 7.5.1 Belief Revision in Belnap's Four-Valued Logic -- 7.6 Belnap's Four-Valued Logic. , 7.6.1 Axiomatising Belnap's Four-Valued Logic -- 7.6.2 Entailment in Belnap's Four-Valued Logic -- 7.6.3 Generalising Belnap's Notion of Entailment to Infinite Theories -- 7.6.4 Translating Belnap's Logic into Classical Logic -- 7.6.5 Revising in Belnap's Four-Valued Logic -- 7.7 Conclusions and Discussions -- References -- 8 Object-Level Deletion -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Object-Level Meta-Level Operations -- 8.3 The Need for Object-Level Deletion -- 8.4 Strategy of the Technique -- 8.5 Substructural Logics -- 8.5.1 Hilbert and Gentzen Formulations -- 8.5.2 Goal-Directed Proof Theory -- 8.5.3 Semantics -- 8.6 Introducing Anti-formulae in Concatenation and Linear Logic -- 8.6.1 Analysis -- 8.6.2 Introducing Anti-formulae into Logics with and e -- 8.6.3 Anti-formulae and Negation -- 8.7 The Notion of Failure in Resource Logics -- 8.8 Deletion in Resource-Unbounded Logics -- 8.9 Logical Deletion in LDS -- 8.10 Introducing N-Prolog with Negation as Failure -- 8.11 Exploring Deletion via Addition -- 8.12 A Formal System for Deletion via Addition -- 8.13 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Conclusions and Discussions -- 9.1 Concluding Remarks -- 9.2 Discussions -- References -- List of Symbols -- Subject Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Quantum Logic and Quantum Structures -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- Foreword -- Editorial Preface -- List of Authors -- Chapter 1 New Quantum Structures -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 QUANTUM LOGICS, EFFECT ALGEBRAS AND D-POSETS -- 3 PSEUDO MV-ALGEBRAS -- 4 PSEUDO EFFECT ALGEBRAS -- 5 CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 2 Quantum Structures and Fuzzy Set Theory -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 BASIC NOTIONS AND DEFINITIONS -- 3 MACZYŃSKI'S FUNCTIONAL MODEL OF B-VN QUANTUM LOGIC -- 4 THE GENERAL FUZZY SET MODEL OF B-VN QUANTUM LOGIC -- 5 TWO PAIRS OF BINARY OPERATIONS -- 6 GENERAL QUANTUM STRUCTURES AND FUZZY SETS -- 7 EFFECT ALGEBRAS OF FUZZY SETS GENERATED BY NILPOTENT TRIANGULAR NORMS -- 8 FUZZY SET MODELS OF QUANTUM PROBABILITY -- 9 SUMMARY -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 3 Algebraic and Measure-theoretic Properties of Classes of Subspaces of an Inner Product Space -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 FAMILIES OF CLOSED SUBSPACES OF AN INNER PRODUCT SPACE S -- 3 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURE OF P(S), C(S), E(S), Eq(S), F(S) AND W(S) -- 4 ALGEBRAIC COMPLETENESS CRITERIA OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES -- 5 MEASURES ON P(S), C(S), E(S), Eq(S), F(S) AND W(S) -- 6 GLEASON AND DOROFEEV-SHERSTNEV THEOREMS -- 7 IS EVERY REGULAR CHARGE ON L(H) COMPLETELY-ADDITIVE? -- 8 MEASURE-THEORETIC COMPLETENESS CRITERIA OF INNER PRODUCT SPACES -- 9 CONVERGENCE OF CHARGES -- 10 INFINITE-VALUED MEASURES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 4 Quantum Probability -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 MOTIVATIONAL CALCULATIONS -- 3 NOTATION AND DEFINITIONS -- 4 PROBABILITY AND CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY -- 5 INDEPENDENCE -- 6 PROPERTIES OF THE SEQUENTIAL PRODUCT -- 7 ALMOST SHARP EFFECTS -- 8 NON-DISTURBANCE FOR FUZZY QUANTUM MEASUREMENTS -- 9 SEQUENTIAL EFFECT ALGEBRAS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY. , Chapter 5 Quantum Logics as Underlying Structures of Generalized Probability Theory -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 BASIC DEFINITIONS AND FACTS -- 3 COMPATIBLE SUBSETS OF A LOGIC -- 4 STATES ON A LOGIC -- 5 OBSERVABLES ON A LOGIC -- 6 PARTIAL COMPATIBILITY AND JOINT DISTRIBUTIONS OF OBSERVABLES -- 7 THE LOGIC OF CLOSED SUBSPACES OF A HILBERT SPACE -- 8 JOINT DISTRIBUTIONS ON THE HILBERT SPACE LOGIC -- 9 APPENDIX 1: UNCERTAINTY RELATIONS -- 10 APPENDIX 2: BELL INEQUALITIES ON QUANTUM LOGICS -- 11 QUANTUM LOGICS AND PHYSICAL SYSTEMS -- 12 BELL INEQUALITIES -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 6 Quantum Logic and Partially Ordered Abelian Groups -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 ORTHODOX QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 3 PROJECTIONS AND COMPRESSIONS -- 4 SYMMETRIES -- 5 MIXED STATES AND DENSITY OPERATORS -- 6 EFFECT OPERATORS AND POV-MEASURES -- 7 ABSTRACTION FROM P(h) AND E(h)-EFFECT ALGEBRAS -- 8 CLASSIFICATION OF EFFECT ALGEBRAS -- 9 PARTIALLY ORDERED ABELIAN GROUPS -- 10 UNIVERSAL GROUPS -- 11 ABSTRACTION FROM G(h)-UNITAL GROUPS -- 12 SEMISIMPLICIAL UNITAL GROUPS -- 13 INTERPOLATION UNIGROUPS AND THEIR UNIT INTERVALS -- 14 UNITAL GROUPS OF REAL-VALUED FUNCTIONS -- 15 EFFECT-ORDERED RINGS -- 16 ABSTRACTION FROM P(h)-CB-GROUPS -- 17 THE RICKART PROJECTION PROPERTY AND RC-GROUPS -- 18 SPECTRAL THEORY IN AN ARC-GROUP -- 19 RETROSPECTIVE -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 7 Quantum Structures and Operator Algebras -- 1 INTRODUCTION AND PRELIMINARIES -- 2 QUANTUM INTEGRATION -- 3 BASIC PRINCIPLES OF NONCOMMUTATIVE MEASURE THEORY -- 4 NONCOMMUTATIVE PROPERTIES OF MEASURES -- ACKNOWLEDGMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 8 Constructions of Quantum Structures -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 QUANTUM STRUCTURES -- 3 STANDARD CONSTRUCTIONS -- 4 PASTING OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRAS -- 5 ADDITIONAL CONSTRUCTIONS BASED ON PASTING -- 6 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 9 D-Posets -- 1 INTRODUCTION. , 2 DIFFERENCE POSETS -- 3 COMPATIBILITY IN D-POSETS -- 4 D-HOMOMORPHISMS OF D-POSETS -- 5 IDEALS AND FILTERS IN D-POSETS -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 10 Wigner's Theorem and its Generalizations -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 THE CLASSICAL HILBERT SPACE FORMULATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS -- 3 THE ORIGIN OF WIGNER'S THEOREM AND A SHORT HISTORY OF ITS PROOFS -- 4 AN ELEMENTARY PROOF OF WIGNER'S THEOREM -- 5 UHLHORN'S VERSION OF WIGNER'S THEOREM -- 6 WIGNER'S THEOREM VIEWED BY THE GENEVA SCHOOL -- 7 GENERALIZATIONS TO INDEFINITE INNER PRODUCT SPACES -- 8 SOME OTHER GENERALIZATIONS -- 9 QUATERNIONIC HILBERT SPACES -- 10 A TOPOLOGICAL AND LATTICE APPROACH -- 11 SOME OTHER SYMMETRY GROUPS -- 12 FROM AUTOMORPHISMS TO THE HAMILTONIAN -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 11 Propositional Systems, Hilbert Lattices and Generalized Hilbert Spaces -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PROJECTIVE GEOMETRIES, PROJECTIVE LATTICES -- 3 IRREDUCIBLE COMPONENTS -- 4 THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS OF PROJECTIVE GEOMETRY -- 5 HILBERT GEOMETRIES, HILBERT LATTICES, PROPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS -- 6 IRREDUCIBLE COMPONENTS AGAIN -- 7 THE REPRESENTATION THEOREM FOR PROPOSITIONAL SYSTEMS -- 8 FROM HERE ON -- 9 APPENDIX: NOTIONS FROM LATTICE THEORY -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 12 Equations and Hilbert Lattices -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 DEFINITIONS AND BASIC FACTS -- 3 ORTHOARGUESIAN EQUATIONS AND SOME OTHER ONES -- 4 EQUATIONS CONNECTED WITH REAL-VALUED STATES -- 5 OTHER EQUATIONS HOLDING IN MOST GHLS -- 6 EQUATIONS CONNECTED WITH H-STATES -- 7 ORTHOSYMMETRIC ORTHOLATTICES -- 8 CONCLUDING REMARKS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 13 The Source of the Orthomodular Law -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 SURJECTIVE MAPS AND QUOTIENTS -- 3 DECOMPOSITIONS -- 4 SURJECTIONS AND DECOMPOSITIONS FOR FINITE SETS -- 5 DECOMPOSITIONS OF SETS WITH STRUCTURE -- 6 COMPATIBILITY OF DECOMPOSITIONS. , 7 DECOMPOSITIONS AND QUANTUM LOGIC -- 8 FURTHER RESULTS AND OPEN PROBLEMS -- 9 CONCLUSIONS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 14 Starting from the Convex Set of States -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 OBSERVABLES AND FACES OF THE SET OF STATES -- 3 CONVEXITY MODELS -- 4 EFFECT ALGEBRAS AND CONVEXITY MODELS -- 5 THE OPERATIONAL FRAMEWORK -- 6 THE BELL EFFECT -- 7 CLASSICAL AND NONCLASSICAL