Note: Includes bibliographical references

Note: Intro -- Preface -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Generation in Plant Cells: Overview and Queries -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Generation and Scavenging of H2O2 in Plant Cells -- 3 Generation of NO in Plant Cells -- 4 Interplay Among Cell Organelles by NO and H2O2 Signaling: Overview and Queries -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Signaling Network -- 1 Introduction -- 2 NO Signaling Network in Plants -- 2.1 NO Synthesis -- 2.2 Response to NO in Plants -- 2.2.1 Seed Germination -- 2.2.2 Root Growth and Development -- 2.2.3 Ripening and Senescence -- 2.2.4 Stomatal Closure -- 2.2.5 Pollen Tube Growth -- 2.2.6 Disease Resistance -- 2.2.7 Abiotic Stress -- 2.3 NO Signaling Transduction with Other Signaling Molecules -- 3 H2O2 Signaling Network in Plants -- 3.1 H2O2 Generation -- 3.2 Responses to H2O2 in Plants -- 3.2.1 Growth and Development -- 3.2.2 Stress Response -- 4 Crosstalk Between NO and H2O2 Signaling in Plants -- 4.1 Interaction in Growth and Development -- 4.2 Interaction in Stress Responses -- 4.2.1 Drought -- 4.2.2 Salt -- 4.2.3 UV-B -- 4.2.4 Cold -- 4.2.5 Heat -- 4.2.6 Heavy Metal -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2)- and Nitric Oxide (NO)-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 1 Introduction -- 2 H2O2-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 2.1 Carbonylation -- 2.2 Sulfhydryl Oxidations -- 3 NO-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 3.1 Tyrosine Nitration -- 3.2 S-nitrosylation -- 3.3 Nitroalkylation -- 4 Interplay Between H2O2- and NO-Derived Posttranslational Modifications -- 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression Related to Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) and Nitric Oxide (NO) -- 1 Introduction. , 2 Nitric Oxide Induces a High Transcriptional Reprogramming Under Physiological and Stress Conditions -- 2.1 Nitric Oxide-Responsive Genes Identified by cDNA-Amplification Fragment Length Polymorphism (cDNA-AFLP) and Microarray Ana... -- 2.2 Nitric Oxide-Induced Transcriptional Regulation Determined by RNA-seq Analysis -- 3 Transcriptional Regulation Mediated by Hydrogen Peroxide -- 4 Interplay Between Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Signaling Events -- 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Metabolism and Interplay of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Plant Mitochondria -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Redox Level and Production of ROS and RNS in Mitochondria -- 3 Regulation of ROS and RNS Production and Scavenging at the Level of Electron Transport from NADH/NADPH and Succinate to Ubiq... -- 3.1 Complexes I and II -- 3.2 Alternative NADH/NADPH Dehydrogenases -- 4 Regulation of ROS and RNS Production and Scavenging at the Electron Transport Level from Ubiquinol to the Terminal Electron ... -- 4.1 Alternative Oxidase in the Regulation of ROS and RNS Levels in Plants -- 4.2 Cytochrome Pathway in ROS/RNS Production and Scavenging -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide Metabolism in Chloroplasts -- 1 Introduction -- 2 ROS Metabolism -- 2.1 ROS Generation in Plants -- 2.2 ROS Scavenging -- 2.2.1 ASC-GSH Cycle and SOD -- 2.2.2 Thioredoxins -- 2.2.3 Peroxiredoxins and Sulfiredoxins -- 3 NO Metabolism -- 3.1 NO Synthesis in Plants -- 3.2 Sources of NO in Plants -- 3.3 NO Generation in Chloroplasts -- 3.4 NO Targets in Chloroplasts -- 4 ROS/RNS and Stress -- 5 ROS-/RNS-Mediated Protein Modifications -- 5.1 Sulfenylation -- 5.2 S-Nitrosylation and Tyr Nitration -- 6 ROS/RNS Cross Talk -- 7 Future Perspectives -- References. , Participation of Hydrogen Peroxide and Nitric Oxide in Improvement of Seed Germination Performance Under Unfavourable Conditio... -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Cold Stratification -- 3 Abiotic Stress-Related Suppression of Seed Germination -- 3.1 Chilling Stress -- 3.2 Salinity and Heavy Metal Stress -- 3.3 Seed Storage Conditions -- 4 The Scientific Basis for Improving Seed Germination by Exogenous Nitric Oxide -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Root Organogenesis -- 1 Root System Architecture and Patterning -- 2 Primary Root Growth -- 3 Root Branching -- 4 Root Hair Development -- 5 Shoot-to-Root Long-Distance Signaling -- 6 Hormone Cross Talk -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide: Signals in Fruit Ripening -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Exogenous Applications of Ethylene Has Differential Responses in Climacteric and Non-climacteric Fruits -- 3 ROS-Hormone Interaction in Fruit Ripening -- 4 NO Levels During Fruit Development and Ripening: Where Does NO Come from? -- 5 From Chloroplasts to Chromoplasts: The Role of NO and H2O2 in Fruit Color Change -- 6 NO and H2O2 in Fruit Postharvest: New Insights -- 7 Conclusions -- References -- Plant Abiotic Stress: Function of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 3 Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase -- 4 Function of H2O2 in Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 5 Function of NO in Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 6 Conclusion -- References -- Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Plant Response to Biotic Stress -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Enrolment of NO and H2O2 in Plant Stress Response -- 2.1 Sources, Signaling and Interaction -- 2.2 Regulation of Gene Expression -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- Biotechnological Application of Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Peroxide in Plants -- 1 Initial Considerations. , 2 Pharmacological Manipulation of H2O2 and NO Levels in Plant Tissues -- 2.1 Methods for the Delivery of H2O2 and NO to Plant Tissues -- 2.2 Impacts of Exogenous H2O2 and NO on the Shelf Life of Fruit and Vegetables -- 2.3 Impacts of Exogenous H2O2 and NO on Plant Development and Stress Resistance -- 3 Genetic Manipulation of H2O2 and NO Metabolism -- 3.1 Genetic Manipulation of H2O2 Metabolism -- 3.2 Genetic Manipulation of NO Metabolism -- 4 Concluding Remarks -- References.

