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  • Articles  (342)
  • 2010-2014  (342)
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  • Articles  (342)
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  • 1
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    Modern problems of safe disposal of liquid radioactive waste in geological formations: Radiation-chemical transformations and generation of gases (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Problems of the technology of liquid radioactive waste disposal into geological formations, of radiation-thermal transformations of waste components, and of safe operation of disposal sites are discussed. The variation with time of the waste activity and temperature near the borehole shaft, and also chemical transformations of waste components, leading to the generation of gases, are described using mathematical modeling. The whole set of the data obtained confirm that the safety of deep waste disposal sites operated in accordance with the modern regulations is quire satisfactory.
    Print ISSN: 1066-3622
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-3288
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 2
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    Preliminary studies of dynamic regimes in the extraction-scrubbing groups of units of the experimental and demonstration center (EDC) using mathematical modeling (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: The plutonium accumulation in the extraction-scrubbing cascade in the course of reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel from water-cooled water-moderated energy reactors (WWER) via the combined flowsheet of the RT-1 plant of Mayak production association and via the flowsheet of the Experimental and Demonstration Center (EDC) of the Mining and Chemical Combine, with transformation of the scrubbing section into a zirconium stripping unit, was compared using a dynamic model of extraction processes. The limiting level by which the productive capacity can be increased without emergencies is ∼15% for RT-1 and 22% for EDC. In the latter case, the accumulation with the potential discharge of a part of Pu into the Zr strip occurs in the third stage of the Zr stripping unit, which is confirmed by rig trials and can be detected in practice by neutron control method because of the absence of Am and Cm. Complete recovery of Zr without its accumulation in the extraction section can be ensured by its coextraction with the Cr(VI) anion fed as a separate small stream. Stopping this stream leads to a reversible decrease in the Zr recovery and to a sharp increase in the entrainment of aqueous microemulsion containing 137 Cs. This fact confirms the assumption that the Zr extraction in the cascade in the presence of U and at increased HNO 3 concentration has micellar character [without Cr(VI)].
    Print ISSN: 1066-3622
    Electronic ISSN: 1608-3288
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 3
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    Distribution of 137 Cs in reindeer meat: A comparison of situations with high and low activity concentrations (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: The distribution of 137 Cs in reindeer tissues and organs was investigated in cases of high and low activity concentrations of 137 Cs in the carcasses. The focus of the study was to find out whether the usually sampled neck part reliably represents the activity concentration of the carcass as a whole. In addition, the distribution patterns between different tissues and organs and the differences between adults and calves were investigated. According to the results, there are no noticeable differences between adults and calves or between different muscle tissues. Samples of neck muscle can be used as references for monitoring the radioactivity of reindeer meat. Some of the analyzed samples were taken after the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant accident; their activity concentrations were low, showing that the accident in Japan did not endanger the radiation safety of Finnish reindeer meat.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 4
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    Sorption properties of nanostructured potassium aluminosilicate (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: The ability of synthetic nanostructured potassium aluminosilicate (PAS) KAlSi 3 O 8 ·1.5H 2 O with the specific surface area of 105 ± 5 m 2 g −1 to take up cesium ions was studied. The maximal sorption capacity of PAS in sorption of Cs + ions from cesium carbonate solutions containing no other salts is ∼3.7 mmol g −1 . In Cs + sorption from solutions containing no other salts, the sorption capacity is the lowest at pH 1; it increases with pH, reaching a maximum at pH 10.8. The effect of salt background (various concentrations and ratios of KCl and NaCl) on the sorption properties of PAS was examined. The sorption capacity decreases to the greatest extent (to 0.25 mmol g −1 ) in solutions containing the K+ and Na+ ions simultaneously at concentrations of 68 and 517 mM, respectively. The dependence of the cesium sorption on the concentration of nitrates (NaNO 3 , KNO 3 , NH 4 NO 3 ) and the kinetics of the cesium sorption from aqueous NaNO 3 solution were studied with the 137 Cs tracer. The highest distribution coefficients (up to 12000 mL g −1 ) are observed in 137 Cs sorption from NaNO 3 solutions. The degree of the 137 Cs sorption reaches a maximum (92 ± 4%) in sorption from 0.01 M NaNO 3 solutions at the sorption time of 4 h.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 5