CORRELATIONS -- 8 OPERATIONAL EXTENSION OF THE QUANTUM MODEL -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 15 Quantum Logic and Automata Theory -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 PRELIMINARIES -- 3 ORTHOMODULAR LATTICE-VALUED (NONDETERMINISTIC) FINITE AUTOMATA -- 4 ORTHOMODULAR LATTICE-VALUED PUSHDOWN AUTOMATA -- 5 CONCLUSION -- 6 BIBLIOGRAPHICAL NOTES -- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Chapter 16 Quantum Logic and Quantum Computation -- 1 INTRODUCTION -- 2 HILBERT LATTICE -- 3 GREECHIE DIAGRAMS -- 4 GEOMETRY: GENERALIZED ORTHOARGUESIAN EQUATIONS -- 5 STATES: GODOWSKI EQUATIONS -- 6 STATES: MAYET-GODOWSKI EQUATIONS -- 7 STATE VECTORS: MAYET'S E-EQUATIONS -- 8 CONCLUSION -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Chemistry -- Copyright -- General Preface -- Contributors -- Contents -- Part 1: Introduction -- Introduction -- 1 What is the Philosophy of Chemistry? -- 2 History of the Philosophy of chemistry -- 3 Chemical Substances -- 4 Central Concepts and Methodology -- 5 Chemistry, Physics and Other Disciplines -- 6 The Future of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Part 2: History of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Prehistory of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- 1 Preliminary Remarks -- 2 The Heritage of Kant -- 3 Hegel, Schelling, Peirce -- 4 Whewell, Mill, Broad -- 5 Ostwald, Cassirer, Paneth -- 6 French Philosophy of Chemistry -- 7 Neglect of Chemistry in English-Language Philosophy of Science -- 8 Philosophy of Chemistry in Eastern Europe -- 9 Resonance and Politics -- 10 Birth of the Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Robert Boyle (1627-1691) -- Bibliography -- Joseph Priestly (1733-1804) -- Bibliography -- Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Chemical Work -- 3 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- John Dalton (1766-1844) -- Bibliography -- Dmitrii Ivanovich Mendeleev (1834-1907) -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biography -- 3 Research Topics -- 4 Philosophical Views -- 5 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Thermodynamics -- 3 Physical Chemistry -- 4 Philosophy -- Bibliography -- Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald (1853-1932) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Intellectual Odyssey -- 3 Energetic Theory -- 4 Energetic Chemistry -- 5 Energy And Matter -- Bibliography -- PIERRE DUHEM (1861-1916) -- 1 Bibliographical Sketch -- 2 The Place of Chemistry in Duhem's Interests -- 3 Chemical Formulas -- 4 Duhem's Critique of Chemical Atomism -- 5 Ancient Views of Mixture -- 6 Final Comments -- Bibliography -- FrantiˇSek Wald (1861-1930) -- Phenomenalist Chemistry -- Acknowledgement. , Bibliography -- G. N. Lewis (1875-1946) -- Gaston Bachelard (1884-1962) -- 1 Chemistry as a Model for a New Epistemology -- 2 Chemistry: An Anti-Model Science -- 3 Chemistry: A Science of Harmony -- 4 Chemistry: A Science of Effects -- 5 Chemistry: A Phenomenotechnique -- ideal of rationalism, as a kind of ethical engagement. -- Bibliography -- LINUS PAULING (1901-1994) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography. -- Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003) -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Charles Coulson (1910-1974) -- 1 Biography -- 2 Philosophical Views -- Bibliography -- Part 3: Chemical Substances -- Ancient Theories of Chemical Substance -- 1 Early Pluralist Theories -- 2 Plato's Speculative Suggestions -- 3 Aristotle's Theory of Mixis -- 4 Later Atomism's More Dynamic Theory -- 5 The Stoic Alternative -- 6 Epilogue -- Bibliography -- Substances: The Ontology of Chemistry -- 1 Terminological Preliminaries -- 2 Phenomenology of Everyday Stuff (and Things) -- 3 High-Entropy Bulk Glassy Metals and Other Mixts -- 4 Protochemistry -- 5 Stuff Perspective -- 6 Natural Kinds -- 7 Molar Definition of "Pure Substance -- 8 Polymorphs -- 9 The Phase Rule -- 10 Phase and Substance Properties -- 11 Metastable and Other Esoteric Phases -- 12 Non-Stoichiometric