Note: Intro -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contents -- Part I Nitric Oxide: Properties and Functional Role -- 1 Reactive Nitrogen Species and Nitric Oxide -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Nitric Oxide -- 1.2.1 Properties of Nitric Oxide -- 1.2.2 Various Roles of NO in Plant Physiology -- 1.3 Peroxynitrite -- 1.3.1 Properties of Peroxynitrite -- 1.3.2 Reactions of ONOO− with Proteins -- 1.3.3 Reactions of ONOO− with Amino Acids -- 1.3.4 Reactions of ONOO− with Lipids -- 1.3.5 Reactions of ONOO− with DNA -- 1.4 Nitrosothiols -- 1.5 Conclusion -- References -- 2 Functional Role of Nitric Oxide Under Abiotic Stress Conditions -- Abstract -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Nitric Oxide and Abiotic Stress -- 2.2.1 Heavy Metal Toxicity -- 2.2.2 Drought Stress -- 2.2.3 Salinity -- 2.2.4 Heat Stress -- 2.2.5 Cold Stress -- 2.2.6 Ozone -- 2.2.7 UV-B Radiation -- 2.2.8 Flooding -- 2.2.9 Wounding -- 2.3 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Nitric Oxide and Abiotic Stress-Induced Oxidative Stress -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Oxidative Stress and Reactive Oxygen Species -- 3.1.2 Site of ROS Production -- 3.2 Nitric Oxide and Oxidative Stress -- 3.3 Salinity and Nitric Oxide -- 3.4 Drought and Nitric Oxide -- 3.5 Low Temperature and Nitric Oxide -- 3.6 High Temperature and Nitric Oxide -- 3.7 UV-B Radiation and Nitric Oxide -- 3.8 Heavy Metal Stress and Nitric Oxide -- 3.9 Conclusions and Future Projections -- References -- 4 Regulatory Role of Nitric Oxide in Alterations of Morphological Features of Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Root and Stem Growth -- 4.3 Germination and Survival -- 4.4 Specialized Morphological Features -- 4.5 Morphological Response of Cotyledons Under Abiotic Stress -- 4.6 Conclusion -- References -- Part II Nitric Oxide and Plant Adaptation to Abiotic Stresses. , 5 Nitric Oxide and High Temperature Stress: A Physiological Perspective -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Effect of High Temperature Stress on Plants -- 5.2.1 Germination -- 5.2.2 Morphology -- 5.2.3 Flowering -- 5.2.4 Photosynthesis -- 5.3 Source of NO in Plants -- 5.4 Heat Stress and NO Synthesis in Plants -- 5.5 NO and Thermotolerance -- 5.6 NO Signaling: Heat Perception and Mechanism of Thermotolerance -- 5.7 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Nitric Oxide in Drought Stress Signalling and Tolerance in Plants -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Mechanisms of Adaptation to Drought -- 6.3 Regulation of Genes Under Drought -- 6.4 Nitric Oxide Generation in Plants -- 6.5 Nitric Oxide Signalling in Plants -- 6.6 Effect of Nitric Oxide in Plant Hormone-Mediated Signalling -- 6.7 Crosstalk Between Polyamines and NO -- 6.8 Oxidative Stress Alleviation by Nitric Oxide -- 6.9 NO Mediation of ABA-Induced Stomatal Closure -- 6.10 Promotion of Adventitious Root Growth -- 6.11 Conclusion and Future Prospects -- References -- 7 Nitric Oxide and Plant Hemoglobins Improve the Tolerance of Plants to Hypoxia -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Plant Hemoglobins: Categories and Function -- 7.3 Properties of Nonsymbiotic Hemoglobins -- 7.3.1 Expression of nsHb-1 -- 7.4 Effect of Hypoxic Stress on Metabolism -- 7.5 Nitric Oxide -- 7.5.1 Production of NO Under Hypoxic Stress -- 7.6 Interaction of Nitric Oxide with nsHb-1s -- 7.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Directions -- References -- 8 Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Cold Stress Response: A Transcriptional Point of View -- Abstract -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 NO Bioavailability During Plant Response to Low Temperature: More than a Way to Skin a Cat? -- 8.3 NO and Plant Tolerance to Low Temperature -- 8.3.1 Identification of Cold-Responsive NO-Dependent Genes: From Specific to Holistic. , 8.4 How NO Regulates Cold-Responsive Gene Expression? The Missing Links -- 8.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 9 Nitric Oxide and UV-B Radiation -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 NO Reveals Protective Effects Under UV-B Influence in Dose-Dependent Manner -- 9.3 The Role of NO-dependent Regulatory Cascades in UV-B Perception by Plant Cell -- 9.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- 10 Nitric Oxide Impact on Plant Adaptation to Transition Metal Stress -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Transition Metals in Plants: An Exquisite Balance -- 10.3 Mechanism of Transition Metal Toxicity -- 10.4 Nitric Oxide in Transition Metal Stress -- 10.5 Transition Metal Stress Alters the Endogenous Level of Nitric Oxide -- 10.6 Exogenous Application of Nitric Oxide Alters the Transition Metal Tolerance Responses -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- 11 Nitric Oxide Action in the Improvement of Plant Tolerance to Nutritional Stress -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Modulation of K+Na+ Homeostasis by NO Under Salinity Stress -- 11.3 The Interplay of NO with Calcium Under Abiotic Stress Conditions -- 11.4 Role of NO in Plant Iron Homeostasis Under Nutritional Stress -- 11.5 The Interplay of NO with Mineral Nutrients Under Heavy Metal Stress -- 11.6 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Role of Nitric Oxide in Heavy Metal Stress -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 NO Generation Under HMs Stress -- 12.3 Effects of NO in the Protection Against HMs Stress -- 12.