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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Physiology of polyol formation by free and immobilized cells of the osmotolerant yeast Pichia farinosa (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 (1991), S. 258-263 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Some physiological data of cells of Pichia farinosa immobilized on sintered glass Raschig rings were compared with data from free cells. Glucose consumption and productivity of total polyols (arabitol, glycerol and erythritol) showed a simultaneous “inter-lag” phase. Enzymes that catalyse steps of the pentosephosphate pathway (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, transaldolase and polyol dehydrogenase) showed a distinct increase after transfer of the cells into production medium. The activity of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase was generally low. Only alcohol dehydrogenase presented the inter-lag phase mentioned above.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00184698
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biodegradation of 4-chlorophenol by adsorptive immobilized Alcaligenes sp. A 7-2 in soil (1991)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 35 (1991), S. 662-668 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Alcaligenes sp. A 7-2 immobilized on granular clay has been applied in a percolator to degrade 4-chlorophenol in sandy soil. Good adsorption rates on granular clay were achieved using cell suspensions with high titres and media at pH 8.0. The influence of various parameters such as aeration rate, pH, temperature, concentration of 4-chlorophenol and size of inoculum on the degradation rate were investigated. During fedbatch fermentations under optimal culture conditions, concentrations of 4-chlorophenol up to 160 mg·1−1 could be degraded. Semicontinuous culture experiments demonstrated that the degradation potential in soil could be well established and enhanced by the addition of immobilized bacteria. Continuous fermentation was performed with varying 4-chlorophenol concentrations in the feed and different input levels. The maximum degradation rate was 1.64 g·1−1·day−1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00169634
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fatty acid impurities in alginate influence the phenol tolerance of immobilized Escherichia coli (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 36 (1992), S. 530-534 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary A short time after the immobilization of Escherichia coli in calcium alginate substantial modifications of the fatty acid patterns of the cells were observed. This effect could be related to lipid impurities in the commercial alginate product used, which could be taken up, at least in part by the microorganisms. The impurities were mainly free fatty acids but sterols were also detected. Immobilization of the cells in alginate material extracted by chloroform or ethanol decreased the tolerance of the cells to phenol as compared with cells immobilized in raw alginate. This effect was diminished if the immobilized cells were exogenously supplied with palmitic acid, which is the main constituent of the fatty acids extracted from alginate. These results indicate that not only fatty acids but also other ingredients of commercial alginate have physiological effects on cells entrapped in this gel material.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170197
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A comparative study on the formation of citric acid and polyols and on morphological changes of three strains of free and immobilized Aspergillus niger (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 36 (1992), S. 518-524 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The formation of citric acid, oxalic acid, erythritol and glycerol by three strains of Aspergillus niger immobilized in calcium alginate was investigated and compared with that of free cells when cultivated in shake flasks under phosphate limitation. Morphological changes were followed using an electron microscope. The production of acids and polyols, the consumption of glucose and fructose, and also the morphological changes were strain-dependent. The results also reflected the influence of long storage of a strain on productivity, morphological behaviour and phosphate consumption.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00170195
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of growth behaviour and physiology of alginate-entrapped microorganisms on the oxygen consumption (1988)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 29 (1988), S. 554-559 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The ability of alginate-entrapped microorganisms to supply oxygen was determined with regard to physiology and growth behavior of the cells. Oxygen diffusion through an alginate film containing different concentrations of Pseudomonas putida or Saccharomyces cerevisiae was measured. Oxygen diffusion decreased when the cell loading increased. Dependent on the physiological behavior of these organisms the course of the oxygen concentration under the gel film is quite different. In further experiments an “Effectiveness-Factor” of oxygen uptake of alginate beads with Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Aspergillus niger was determined in relation to the growth behavior of the organisms. The effectiveness factor is always higher when the biomass is concentrated in the outer region of the gel beads as if the microorganisms are distributed homogeneously in the alginate. Considering these results it is not possible to make a general statement on the ability of microorganisms in alginate to supply oxygen. The physiology and the growth behavior of the immobilized organisms have to be considered in any case.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00260984