Compounds -- 13 Inclusion Complexes and Addition Compounds -- 14 Atomic Number -- 15 Isotopes (Nuclear Isomers) -- 16 Monomers and Polymers -- 17 Identification of (Submicroscopic) Chemical Species -- 18 Enantiomers and Racemates -- 19 Tautomers and Other Fleeting Species -- 20 One set of Nuclei and Electrons -- 21 Concluding Remarks -- BIBLIOGRAPHY -- Modality, Mereology and Substance -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Mereology -- 3 The Interpretation of Quantified Modal Logic -- 4 Natural Kinds -- 5 Substance Properties as Mass Predicates -- 6 Intensive and Homogeneous Predicates -- 7 Modality. , 8 Final Word on the Elements -- Bibliography -- Elements -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Historical Development -- 3 Paneth on the Elements -- 4 Philosophical Issues -- Bibliography -- COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Aristotelian Conception of Mixture -- 3 The Stoic Theory of Mixt -- 4 Freeing Substance from Phase -- 5 The Law of Definite Proportions and the Problem of Chemical Combination -- 6 Thermodynamics and the Phase Rule -- 7 Questioning the Law of Definite Proportions: Berthollides -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Part 4: Chemical Concepts and Methods -- The Chemical Bond -- 1 Chemical Structure Theory -- 2 The Electron and the Chemical Bond -- 3 Quantum Mechanics and the Chemical Bond -- 4 Two Conceptions of the Chemical Bond -- Bibliography -- Mechanisms and Chemical Reaction -- 1 Introduction. -- 2 What is a Mechanism in Organic Chemistry? -- 3 Establishing a Mechanism: The Bromonation of Alkenes -- 4 Using Mechanisms in Total Synthesis -- 5 Mechanisms in Philosophy and Chemistry -- Bibliography -- The Periodic Table -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Brief History -- 3 Forms of the Periodic Table -- 4 Developments in Philosophy of Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Laws in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Grammar of Statements of Natural Laws -- 3 Refinements and Qualifications -- 4 Chemical Taxonomies -- 5 A common Feature? -- 6 The Status of Equations Describing Reactions -- 7 Which Concept of Causation is Exemplified in Chemical Discourse? -- 8 Falsification Protection -- 9 The Deducibility of Counterfactuals -- Bibliography -- Chemical Modeling -- 1 Physical Modeling in Chemistry -- 2 Mathematical Modeling in Chemistry -- 3 Putting Chemical Models to Work -- Bibliography -- Part 5: Chemistry and Physics -- Reduction, Emergence and Physicalism -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Chemistry and Classical Reduction -- 3 Chemistry in a Physical World. , 4 Physicalism -- 5 The Completeness of Physics -- Bibliography -- Atoms and Molecules in Classical Chemistry and Quantum Mechanics -- 1 The Evolution of Classical Molecular Structure -- 2 Atomic and Molecular Structure, and Valence Bonds -- 3 The Molecule in Quantum Mechanics -- Bibliography -- Concept Amalgamation and Representation in Quantum Chemistry -- Introduction -- Stage Setting -- The Schr¨Odinger Equation -- The Heitler-London Calculation -- The Valence Bond Approach -- The Molecular Orbital Approach -- Comparison of VB and MO Approaches -- Abstracting the Qualitative from the Quantitative -- A NEW METHOD: CONFIGURATION INTERACTION -- The Dark Age and Beyond: Further Development of Quantum Chemistry -- From Equations to Pictures -- Bridging the Gap -- Representing Chemistry -- Bibliography -- Thermodynamics in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Structure of Thermodynamics -- 3 Practice of Thermodynamics -- 4 The Phase Rule -- 5 Statistical Thermodynamics -- 6 Possible Conclusions -- Acknowledgement -- Bibliography -- Entropy in Chemistry -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Clausius on Entropy -- 3 Gibbs on Entropy -- 4 Planck on Entropy -- 5 The Neglect of Entropy -- 6 Changing Times -- Bibliography -- Part 6: Chemistry and Other Disciplines -- Explanatory Relationships Between Chemical and Biological Sciences -- 1 Introduction -- 2 A Specific form of