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    Sorption of strontium and yttrium radionuclides from aqueous solutions onto layered double hydroxides of various compositions (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: New experimental results and published data on sorption of strontium and yttrium radionuclides from aqueous solutions onto layered double hydroxides (LDHs) of various compositions are summarized. The effect of double-charged (Mg 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sr 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+ , Ni 2+ ) and triple-charged (Al 3+ , Fe 3+ , Nd 3+ ) cations incorporated in the LDH matrix and of anions incorporated in LDH (CO 3 2− , SO 4 2− , NO 3 − , OH − , Cl − , C 2 O 4 2− , H 2 EDTA 2− ) on the physicochemical properties of this class of compounds, including the ability to sorb strontium and yttrium radionuclides, is examined.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 6
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    Effect of extranuclear factors on the probability of the $$^{121m_2 } Te \to ^{121m_1 } Te$$ radioactive decay (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: The nuclear isomer \(^{121m_2 } Te\) was synthesized at a cyclotron by the ( d ,2 n ) reaction and then incorporated into the MgO ceramic. This γ-ray source was stored either at 78 or at 298 K. The measured γ-radiation intensity ratio, R = (Φ 573 keV /Φ 212 keV ), at 78 K appeared to be higher by a factor of 1.0012 ± 0.0002 than at 298 K. The temperature dependence of R is caused by the low-temperature increase in the “constant” λ 2 of the \(^{121m_2 } Te \to ^{121m_1 } Te\) decay by the internal conversion mechanism, equal to Δλ 2 /λ 2 = (0.07 ± 0.02)%. The same increase in the decay constant due to induced γ-ray emission, \(^{121m_2 } Te + hv (81.79 keV) \to ^{121m_1 } Te + 2hv (81.79 keV)\) , will be reached if both the size of the \(^{121m_2 } Te\) source and the \(^{121m_2 } Te\) concentration in it will be increased by 3 orders of magnitude, i.e., the total \(^{121m_2 } Te\) activity should be increased by 6 orders of magnitude.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 7
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    Regional flow and transport simulation of liquid radioactive waste disposal at the Siberian chemical combine for long- and super-long-term postinjection periods (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Regional groundwater flow and transport models were substantiated for the site of underground disposal of liquid radioactive waste from the Siberian Chemical Combine. The migration of a neutral component and two radionuclides ( 90 Sr and U) in groundwaters was predicted for the long-(1000 years) and super-long-term (10 000 years) periods using the microdispersion and macrodispersion approaches. A local model-insert of the lithological and hydraulic heterogeneity was developed for substantiating the macrodispersion parameters. The simulation results show that, during the long-term period, the contaminated waters will be mainly localized within the injection zone (below buffer horizon IV), and during the super-long-term period about 90% of the total amount of neutral wastes will be discharged into the drainage network, whereas uranium will be fully retained within the disposal site.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 8
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    Leaching of borosilicate glasses containing simulated high-level waste in solutions of hydrogen peroxide as a substance simulating radiolysis products (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Experiments on leaching of borosilicate glass samples containing 10, 15, and 20 wt % simulated high-level waste (HLW) were performed at 20 and 90°C in hydrogen peroxide solutions. H 2 O 2 was used as a substance simulating products of underground water radiolysis. The leach rates and diffusion coefficients of the glass components were determined. The character and extent of the effect of the varied experimental parameters on the characteristics being determined were evaluated by correlation analysis. The presence of hydrogen peroxide in the contact solution enhances the chemical durability of borosilicate glasses.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 9
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    Amides of heterocyclic carboxylic acids as novel extractants for high-level waste treatment (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Extraction properties of various heterocyclic carboxylic acid amides are considered. The extraction properties of heterocyclic dicarboxylic acid diamides are determined by two major factors: diamide structure and kind of diluent. Among heterocyclic (di)carboxylic acid amides and diamides, the most promising extractants for separating actinides and lanthanides are tri- and tetradentate extractants: diamides of dipicolinic, bipyridinedicarboxylic, and phenanthrolinedicarboxylic acids, which can be used for recovering metals from acid solutions.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 10
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    Preparation and preclinical evaluation of 99m Tc-diclofenac as a model for inflammation imaging (2014)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2014-12-18
    Description: Experiments on labeling of diclofenac, an anti-inflammatory drug, with 99 m Tc were performed. High (about 96%) yield of 99 m Tc-diclofenac is reached under the following conditions: 50 μg of Sn(II), 100 μg of the substrate, 30 min, pH 7. 99 m Tc-diclofenac was stable for 4 h. Biological distribution of 99 m Tc-diclofenac was investigated in mice bearing inflammations experimentally induced in the left thigh by Escherichia coli (bacterial infection model) and turpentine oil (sterile inflammation model). The uptake ratio in the inflamed and contralateral thighs (target-to-nontarget, T/NT) was evaluated. In the case of bacterial infection, the T/NT ratio only slightly exceeds unity, whereas in the case of sterile inflammation it reaches 4.46 ± 0.07 in 2 h. Thus, 99 m Tc-diclofenac allows differentiation between septic and aseptic inflammation and can be recommended for further clinical trials.
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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