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  • 1
    Keywords: Geology ; Environmental pollution ; Natural Hazards ; Geology ; Environmental pollution ; Marine Sciences ; Marine Sciences ; Water pollution. ; Natural disasters. ; Freshwater. ; Atmospheric sciences. ; Marine sciences. ; Konferenzschrift Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (1. : 2018: Hammamet) 12.11.-15.11.2018 ; Geoinformatik ; Geoinformationssystem ; Geoinformation ; Datenanalyse ; Kongress ; Arabische Staaten ; Arabien ; Nordafrika ; Geostatistik ; Fernerkundung
    Description / Table of Contents: This edited volume is based on the best papers accepted for presentation during the 1st Springer Conference of the Arabian Journal of Geosciences (CAJG-1), Tunisia 2018. The book compiles a wide range of topics addressing various issues by experienced researchers mainly from research institutes in the Mediterranean, MENA region, North America and Asia. Remote sensing observations can close gaps in information scarcity by complementing ground-based sparse data. Spatial, spectral, temporal and radiometric characteristics of satellites sensors are most suitable for features identification. The local to global nature and broad spatial scale of remote sensing with the wide range of spectral coverage are essential characteristics, which make satellites an ideal platform for mapping, observation, monitoring, assessing and providing necessary mitigation measures and control for different related Earth's systems processes. Main topics in this book include: Geo-informatics Applications, Land Use / Land Cover Mapping and Change Detection, Emerging Remote Sensing Applications, Rock Formations / Soil Lithology Mapping, Vegetation Mapping Impact and Assessment, Natural Hazards Mapping and Assessment, Ground Water Mapping and Assessment, Coastal Management of Marine Environment and Atmospheric Sensing
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (XXIX, 361 p. 196 illus., 172 illus. in color, online resource)
    Edition: Springer eBook Collection. Earth and Environmental Science
    ISBN: 9783030014407
    Series Statement: Advances in Science, Technology & Innovation, IEREK Interdisciplinary Series for Sustainable Development
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Natural disasters. ; Environmental management. ; Environmental policy.
    Description / Table of Contents: Forum Lectures and Special Lecture: On the prediction of landslides and their consequences -- Design recommendations for single and dual rigid debris flow barriers with and without basal clearance -- The rockfall failure hazard assessment: summary and new advances -- Progress and lessons learned from responses to landslide disasters -- Behind-the-scenes in mitigation of landslides and other geohazards in low income countries - in memory of Hiroshi Fukuoka -- The impact of climate change on landslide hazard and risk -- Sendai Landslide Partnerships, Kyoto Landslide Commitment, and International programme on Landslides: Kyoto 2020 Commitment for Global Promotion of Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk -- International Consortium on Landslides -- The ICL journal Landslides - 16 years of capacity development for landslide risk reduction -- UNESCO/KU/ICL UNITWIN Cooperation Programme-Members and recent activities -- International Programme on Landslides (IPL) -- SATREPS project for Sri Lanka with regard to “Development of early warning technology of Rain-induced Rapid and Long-travelling Landslides” -- Central Asia – rockslides' and rock avalanches' treasury and workbook -- Results of recent monitoring activities on landslide Umka, Belgrade, Serbia - IPL 181 -- Landslides in Weathered Flysch: From Activation to Deposition (WCoE 2017-2020) -- Report of the Croatian WCoE 2017-2020: From landslide mapping to risk assessment -- LARAM School: an ongoing experience -- Advanced technologies for Landslides (WCoE 2017-2020) -- Extreme rainfall event and its aftermath analysis - IPL 