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects -- References -- 13 Role of Nitric Oxide in Salt Stress-induced Programmed Cell Death and Defense Mechanisms -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 NaCl Tolerance in Plants -- 13.3 NaCl Toxicity and Salt-induced Cell Death in Plants -- 13.4 NO Production in Plants Exposed to NaCl -- 13.5 NO in Signal Transduction -- 13.6 NO and Salt Tolerance. , 13.7 NO- and Salt-induced Programmed Cell Death -- 13.8 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 14 Nitric Oxide and Postharvest Stress of Fruits, Vegetables and Ornamentals -- Abstract -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Relationship Between Endogenous Nitric Oxide and Ethylene -- 14.3 Postharvest Application of NO -- 14.3.1 Fumigation with NO Gas -- 14.3.2 Dipping in Aqueous Solution of NO-Donor Compounds -- 14.4 Effects of NO on Intact Produce -- 14.4.1 Effects of NO Gas -- 14.4.2 Effects of NO-Donor Compounds -- 14.5 Effects of NO on Fresh-Cut Produce -- 14.6 Effects of NO on Ornamentals -- 14.7 Mode of Action of NO on Postharvest Produce -- 14.8 Commercial Usage -- References -- 15 Insights into the Participation of Nitric Oxide and Extra Cellular ATP in Wounding -- Abstract -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Wounding-Mediated Downstream Events and NO -- 15.3 Extracellular ATP (eATP) and NO Are Co-players in Plant and Animal Systems -- 15.4 Participation of S-Nitrosylation in Wounding -- 15.5 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 Metalloenzymes Involved in the Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species and Heavy Metal Stress -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Catalase (CAT -- EC 1.11.1.6) -- 3…Superoxide Dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) -- 4…Ascorbate Peroxidase (APX -- EC 1.11.1.11) -- 5…Xanthine Oxidoreductase -- 6…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 2 Metal Transporters in Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plants and Heavy Metals -- 2.1 Glutathione and Related Thiols -- 2.2 Metallothionein-like ProteinsMetallothionein-like Proteins and Metallothionein Expression -- 2.3 Induction of Thiols by Heavy Metals -- 3…Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Different Plant Species -- 3.1 Phytoremediation -- 3.2 Basic Mechanisms of Phytoremediation -- 3.3 HyperaccumulatorHyperaccumulator -- 3.3.1 Nickel -- 3.3.2 Zinc and Lead -- 3.3.3 Cadmium -- 3.3.4 Cobalt and Copper -- 3.3.5 Manganese -- 3.3.6 Selenium -- 4…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Biochemistry of Metals/Metalloids Toward Remediation Process -- Abstract -- 1…IntroductionIntroduction -- 1.1 Plants as Accumulators of MetalsPlants as Accumulators of Metals -- 1.2 Hyperaccumulator PlantsHyperaccumulator Plants -- 1.3 High Biomass CropsHigh Biomass Crops -- 2…Factors Affecting Metal Uptake by PlantsFactors Affecting Metal Uptake by Plants -- 3…Mechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in PlantsMechanism of Glutathione-Mediated Metal Stress Tolerant in Plants -- 4…Metals Uptake by PlantsMetals Uptake by Plants -- 5…Root-to-Shoot TranslocationRoot-to-Shoot Translocation -- 6…Detoxification/SequestrationDetoxification/Sequestration -- 7…Improvement for Enhanced PhytoextractionImprovement for Enhanced Phytoextraction -- 8…ConclusionsConclusions -- References -- 4 Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification Mechanisms in Plants -- Abstract. , 1…Introduction -- 2…Heavy Metal Uptake and Accumulation by Plants -- 3…Root System, Transporters and Heavy Metals -- 4…Sequestration of Metals into Vacuole -- 5…Role of Metal-Binding Ligands -- 6…Phytochelatins: The Heavy Metal Chelator -- 7…Phytochelatins Biosynthesis -- 8…Role of Phytochelatins in Heavy Metal Stress and Detoxification -- 9…Phytochelatins on Sulfur MetabolismSulfur Metabolism During Heavy Metal Stress -- 10…Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Detoxification and Tolerance of Heavy Metal in Tobacco Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2… Distribution Rule of HMs in Tobacco -- 3… Physiological Detoxification Mechanism of Tobacco to HMs Stress -- 3.1 Antioxidative Enzymes or Antioxidants -- 3.2 The Role of Trichomes and Crystals -- 4…The Special Genes Influencing Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5…How to Regulate Tobacco HMs Accumulation -- 5.1 Ensuring the Safety of Tobacco Leaf -- 5.2 Improving Soil Phytoremediation Efficacy -- 6…Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Heavy Metal Uptake and Tolerance of Charophytes -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Calcification and Nutrient Store -- 3…Carbonate-Bound Metals Fraction -- 4…Heavy Metal and Tolerance Capability of Charophytes -- 5…Metal Binding and Accumulation Mechanism in Charophytes -- 6…Conclusion -- References -- 7 Molecular Mechanisms Involved in Lead Uptake, Toxicity and Detoxification in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Plant Absorption of Lead -- 3…Lead in the Root and Its Translocation to the Aerial Parts -- 3.1 Radial Diffusion in the Root -- 3.1.1 Apoplastic Pathway -- 3.1.2 Symplastic Pathway -- 3.2 Detoxification Mechanisms -- 3.2.1 Constitutive Mechanisms -- 3.2.2 Inducible Mechanisms -- General Mechanisms -- Phytochelatins -- Metallothioneins -- 3.3 Translocation to the Aerial Parts of the Plant -- 4…Lead Effects on Plants. , 4.1 Effects on the Cell Constituents -- 4.1.1 Effects on the Cell Envelopes -- 4.1.2 Effects on Proteins -- Effects on the Protein Pool -- Inactivation Mechanisms -- Activation Mechanisms -- 4.1.3 Antimitotic and Genotoxic Action of Lead -- 4.2 Water Status -- 4.3 Mineral Nutrition -- 4.4 Photosynthesis -- 4.5 Respiration -- 5…Lead and Oxidative Stress -- 5.1 Lead-Induced Oxidative Stress -- 5.2 Role of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.1 Activation of NADPH-Oxidase -- 5.2.2 Implication of NADPH-Oxidase in Lead-Induced Toxicity -- 5.2.3 Alternative Sources of ROS -- 6…Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 8 Interpopulation Responses to Metal Pollution: Metal Tolerance in Wetland Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction: Metal Pollution -- 2…Plant Tolerance to Metals, General Considerations -- 3…Interpopulation Metal Tolerance Between Dryland and Wetland Plants, an Overview -- 4…Other Considerations in Relation with Environmental Factors and Population Metal Tolerance Responses in Wetland Ecosystems -- 5…Future