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Degradation of mixtures of monochlorophenols and phenol as substrates for free and immobilized cells of Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 (1992)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 37 (1992), S. 655-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The biodegradation of the three isomeric monochlorophenols 2-(2CP), 3- (3CP) and 4-chlorophenol (4CP) and phenol by the constructed strain Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 was investigated. Mineralization took place in the order: phenol 〉4CP 〉2CP 〉3CP, whereas 3CP was mineralized only co-metabolically. In substrate mixtures with phenol, degradation of 4CP was decelerated but degradation of 2CP was accelerated. Free cells in batch culture showed biphasic growth with an equimolar mixture of 2CP and 4CP as substrates, perhaps due to diauxie. Degradation patterns obtained with free cells in batch culture were confirmed with immobilized cells in continuous culture. Immobilized cells of Alcaligenes sp. A7-2 built up a biofilm on the lava that was used as filling material in the packed-bed reactors. The continuous cultures remained stable despite increasing input rates of chlorophenol and phenol mixtures up to 1.16 mMo1.1−1.h−1 for several weeks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00240744
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of inorganic phosphate and immobilization on Claviceps purpurea (1990)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 33 (1990), S. 196-201 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The influence of inorganic phosphate and immobilization on cells of Claviceps purpurea strain 1029/N5 producing ergot peptides in shake culture was examined. Immobilization in Ca-alginate beads resulted in a marked reduction of some metabolic activities, i.e. the periods of alkaloid formation and cell growth were prolonged. High concentrations of inorganic phosphate (1 g/l KH2PO4) could reduce or stop alkaloid formation both by free and immobilized cells at any time during fermentation. The optimum phosphate concentration for alkaloid production by immobilized cells (about 0.5 mM) was a quarter of that required by free cells. This optimum shift was attributed to (i) the diminished phosphate demand of immobilized cells, due to their reduced metabolic activities, and (ii) the phosphate-dependent morphological behaviour of the biocatalyst. The observed decrease in alkaloid concentrations during later periods of the fermentation supported the idea of alkaloid-degradative enzymes, activated by high phosphate concentrations. Immobilization showed an advantageous influence on this undesirable effect.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00176524
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Semicontinuous penicillin production by two Penicillium chrysogenum strains immobilized in calcium alginate beads (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 26 (1987), S. 211-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The growth rates of immobilized Penicillium chrysogenum strains are important in their application to semicontinuous penicillin production. Immobilized P. chrysogenum strains produced about 10–15% less biomass but about 1–2 times more penicillin than free suspended mycelia. In a chemically defined medium an industrial P. chrysogenum strain, S1, produced about 10–12 times more penicillin than strain ATCC 12690. In a complex medium the immobilized P. chrysogenum S1 produced about 12% penicillin more than in shaken cultures. In bubble column fermentations, penicillin production was 163% higher in the complex medium than in the chemically defined medium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00286310
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  • 19
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlortetracycline production with immobilized Streptomyces aureofaciens (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 26 (1987), S. 333-337 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Spores of Streptomyces aureofaciens ATCC 10762 were immobilized in calcium alginate, and the chlortetracycline production was examined. The influence of alginate concentration and spore concentration on the antibiotic production was investigated. By optimizing the nutrient composition of the production medium, the chlortetracycline yields of batch-fermented immobilized microorganisms could be increased fourfold. Chlortetracycline production by free mycelia was 40% of that with immobilized microorganisms.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256664
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  • 20
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Chlortetracycline production with immobilized Streptomyces aureofaciens (1987)
    Springer
    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 26 (1987), S. 338-341 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary The semicontinuous production of chlortetracycline by immobilized cells of Streptomyces aureofaciens ATCC 10762 was compared with that of free cells. Immobilized cells transferred repeatedly to a new production medium, showed a fourfold increase in the half life time of antibiotic production. In an air bubble column a high chlortetracycline productivity was obtained with a high aeration rate. A semicontinuous production of chlortetracycline by immobilized S. aureofaciens could be improved by varying the fermentation conditions. For continuous chlortetracycline production by immobilized cells, no improvement was detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00256665
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