Chemistry -- 3 Chemical Explanations of Biological Phenomena -- 4 The Explanation of the Formation of Life -- Bibliography -- Chemistry and Pharmacy: A Philosophical Inquiry Into an Evolving Relationship -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Philosophy of Pharmacy -- 3 'Targets' and the Promise of Rational Drug Design -- 4 Screening: Creating Chemical Possibilities the Old-Fashioned Way -- 5 Chemical Tweaking as Empirical Drug Design - Variation on a Theme -- 6 The Paradox of the Pharmakon. , 7 Historical Perspectives on the Relationship Between Chemistry and Pharmacy -- 8 Conclusion -- Bibliography -- Chemical Engineering Science -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Unit Operations and Transport Phenomena -- 3 Similarity Considerations and Dimensionless Numbers -- 4 Dimensional Analysis in Chemical Engineering -- 5 Fundamental Presuppositions of Dimensional Analysis -- 6 Ceteris Paribus Assumptions -- 7 Geometric Models of Heterogeneous Multiphase Systems -- Bibliography -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Philosophy of Information -- Copyright Page -- CONTENTS -- General Preface -- List of Contributors -- List of Commentators -- Acknowledgements -- Part A Introduction and Scene Setting -- Chapter 1 Introduction: Information is what Information does -- Part B History of Ideas: Information Concepts -- Chapter 2 Epistemology and Information -- Chapter 3 Information in Natural Language -- Chapter 4 Trends in the Philosophy of Information -- Chapter 5 Learning and the Cooperative Computational Universe -- Part C Three Major Foundational Approaches -- Chapter 6 The Quantitative Theory of Information -- Chapter 7 The Stories of Logic and Information -- Chapter 8 Algorithmic Information Theory -- Part D Major Themes in Transforming and Using Information -- Chapter 9 Ockham's Razor, Truth, and Information -- Chapter 10 Epistemic Logic and Information Update -- Chapter 11 Information Structures in Belief Revision -- Chapter 12 Information, Processes and Games -- Chapter 13 Information and Beliefs in Game Theory -- Part E Information in the Humanities, Natural Sciences and Social Sciences -- Chapter 14 Information in Computer Science -- Chapter 15 The Physics of Information -- Chapter 16 Information in the Study of Human Interaction -- Chapter 17 The Philosophy of AI and the AI of Philosophy -- Chapter 18 Information, Computation, and Cognitive Science -- Chapter 19 Information in Biological Systems -- Index.

Note: Front Cover -- Handbook of Quantum Logic and Quantum Structures: Quantum Logic -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Foreword -- Editorial Preface -- Chapter 1 The Birkhoff-von Neumann Concept of Quantum Logic -- Chapter 2 Is Quantum Logic a Logic? -- Chapter 3 Is Logic Empirical? -- Chapter 4 Quantum Axiomatics -- Chapter 5 Quantum Logic and Nonclassical Logics -- Chapter 6 Gentzen Methods in Quantum Logic -- Chapter 7 Categorical Quantum Mechanics -- Chapter 8 Extending Classical Logic for Reasoning about Quantum Systems -- Chapter 9 Solèr's Theorem -- Chapter 10 Operational Quantum Logic: A Survey and Analysis -- Chapter 11 Test Spaces -- Chapter 12 Contexts in Quantum, Classical and Partition Logic -- Chapter 13 Nonmonotonicity and Holicity in Quantum Logic -- Chapter 14 A Quantum Logic of Down Below -- Chapter 15 A Completeness Theorem of Quantum Set Theory -- Index.

Note: Perspectives in Neural Computing -- Neural-Symbolic Learning Systems -- Copyright -- Preface -- About the Authors -- Table of Contents -- 1. Introduction and Overview -- 2. Background -- Part I Knowledge Refinement in Neural Networks -- 3. Theory Refinement in Neural Networks -- 4. Experiments on Theory Refinement -- Part II Knowledge Extraction from Neural Networks -- 5. Knowledge Extraction from Trained Networks -- 6. Experiments on Knowledge Extraction -- Part III Knowledge Revision in Neural Networks -- 7. Handling Inconsistencies in Neural Networks -- 8. Experiments on Handling Inconsistencies -- 9. Neural-Symbolic Integration: The Road Ahead -- References -- Index.