Actions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Intraspecific Variation in Metal Tolerance of Plants -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Assessment of Variation in Metal Tolerance and Accumulation -- 2.1 In Vitro Screening Approach -- 3…Evaluation of Variability of Different Genotypes in Response to Exogenous Application of Heavy Metals -- 3.1 Toward Selenium (Se) BiofortificationBiofortification -- 4…Physiological, Biochemical, and Molecular Differences Related to Metal Tolerance -- 5…Conclusion -- References -- 10 Metallomics and Metabolomics of Plants Under Environmental Stress Caused by Metals -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Metal Toxicity in Plants -- 2.1 Mercury -- 2.2 Cadmium -- 2.3 ArsenicArsenic -- 2.4 Selenium -- 3…Metal InteractionsMetal Interactions in Plants -- 3.1 Selenium--Arsenic Effects on Plants. , 3.2 Sulfur and Selenium AntagonismAntagonism -- 4…MetallomicMetallomic and MetabolomicMetabolomic Techniques for Study of Plants Under Metal Stress -- 4.1 Collection of Plants -- 4.2 Metal Chemical SpeciationChemical Speciation and MetallomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.2.1 Sample Treatment in Metallomics -- 4.2.2 Metallomics Workflow -- 4.3 MetabolomicsMetallomics in Plant -- 4.3.1 Metabolomics Workflow for Plant Experiments -- 4.3.2 Sample Treatment for Metabolomic Studies -- 4.3.3 DataData ProcessingProcessingData Processing and Multivariate Analysis -- 5…Case Studies of Plant Under Metal Stress -- 5.1 Experiments ExposureExposure -- 5.2 Plants as BioindicatorsBioindicators in Environmental Monitoring of Metal Pollution -- 5.3 AlgaeAlgae as Functional FoodFunctional Food -- 6…Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Biogeochemical Cycling of Arsenic in Soil--Plant Continuum: Perspectives for Phytoremediation -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Bioavailability of Arsenic to Plants -- 3…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere pH -- 4…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Rhizosphere Redox Potential -- 5…Fate of Arsenic as Related to Soil Organic Matter -- 6…Role of Soil Microbes -- 7…Arsenic--Phosphorus Interaction -- 8…Arsenic Accumulation in Crops -- 9…Coordination Environment of Arsenic in Plant Tissue -- 10…Detoxification of Arsenic in Plants -- 11…Phytoremediation by Hyperaccumulating Plants -- 12…Novel Transgenic Strategies for Phytoremediation -- 13…Conclusions -- References -- 12 Evaluation of the Potential of Salt Marsh Plants for Metal Phytoremediation in Estuarine Environment -- Abstract -- 1…Introduction -- 2…Phytoremediation Potential of Halimione portulacoides -- 3…PhytoremediationPhytoremediation Potential of Juncus maritimus and Phragmites australis -- 4…Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- Chapter 1: Plant Hormones and Plant Defense Response Against Pathogens -- 1.1 Perception and Signal Transduction: The Apoplastic Crosstalk -- 1.2 Cell Signaling: Perception of Danger Signal -- 1.2.1 Effectors and Receptors -- 1.2.2 Signal Transduction Pathways -- 1.3 Nitric Oxide, Hydrogen Peroxide and Melatonin as Mediators for Defense Responses -- 1.4 Phytohormones in Pathogen Resistance: Roles and Network -- 1.4.1 Salicylic Acid (SA) -- 1.4.2 Jasmonates (JA), Ethylene (ET) and Polyamines -- 1.4.3 Cytokinins (CK) -- 1.4.4 Auxin -- 1.4.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs) -- 1.4.6 Gibberellins (GAs) -- 1.5 Genome Editing Tools: CRISPR/Cas Technology as New Approach to Improve Crop Resistance -- 1.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2: Plant Hormones and Nutrient Deficiency Responses -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Experimental Techniques Used to Study the Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Nutrient Deficiency Responses -- 2.2.1 Hormone Measurements -- 2.2.2 Exogenous Application of Hormones, their Precursors and Inhibitors -- 2.2.3 Use of Mutants Altered in the Regulation of Responses -- 2.2.4 Use of Hormone Mutants -- 2.2.5 Split-Root Experiments -- 2.2.6 Use of Reciprocally Grafted Plants Between WT and Mutants or Transgenic Lines Altered in the Regulation of Responses -- 2.2.7 Use of Detopped Plants, Girdled Plants or Foliar Application of Nutrients and Other Compounds -- 2.2.8 Molecular Techniques (Transcriptomic, Proteomic, Metabolomic, Y2H, BiFC, …) -- 2.3 Nutrient Deficiency Responses -- 2.3.1 General Adaptive Responses -- 2.3.1.1 Shoot-Root Growth Alterations/TOR/SnRKs -- 2.3.1.2 Recycling/Authophagy -- 2.3.1.3 Substitution -- 2.3.2 Specific Responses -- 2.3.2.1 Physiological Responses -- 2.3.2.2 Morphological Responses -- 2.4 Sensors and Transceptors. , 2.5 Role of Hormones in the Regulation of Nutrient Deficiency Responses -- 2.5.1 Role of Hormones on General Adaptive Responses -- 2.5.1.1 Role of Hormones on Shoot-Root Growth Alterations/TOR/SnRKs -- 2.5.1.2 Role of Hormones on Recycling/Authophagy -- 2.5.2 Role of Hormones on Specific Responses -- 2.5.2.1 Role of Hormones on Physiological Responses -- 2.5.2.2 Role of Hormones on Morphological Responses -- 2.6 Crosstalk Between Different Hormones, and Between Hormones and Other Signaling Substances -- 2.7 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 3: Seed Germination: Explicit Crosstalk Between Hormones and ROS -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Seed Germination: First Sign of Perceptible Growth and Hormonal Interplay -- 3.3 ROS, an Inevitable Player - Signaling and/or Direct Action in Growth -- 3.4 Cross-Talk Between Hormone and ROS During Seed Germination -- 3.5 ROS - PM H+-ATPase - Hormones: Extension of the Signaling Network -- 3.6 Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS): Another Potential Candidate to Play for Signaling -- 3.