210 project progress report -- Complex geomorphological and engineering geological research of landslides with adverse societal impacts -- Report of the IPL-219, IPL-220 and Croatian WCoE 2017-2020: From landslide investigation to landslide prediction and stabilization -- Landslide-induced Tsunamis: Simulation of Tsunami waves induced by coastal and submarine landslides in Japan -- On the use of statistical analysis to understand submarine landslide processes and assess their hazard -- The continuing underestimated tsunami hazard from submarine landslides -- December 11, 2018 landslide and 90-m icy tsunami in the Bureya water reservoir -- The link between upper-slope submarine landslides and mass transport deposits in the hadal trenchs -- Tsunami from the San Andrés Landslide on El Hierro, Canary Islands: first attempt using simple scenario -- A sedimentological study of turbidite layers on a deep–sea terrace in the Japan Trench -- Flank failure of the volcanic Turtle Island and the submarine landslide in the southernmost Okinawa Trough -- Numerical simulation for tsunami generation due to a landslide -- Dealing with mass flow-induced tsunamis at Stromboli volcano: monitoring strategies through multi-platform remote sensing -- Detailed seafloor observation on a deep-sea terrace along the Japan Trench after the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake -- Landslides at UNESCO designates sites and contribution from WMO, FAO, IRDR -- Landslides at UNESCO-designated sites -- Traditional knowledge and local expertise in landslide risk mitigation of world heritages sites -- Reconstruction of the slope instability conditions before the 2016 failure in an urbanized district of Florence (Italy), a UNESCO World Heritage Site -- Integrating Kinematic analysis and Infrared Thermography for instability processes assessment in the rupestrian monastery complex of David Gareja (Georgia) -- Shallow landslide susceptibility assessment in the High City of Antananarivo (Madagascar) -- Thermo-mechanical cliff stability at tomb KV42 in the Valley of the Kings, Egypt -- Collaboration in MHEWS through an Integrated Way: The Great Efforts Contributed by Multi-stakeholder Partnership at National, Regional and International Levels -- Resilient Watershed Management: Landscape Approach to Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction -- Integrating DRR into the conservation and management mechanisms of the internationally designated sites – view of IRDR -- Landslide hazard and risk assessment for civil protection early response -- Size matters: the impact of small, medium and large landslide disasters -- Practices of Public Participation Early Warning System for Geological Hazards in China -- Education and Capacity Development for Risk Management and Risk Governance -- Early warning systems in Italy: state-of-the-art and future trends -- Community-based landslide risk management in contrasting social environments, cases from the Czech Republic -- Refinement Progresses on Freeway Slope Maintenance after a Huge Landslide Disaster -- Landslide exposure community-based mapping: a first encounter in a small rural locality of Mexico -- Co-producing data and decision support tools to reduce landslide risk in the humid tropics -- ICT-based landslide disaster simulation drill: Road to achieve 2030 global commitment -- A Preliminary Work of Safety Potential Analysis Model for Anchors Used on Freeway Slopes -- Initial Experiences of Community Involvement in an Early Warning System in Informal Settlements in Medellín, Colombia -- Capacity Building and Community Preparedness towards Landslide Disaster in Pagerharjo Village, Kulon Progo Regency of Yogyakarta, Indonesia -- Protection of a cultural heritage site in Croatia from rockfall occurrences -- Cutting-edge technologies aiming for better outcomes of landslide disaster mitigation.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource(XXV, 641 p. 527 illus., 483 illus. in color.)
    Edition: 1st ed. 2021.