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4: Hormones and Light-Regulated Seedling Development -- 4.1 Light-Regulated Responses During Seedling Development -- 4.2 Light Perception and Signaling in Plants -- 4.2.1 Perception of Light Signals -- 4.2.1.1 Perception of Red and Far-Red Lights -- 4.2.1.2 Perception of Blue Light -- 4.2.1.3 Perception of UV-B Light -- 4.2.2 Transcriptional Hubs Regulating Light-Mediated Changes in Gene Expression -- 4.3 Hormonal Regulation of Dark-Adapted Seedling Growth Beneath the Soil -- 4.4 Hormones Mediate Light-Induced Opening and Expansion of Cotyledons -- 4.5 Regulation of Chlorophyll and Anthocyanin Accumulation by Hormones -- 4.6 Hormones Control Hypocotyl Growth Under Light -- 4.7 Hormonal Regulation of Phototropism and Shade Avoidance Response -- 4.8 Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 5: Light-Mediated Regulation of Plant Hormone Metabolism -- 5.1 Initial Considerations -- 5.2 A Brief Update on Light Signaling in Higher Plants -- 5.3 Mechanistic Links Between Light Perception and Hormone Metabolism in Higher Plants: A Wide Spectrum of Possibilities -- 5.3.1 Light and Auxin Metabolism -- 5.3.2 Light and Gibberellin Metabolism -- 5.3.3 Light and Abscisic Acid Metabolism -- 5.3.4 Light and Cytokinin Metabolism -- 5.3.5 Light and Ethylene Metabolism -- 5.3.6 Light and Brassinosteroid Metabolism -- 5.4 Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6: Hormones in Photoperiodic Flower Induction -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering -- 6.3 The Effect of Hormones on the Induction of Flowering of Plants with Different Photoperiodic Requirements -- 6.4 Effect of Photoperiod on Hormone Metabolism and Signal Transduction Pathways During Generative Induction -- 6.5 Mechanisms of Hormone Action During Photoperiodic Induction of Flowering -- 6.6 Interactions of Hormones in the Regulation of Flowering Induction in Ipomoea nil -- 6.7 Summary -- References -- Chapter 7: Recent Insights into Auxin-Mediated Molecular Cross Talk Events Associated with Regulation of Root Growth and Architecture During Abiotic Stress in Plants -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Regulation of Root Architecture -- 7.3 Auxin Efflux Carriers Coordinate Auxin Distribution in Roots During Abiotic Stress -- 7.4 Abiotic-Stress Induced Regulation of Auxin Homoeostasis in Roots -- 7.5 NO and JA Precisely Regulate Root Development by Acting Through Auxin-Mediated Signaling Pathway -- 7.6 ABA and Ethylene Crosstalk Integrates Auxin Signalling in Plant Roots During Osmotic Stress -- 7.7 Hydrogen Sulphide and Indoleamine-Mediated Auxin Signalling in Roots -- 7.8 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives -- References. , Chapter 8: Abscisic Acid and Fruit Ripening: Its Role in Grapevine Acclimation to the Environment, a Case of Study -- 8.1 ABA Biochemistry -- 8.2 ABA Physiology -- 8.3 Relevance of ABA in the Physiology of Fruit Ripening -- 8.4 ABA and Grapevine -- 8.5 Conclusions Regarding Grapevines and ABA -- References -- Chapter 9: Biosynthesis and Molecular Mechanism of Brassinosteroids Action -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Chemical Structure of Brassinosteroids -- 9.3 Metabolism of Brassinosteroids -- 9.4 Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis Pathways -- 9.4.1 Early Steps of Brassinosteroids Biosynthesis -- 9.4.2 Biosynthesis of C27-Brassinosteroids -- 9.4.3 Biosynthesis of C28-Brassinosteroids -- 9.4.4 Biosynthesis of C29-Brassinosteroids -- 9.4.5 Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis -- 9.5 Signal Transduction of Brassinosteroids -- 9.5.1 Structure of BRI1/BAK1 Receptors -- 9.5.2 Brassinosteroids' Crosstalk with Other Phytohormones -- 9.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 10: Regulatory Role of Melatonin in the Redox Network of Plants and Plant Hormone Relationship in Stress -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Metabolism of ROS and RNS -- 10.3 Melatonin and ROS/RNS -- 10.4 Melatonin in the ROS/RNS Network in Plants -- 10.5 Melatonin and Gene Regulation in the Redox Network -- 10.6 Melatonin and Plant Hormone Relationship -- 10.6.1 Auxin -- 10.6.2 Gibberellin, Abscisic Acid and Cytokinins -- 10.6.3 Ethylene -- 10.6.4 Salicylic Acid and Jasmonic Acid -- 10.6.5 Brassinosteroids, Polyamines and Strigolactones -- 10.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 11: Tryptophan: A Precursor of Signaling Molecules in Higher Plants -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Tryptophan Is Generated in the Shikimate (Chorismate) Pathway -- 11.2.1 Auxin, Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) -- 11.2.2 Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) -- 11.2.3 Melatonin (N-Acetyl-5-Methoxytryptamine). , 11.2.3.1 Abiotic Stress -- 11.2.3.2 Fruit Ripening and Postharvest -- 11.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 12: GABA and Proline Metabolism in Response to Stress -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Biosynthesis and Degradation of GABA in Plants -- 12.3 Proline Metabolism in Plants -- 12.4 GABA and Proline Involvement in Abiotic Stresses Responses -- 12.5 GABA and Proline Responses in Plants Under Biotic Stresses -- 12.6 Potential Functions of GABA in Plant Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stress -- 12.7 Potential Functional Implications of Proline in Plants Under Stress -- 12.8 Potential Links Between GABA and Proline Metabolism and Hormone Signalling -- 12.9 Upcoming Challenges for the Understanding of Proline and GABA Contributions to Stress Tolerance in Plants -- References.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- ReferencesCorpas FJ, Gupta DK, Palma JM (2015) Production sites of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants. In: Gupta DK, Palma JM, Corpas FJ (eds) Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in plants under stress. Springer Publication, Germany, p 1-22Gupta DK, Corpas FJ, Palma JM (2013) Heavy metal stress in plants. Springer-Verlag, GermanyGupta DK, Palma JM, Corpas FJ (2015) Reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in plants under stress. Springer-Verlag, GermanyGupta DK, Peña LB, Romero -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Cellular Redox Homeostasis as Central Modulator in Plant Stress Response -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 ROS Production Pathways -- 1.3 ROS-Scavenging Mechanisms -- 1.3.1 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle -- 1.3.2 ROS Removal Enzymes -- 1.4 Redox-Dependent Signalling -- 1.4.1 Redox Signalling in Different Cell Compartments -- 1.4.2 The Role of Redox-Sensitive Proteins in Signal Transduction -- 1.5 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 2 Plant Cell Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Concept of Redox Homeostasis in Plants -- 2.2 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species -- 2.2.1 Types of ROS -- 2.2.1.1 Singlet Oxygen -- 2.2.1.2 Superoxide Radical -- 2.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide -- 2.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radical -- 2.3 ROS Detoxification in Plants -- 2.3.1 Enzymatic Antioxidants -- 2.3.2 Non-enzymatic Antioxidants -- 2.4 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Redox Balance in Chloroplasts as a Modulator of Environmental Stress Responses: The Role of Ascorbate Peroxidase and Nudix Hydrolase in Arabidopsis -- Abstract -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Ascorbate-Dependent Redox System in Chloroplasts -- 3.2.1 Chloroplastic APX and its Contribution to Redox Modulation -- 3.2.2 Recycling of Ascorbate and Glutathione. , 3.3 Roles of Nudix Hydrolases in the Regulation of the Redox State in Chloroplasts -- 3.4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 Physiological Processes Contributing to the Synthesis of Ascorbic Acid in Plants -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 AA Synthesis in Plant Tissues -- 4.3 Environmental Regulation of AA Synthesis in Plant Tissues -- 4.3.1 The Light Control of AA Synthesis -- 4.4 Physiological Processes Affecting AA Synthesis -- 4.4.1 Feedback Regulation and Other Specific Regulators -- 4.4.1.1 Relationship of AA Synthesis with Plant Metabolism -- Interaction with Photosynthesis -- Interaction with Respiration -- Regulation of AA Synthesis by Plant Hormones -- 4.5 The Synthesis of AA in Fruits -- 4.5.1 The Effect of Light on the Synthesis of AA in Fruit -- 4.6 The Changes of AA During Plant Domestication -- 4.7 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Redox State in Plant Mitochondria and its Role in Stress Tolerance -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 NADP in the Mitochondrial Matrix -- 5.3 Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Substrate Cycle -- 5.4 Glycolytic Reactions Associated with Plant Mitochondria -- 5.5 Malate and Citrate Valves -- 5.6 Modulation of Redox State in Mitochondria by Thioredoxin -- 5.7 Ascorbate and Glutathione -- 5.8 Production of Reactive Oxygen Species by Plant Mitochondria -- 5.9 Generation of Nitric Oxide by Plant Mitochondria -- 5.10 Cross Talk Between NO and ROS -- 5.11 Mitochondrial ROS and NO Production in Stress Response -- 5.12 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Oxidative Stress and its Role in Peroxisome Homeostasis in Plants -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Reactive Oxygen Species in Plants -- 6.3 ROS Generation and Elimination in Plant Cells -- 6.3.1 ROS Generation in Peroxisomes -- 6.3.1.1 Photorespiration -- 6.3.1.2 β-Oxidation of Fatty Acids -- 6.3.1.3 Other Pathways. , 6.3.2 ROS Damage and the Scavenging Antioxidant System in Peroxisomes -- 6.3.2.1 The Destructive Effect of ROS -- 6.3.2.2 Peroxisomal ROS Scavenging System -- 6.4 Redox Regulation of Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.1 Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.2 The Import of Peroxisomal Matrix Proteins -- 6.4.3 Oxidative Stress Represses Peroxisome Biogenesis -- 6.4.3.1 Oxidative Stress Represses Peroxisomal Matrix Protein Import -- 6.4.3.2 Oxidative Stress Affects the Subcellular Localization and Activity of Peroxisomal Proteins -- 6.4.3.3 Oxidative Stress Affects Peroxisomal Proliferation -- 6.5 Redox State Regulates Peroxisome Degradation -- 6.5.1 Pexophagy is the Main Way to Degrade Oxidized Peroxisomes -- 6.5.2 Pexophagy Involved in Peroxisome Remodeling -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Glutathione-Related Enzyme System: Glutathione Reductase (GR), Glutathione Transferases (GSTs) and Glutathione Peroxidases (GPXs) -- Abstract -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Glutathione -- 7.3 Glutathione Reductase Supports Continuous Reduction of the Oxidized Glutathione -- 7.4 GSTs are a Large and Even Broadening Family of Proteins Which Comprise Highly Heterogenic Enzymes with Diverse Structure and Function -- 7.5 Glutathione Peroxidase may be a Link Between Glutathione and Thioredoxin Systems -- 7.6 GSH-Related Enzymes and the Redox-Dependent Signaling -- 7.7 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Glutathione Metabolism in Plants Under Metal and Metalloid Stress and its Impact on the Cellular Redox Homoeostasis -- Abstract -- 8.1 Soil Toxic Elements and the Particular Cases of Mercury and Arsenic -- 8.2 Oxidative Stress and Plant Tolerance to Toxic Metal(loid)s -- 8.3 Glutathione is a Key Component of the Antioxidant Response to Toxic Metal(loid)s -- 8.4 Toxic Element Binding to Biothiols is Essential for Plant Tolerance. , 8.5 Regulation of Glutathione Metabolism Under Metal(loid) Stress -- 8.5.1 Endogenous Factors that Modulate the Biothiol Metabolism -- 8.6 Metallomics to Characterize Biothiols Metabolism and Metal Speciation -- 8.7 Phytoremediation of Toxic Elements in Perspective -- 8.8 Concluding Remark -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 9 Glutathione and Related Enzymes in Response to Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 The Role of GSH and Related Enzymes in Plant Response to Different Abiotic Stressors -- 9.2.1 Drought -- 9.2.2 Temperature -- 9.2.3 Salinity -- 9.2.4 Heavy Metals -- 9.2.5 Herbicides -- 9.3 Conclusion -- References -- 10 The Function of Cellular Redox Homeostasis and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plants Tolerance to Abiotic Stresses -- Abstract -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Source