    ISBN: 9783030601966
    Series Statement: ICL Contribution to Landslide Disaster Risk Reduction
    Language: English
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Nitrous oxide (N2O), like carbon dioxide, is a long-lived greenhouse gas that accumulates in the atmosphere. Over the past 150 years, increasing atmospheric N2O concentrations have contributed to stratospheric ozone depletion1 and climate change2, with the current rate of increase estimated at 2 per cent per decade. Existing national inventories do not provide a full picture of N2O emissions, owing to their omission of natural sources and limitations in methodology for attributing anthropogenic sources. Here we present a global N2O inventory that incorporates both natural and anthropogenic sources and accounts for the interaction between nitrogen additions and the biochemical processes that control N2O emissions. We use bottom-up (inventory, statistical extrapolation of flux measurements, process-based land and ocean modelling) and top-down (atmospheric inversion) approaches to provide a comprehensive quantification of global N2O sources and sinks resulting from 21 natural and human sectors between 1980 and 2016. Global N2O emissions were 17.0 (minimum–maximum estimates: 12.2–23.5) teragrams of nitrogen per year (bottom-up) and 16.9 (15.9–17.7) teragrams of nitrogen per year (top-down) between 2007 and 2016. Global human-induced emissions, which are dominated by nitrogen additions to croplands, increased by 30% over the past four decades to 7.3 (4.2–11.4) teragrams of nitrogen per year. This increase was mainly responsible for the growth in the atmospheric burden. Our findings point to growing N2O emissions in emerging economies—particularly Brazil, China and India. Analysis of process-based model estimates reveals an emerging N2O–climate feedback resulting from interactions between nitrogen additions and climate change. The recent growth in N2O emissions exceeds some of the highest projected emission scenarios3,4, underscoring the urgency to mitigate N2O emissions.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-03-19
    Description: Optical imaging is a common technique in ocean research. Diving robots, towed cameras, drop-cameras and TV-guided sampling gear: all produce image data of the underwater environment. Technological advances like 4K cameras, autonomous robots, high-capacity batteries and LED lighting now allow systematic optical monitoring at large spatial scale and shorter time but with increased data volume and velocity. Volume and velocity are further increased by growing fleets and emerging swarms of autonomous vehicles creating big data sets in parallel. This generates a need for automated data processing to harvest maximum information. Systematic data analysis benefits from calibrated, geo-referenced data with clear metadata description, particularly for machine vision and machine learning. Hence, the expensive data acquisition must be documented, data should be curated as soon as possible, backed up and made publicly available. Here, we present a workflow towards sustainable marine image analysis. We describe guidelines for data acquisition, curation and management and apply it to the use case of a multi-terabyte deep-sea data set acquired by an autonomous underwater vehicle.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2022-01-31
    Description: Ecological impact of global change is generated by multiple synchronous or asynchronous drivers which interact with each other and with intraspecific variability of sensitivities. In three near-natural experiments, we explored response correlations of full-sibling germling families of the seaweed Fucus vesiculosus towards four global change drivers: elevated CO2 (ocean acidification, OA), ocean warming (OW), combined OA and warming (OAW), nutrient enrichment and hypoxic upwelling. Among families, performance responses to OA and OW as well as to OAW and nutrient enrichment correlated positively whereas performance responses to OAW and hypoxia anti-correlated. This indicates (i) that families robust to one of the three drivers (OA, OW, nutrients) will also not suffer from the two other shifts, and vice versa and (ii) families benefitting from OAW will more easily succumb to hypoxia. Our results may imply that selection under either OA, OW or eutrophication would enhance performance under the other two drivers but simultaneously render the population more susceptible to hypoxia. We conclude that intraspecific response correlations have a high potential to boost or hinder adaptation to multifactorial global change scenarios.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2024-06-11
    Description: In 2015, the United Nations agreed on 17 Sustainable Development Goals as the central normative framework for sustainable development worldwide. The effectiveness of governing by such broad global goals, however, remains uncertain, and we lack comprehensive meta-studies that assess the political impact of the goals across countries and globally. We present here condensed evidence from an analysis of over 3,000 scientific studies on the Sustainable Development Goals published between 2016 and April 2021. Our findings suggests that the goals have had some political impact on institutions and policies, from local to global governance. This impact has been largely discursive, affecting the way actors understand and communicate about sustainable development. More profound normative and institutional impact, from legislative action to changing resource allocation, remains rare. We conclude that the scientific evidence suggests only limited transformative political impact of the Sustainable Development Goals thus far.