of ROS and Redox Homeostasis in Plants -- 10.2.1 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Chloroplast -- 10.2.2 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Mitochondria -- 10.2.3 ROS Generation and Redox Homeostasis in Peroxisome -- 10.3 Cross Talk Between ROS and Signal Molecular in Regulating Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress -- 10.3.1 ROS and ABA -- 10.3.2 ROS and Nitric Oxide -- 10.3.3 ROS and Calcium -- 10.3.4 ROS and Other Signal Molecules -- 10.4 Summary and Perspective -- References -- 11 Abiotic Stress-Induced Redox Changes and Programmed Cell Death in Plants-A Path to Survival or Death? -- Abstract -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Role of ROS in Abiotic Stress-Induced PCD in Plants -- 11.3 High-Light-Induced PCD -- 11.4 Ultraviolet (UV)- and Ozone-Mediated PCD -- 11.5 PCD Induced by Heavy Metals -- 11.6 Temperature-Induced PCD -- 11.7 Salinity Stress-Associated PCD -- 11.8 Role and Interaction of Mitochondria and Plastids in PCD -- 11.9 Concluding Remark -- References. , 12 The Role of ROS and Redox Signaling During the Initial Cellular Response to Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 ROS-Signaling During Light Acclimation and High-Light Stress -- 12.2.1 Sources of Chloroplastic ROS Production -- 12.2.2 ROS-Dependent Chloroplast-to-Nucleus Signaling Pathways -- 12.3 ROS-Mediated Signaling Events During Temperature Stress -- 12.3.1 ROS Burst During Temperature Stress -- 12.3.2 ROS-Mediated Signaling Cascades During Temperature Stress -- 12.4 ROS-Dependent Salt Stress Signaling Pathways -- 12.4.1 Primary ROS Sources upon Salt Stress -- 12.4.2 ROS-Dependent Initial Salt Stress Signaling Pathways -- 12.5 ROS-Mediated Low-Oxygen Sensing -- 12.5.1 Mitochondria and Plasma Membrane as ROS Sources During Hypoxia -- 12.5.2 ROS-Dependent Low-Oxygen Signaling Cascades -- 12.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 13 The Cadmium-Binding Thioredoxin O Acts as an Upstream Regulator of the Redox Plant Homeostasis -- Abstract -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Materials and Methods -- 13.2.1 Chemicals -- 13.2.2 Cloning, Expression, and Purification of Recombinant PsTrx o -- 13.2.3 Effect of Cd2+ ions on PsTrx o In Vitro -- 13.2.4 Electrochemical Measurements -- 13.2.5 Voltamperogram of Trx o: Determination of the Half-Wave Potential -- 13.2.6 Determination of Electron Mobility -- 13.2.7 Spectrum Screening -- 13.2.8 Statistical Analysis -- 13.3 Results and Discussion -- 13.3.1 In Vitro Effect of Cd2+ on Trx o Structure and Activity -- 13.3.2 Proposed Diagram for the Oxidation Mechanisms of Pea Trx o -- 13.3.3 In Vitro Effect of Cd2+ on Trx o Oxidation -- 13.3.4 Variation of the Redox Reaction of Trx o as a Function of Protein Concentration -- 13.3.5 Effect of Cd2+-Trx o Bound on the Redox Reaction -- 13.3.6 Effect of Cd2+ on the Half-Wave Potential E1/2 or Redox Potential of Trx o. , 13.3.7 Effect of Cd2+ on Electron Transfer.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Generation and Scavenging of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Plant Cells: an Overview -- Interaction Between the Metabolism of ROS and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) -- References -- Contents -- About the Editors -- 1 Plant Superoxide Dismutases: Function Under Abiotic Stress Conditions -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Physiological Importance of SOD in Plants -- 3 Plant Environmental or Abiotic Stress -- 4 Effect of Abiotic Stress on SOD -- 4.1 Heavy Metal Stress -- 4.2 Salinity and Drought Stress -- 4.3 Stress by Xenobiotics -- 4.4 Temperature Stress -- 4.5 High Light Intensity Stress -- 4.6 Ozone and Atmospheric Contaminants -- 4.7 Mechanical Stress -- 5 Transgenic Plants Overexpressing SOD to Produce Stress-Tolerant Plants -- 6 Post-translational Modifications of Plant SODs Mediated by Nitric Oxide -- 7 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 2 Studies of Catalase in Plants Under Abiotic Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Peroxisomes and Abiotic Stress Response -- 3 Response to Multiple Abiotic Stress Conditions -- 4 Exogenous Application of Abiotic Stress-Relief Agents -- 5 Nitric Oxide and Catalase Activity -- 6 Differential Control of Different Catalase Genes -- 7 Response of Transgenic Plants -- 8 Insight from Downregulating Catalase Gene Expression -- 9 Conclusion -- References -- 3 Ascorbate Peroxidase Functions in Higher Plants: The Control of the Balance Between Oxidative Damage and Signaling -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Distribution and Subcellular Localization of APXs and APX-Like Proteins in Plants -- 2.1 Functional APX Isoforms -- 2.2 APX-Like Proteins -- 3 Regulation of APX Isoforms -- 3.1 Expression of APX Isoforms in Arabidopsis -- 3.2 Regulation of cAPX at Transcriptional and Post-translational Levels -- 3.3 Production of sAPX and tAPX from Single Gene Via Alternative Splicing. , 3.4 Inhibition of Chloroplastic APXs Under Oxidative Stress -- 4 Physiological Roles of APXs as Antioxidant Defense Enzymes and Signaling Regulators -- 4.1 Chloroplastic Isoforms Play a Role in the Water-Water Cycle -- 4.2 Chloroplastic Isoforms as H2O2 Signaling Regulators -- 4.3 Cytosolic APXs Play a Central Role in the Cellular Redox Regulation -- 4.4 Unexploited Peroxisomal and Mitochondrial APXs -- 5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 4 Glutathione Reductase: Safeguarding Plant Cells Against Oxidative Damage -- Abstract -- 1 Initial Considerations -- 2 Enzyme Structure and Catalytic Mechanism -- 2.1 Structural Features of GR Enzyme -- 2.2 Catalytic Mechanism of GR Enzyme -- 3 Significance of GR Activity During Plant Development -- 4 Significance of GR Activity During Plant Stress Responses -- 4.1 Drought Stress -- 4.2 Salt Stress -- 4.3 Temperature Stress -- 4.4 Heavy Metals -- 4.5 Light Stress -- 4.6 Regulation of GR Under Stress -- 5 Genetic Manipulation of GR -- 5.1 Physiological Consequences -- 5.2 Biotechnological Applications -- 6 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 5 Function of the Various MDAR Isoforms in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 MDAR Isoforms -- 2.1 Genes -- 2.2 Localization -- 2.3 Structure of the MDAR Enzyme -- 3 Regulation -- 3.1 Transcriptional Regulation -- 3.2 Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Regulation -- 4 Functions of the Different MDAR Isoforms -- 4.1 Role in Stress Tolerance -- 4.2 Role in Plant Development -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 6 Peroxiredoxins: Types, Characteristics and Functions in Higher Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Common Characteristics of Peroxiredoxins -- 3 Types of Peroxiredoxins -- 4 AhpC/prx1-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 4.1 The Plant Prx1-Peroxiredoxins -- 5 Prx6-Type Peroxiredoxins. , 5.1 The Plant Prx6-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 6 Prx5-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 6.1 The Plant Prx5-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 7 Bcp-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 7.1 The Plant Bcp-Type Peroxiredoxins -- 8 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 7 Redox Protein Thioredoxins: Function Under Salinity, Drought and Extreme Temperature Conditions -- Abstract -- 1 Effect of Salt, Drought and Extreme Temperatures Stresses -- 2 ROS and RNS Generation -- 3 Control of ROS/RNS Under Stress -- 4 Thioredoxins in Higher Plants -- 5 Functional Biochemistry of Trxs Mediated by ROS and RNS -- 6 Role of Trx Under Salinity -- 7 Role of Trx Under Drought -- 8 Role of Trx Under Extreme Temperatures -- 9 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 8 Biosynthesis and Regulation of Ascorbic Acid in Plants -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis of Ascorbic Acid -- 2.1 d-Mannose/l-Galactose Pathway -- 2.1.1 Phosphomannose Isomerase (PMI) -- 2.1.2 Phosphomannose Mutase (PMM) -- 2.1.3 GDP-d-Mannose Pyrophosphorylase (GMP) -- 2.1.4 GDP-d-Mannose-3′,5′-Epimerase (GME) -- 2.1.5 GDP-l-Galactose Phosphorylase (GGP) -- 2.1.6 l-Galactose-1-Phosphate Phosphatase (GPP) -- 2.1.7 l-Galactose Dehydrogenase (l-GalDH) -- 2.1.8 l-Galactono-1,4-Lactone Dehydrogenase (l-GalLDH) -- 2.2 Alternative Ascorbate Biosynthesis Pathways -- 2.2.1 Pathway via d-Glucuronic Acid -- 2.2.2 Pathway via l-Gulose -- 2.2.3 Pathway via d-Galacturonic Acid -- 3 Regulation of Ascorbic Acid Biosynthesis -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 9 Glutathione Metabolism and Its Function in Higher Plants Adapting to Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glutathione Biosynthesis -- 3 Glutathione Distribution and Transport -- 4 Glutathione Turnover and Degradation -- 5 Signal Transduction Related to Glutathione -- 5.1 Protein S-Glutathionylation -- 5.2 S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO). , 6 Function of Glutathione Metabolism in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress -- 6.1 Salinity and Drought Stresses -- 6.2 High and Low Temperature -- 6.3 Heavy Metals -- 7 Function of Glutathione Metabolism in Plant Resistance to Biotic Stress -- 7.1 GSH as an Antioxidant Protects the Plant Cell in Biotic Stress -- 7.2 Function of GSH in Nuclei -- 7.3 Function of GSH in Chloroplasts -- 7.4 Function of GSH in Apoplast -- 7.5 GSH Participates in Material Synthesis as Precursors -- 7.6 GSH as Transmitting Signals Takes Part in Plant Disease-Resistance -- 8 Concluding Remarks -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 10 Revisiting Carotenoids and Their Role in Plant Stress Responses: From Biosynthesis to Plant Signaling Mechanisms During Stress -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Building Blocks of Carotenoids and Biosynthesis -- 2.1 Main Genes, Enzymes and Events During Carotenogenesis -- 3 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Water Deficit and Excess -- 4 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Nutritional or Chemical -- 5 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Temperature and Light -- 6 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Salt Stress -- 7 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Elevated Greenhouse Gases -- 8 Role of Carotenoids in Plant Stress: Plant Competition and Allelopathy -- 9 Signaling Mechanisms of Carotenoids During Plant Stress -- 9.1 Signaling and Bio-communication -- 10 Future Perspectives and Concluding Remarks -- References -- 11 Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: The Relevance of Tocopherols -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Expression of Tocopherol Synthesis Genes Under Abiotic Stresses -- 3 Tocopherol Status in Plant Cells Under Abiotic Stresses -- 4 Mitigation of Abiotic Stress with Tocopherol Pretreatment -- 5 Conclusion -- References -- 12 Flavonoids (Antioxidants Systems) in Higher Plants and Their Response to Stresses -- Abstract. , 1 Introduction -- 2 Biosynthesis of Flavonoids -- 3 Regulation of Flavonoids -- 4 Flavonoids and Stress Responses -- 4.1 UV and Light Stress -- 4.2 Water and Salt Stress -- 4.3 Ozone -- 4.4 Nitrogen Deficiency and Cold -- 4.5 Heavy Metals and Other Stress Stimuli -- 5 Flavonoids in the Biotic Stress Response -- 6 Concluding Perspectives -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 13 Class III Peroxidases: Functions, Localization and Redox Regulation of Isoenzymes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Reaction Mechanisms and Structure of POX Isoenzymes -- 2.1 Three Cycles of POXs -- 2.2 Structural Characterisation of POX Isoenzymes -- 3 Substrates -- 4 Antioxidative Function -- 4.1 Redox Regulation of Peroxidatic Cycle and Subcellular Compartmentation -- 5 Pro-oxidative Functions -- 5.1 H2O2-Producing System (Oxidative Cycle) -- 5.2 Hydroxyl Radical-Generating System (Hydroxylic Cycle) -- 6 Effects of Environmental Stresses on POXs -- 7 Genetic Manipulation of POX Isoenzymes Related to Plant Defence Against Environmental Stress Conditions -- 8 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References.