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Despite the importance of deep-sea corals, our current understanding of their ecology and evolution is limited due to difficulties in sampling and studying deep-sea environments. Moreover, a recent re-evaluation of habitat limitations has been suggested after characterization of deep-sea corals in the Red Sea, where they live at temperatures of above 20 °C at low oxygen concentrations. To gain further insight into the biology of deep-sea corals, we produced reference transcriptomes and studied gene expression of three deep-sea coral species from the Red Sea, i.e. Dendrophyllia sp., Eguchipsammia fistula, and Rhizotrochus typus. Our analyses suggest that deep-sea coral employ mitochondrial hypometabolism and anaerobic glycolysis to manage low oxygen conditions present in the Red Sea. Notably, we found expression of genes related to surface cilia motion that presumably enhance small particle transport rates in the oligotrophic deep-sea environment. This is the first study to characterize transcriptomes and in situ gene expression for deep-sea corals. Our work offers several mechanisms by which deep-sea corals might cope with the distinct environmental conditions present in the Red Sea As such, our data provide direction for future research and further insight to organismal response of deep-sea coral to environmental change and ocean warming.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-02-06
    Description: Despite the importance of deep-sea corals, our current understanding of their ecology and evolution is limited due to difficulties in sampling and studying deep-sea environments. Moreover, a recent re-evaluation of habitat limitations has been suggested after characterization of deep-sea corals in the Red Sea, where they live at temperatures of above 20 °C at low oxygen concentrations. To gain further insight into the biology of deep-sea corals, we produced reference transcriptomes and studied gene expression of three deep-sea coral species from the Red Sea, i.e. Dendrophyllia sp., Eguchipsammia fistula, and Rhizotrochus typus. Our analyses suggest that deep-sea coral employ mitochondrial hypometabolism and anaerobic glycolysis to manage low oxygen conditions present in the Red Sea. Notably, we found expression of genes related to surface cilia motion that presumably enhance small particle transport rates in the oligotrophic deep-sea environment. This is the first study to characterize transcriptomes and in situ gene expression for deep-sea corals. Our work offers several mechanisms by which deep-sea corals might cope with the distinct environmental conditions present in the Red Sea As such, our data provide direction for future research and further insight to organismal response of deep-sea coral to environmental change and ocean warming.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-04-23
    Description: Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus are the dominant primary producers in marine ecosystems and perform a significant fraction of ocean carbon fixation. These cyanobacteria interact with a diverse microbial community that coexists with them. Comparative genomics of cultivated isolates has helped address questions regarding patterns of evolution and diversity among microbes, but the fraction that can be cultivated is miniscule compared to the diversity in the wild. To further probe the diversity of these groups and extend the utility of reference sequence databases, we report a data set of single cell genomes for 489 Prochlorococcus, 50 Synechococcus, 9 extracellular virus particles, and 190 additional microorganisms from a diverse range of bacterial, archaeal, and viral groups. Many of these uncultivated single cell genomes are derived from samples obtained on GEOTRACES cruises and at well-studied oceanographic stations, each with extensive suites of physical, chemical, and biological measurements. The genomic data reported here greatly increases the number of available Prochlorococcus genomes and will facilitate studies on evolutionary biology, microbial ecology, and biological oceanography.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Bacteriophages (phages) are ubiquitous elements in nature, but their ecology and role in animals remains little understood. Sponges represent the oldest known extant animal-microbe symbiosis and are associated with dense and diverse microbial consortia. Here we investigate the tripartite interaction between phages, bacterial symbionts, and the sponge host. We combined imaging and bioinformatics to tackle important questions on who the phage hosts are and what the replication mode and spatial distribution within the animal is. This approach led to the discovery of distinct phage-microbe infection networks in sponge versus seawater microbiomes. A new correlative in situ imaging approach (‘PhageFISH-CLEM‘) localised phages within bacterial symbiont cells, but also within phagocytotically active sponge cells. We postulate that the phagocytosis of free virions by sponge cells modulates phage-bacteria ratios and ultimately controls infection dynamics. Prediction of phage replication strategies indicated a distinct pattern, where lysogeny dominates the sponge microbiome, likely fostered by sponge host-mediated virion clearance, while lysis dominates in seawater. Collectively, this work provides new insights into phage ecology within sponges, highlighting the importance of tripartite animal-phage-bacterium interplay in holobiont functioning. We anticipate that our imaging approach will be instrumental to further understanding of viral distribution and cellular association in animal hosts.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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