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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First physics results from the MAST Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak : The 42nd annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the American Physical Society and the 10th international congress on plasma physics (2001)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 8 (2001), S. 2101-2106 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: First physics results are presented from MAST (Mega-Amp Spherical Tokamak), one of the new generation of purpose built spherical tokamaks (STs) now commencing operation. Some of these results demonstrate, for the first time, the novel effects of low aspect ratio, for example, the enhancement of resistivity due to neo-classical effects. H-mode is achieved and the transition to H-mode is accompanied by a tenfold steepening of the edge density gradient which may enable the successful application of electron Bernstein wave heating in STs. Studies of halo currents show that these less than expected from conventional tokamak results, and measurements of divertor power loading confirm that most of the power flows to the outer strike points, easing the power handling on the inner points (a critical issue for STs). © 2001 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1352595
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ideal magnetohydrodynamic stability of the tokamak high-confinement-mode edge region : The 40th annual meeting of the division of plasma physics of the american physical society (1999)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Plasmas 6 (1999), S. 1925-1934 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7674
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) stability of the tokamak edge is analyzed, with particular emphasis on radially localized instabilities; it is proposed that these are responsible for edge pressure gradient limits and edge localized modes (ELMS). Data and stability calculations from DIII-D [to appear in Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Fusion Energy, Yokohama (International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 1998), Paper No. IAEA-F1-CN-69/EX8/1] tokamak equilibria indicate that two types of instability are important: the ballooning mode (driven by pressure gradient) and the peeling mode (driven by current density). The characteristics of these instabilities, and their coupling, are described based on a circular cross-section, large aspect ratio model of the tokamak equilibrium. In addition, preliminary results are presented from an edge MHD stability code which is being developed to analyze general geometry tokamak equilibria; an interpretation of the density threshold to access the high-confinement-mode (H-mode), observed on COMPASS-D [Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 38, 1091 (1996)] is provided by these results. Experiments on DIII-D and the stability calculations indicate how to control ELMs by plasma shaping.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.873492
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The small tight aspect ratio tokamak experiment (1993)
    New York, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Physics of Fluids 5 (1993), S. 2481-2484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7666
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-aspect-ratio tokamaks offer both the economic advantage of smaller size and a number of physics advantages which are not available at conventional aspect ratio. The Small Tight Aspect Ratio Tokamak (START) [Fusion Technology 1990, edited by B. E. Keen, M. Huguet, and R. Hemsworth (North-Holland, Amsterdam, 1991), Vol. 1, p. 353] was conceived as a first substantial test of tokamak plasma behavior at low aspect ratio. It has achieved plasma currents up to 200 kA, peak densities of ∼2×1020 m−3 and central electron temperatures of ∼500 eV at an aspect ratio of 1.3–1.5. Central beta values of ∼13% have been measured and the volume-averaged beta 〈β〉 can approach the Troyon limit. Plasmas are naturally elongated (κ(approximately-less-than)2.0) and are vertically stable without feedback control. Major disruptions have not been observed at low aspect ratios (A≤2.0).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.860732
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on the ability of smoke from different types of cigarettes to induce DNA single-strand breaks in cultured human cells
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis 214 (1989), S. 147-151 
    Details
    ISSN: 0027-5107
    Keywords: Catalase ; Cigarettes, induction of DNA single-strand breaks ; DNA single-strand breaks, induction by smoke ; Lung cells, human, smoke
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0027-5107(89)90208-X
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Synthesis of methyl or aryl sulfonyl hydroxy biphenyls catalyzed by monoelectronic transfer and related compounds
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Tetrahedron Letters 32 (1991), S. 6705-6708 
    Details
    ISSN: 0040-4039
    Keywords: S"R"N1 ; electrosynthesis ; liquid ammonia ; sulfonyl hydroxy biphenyls.
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0040-4039(00)93581-0
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Indication of an ‘insulin like’ factor in the pancreatic tissue of the river lampreyLampetra fluviatilis (L.) (1970)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 26 (1970), S. 1151-1153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Résumé L'existence d'un facteur pseudo-isocyanine positif semblable à l'insuline est constatée dans les coupes histologiques et dans les extraits chromotogrammés des cordons cellulaires du pancréas deLampetra fluviatilis. En outre, l'extrait acide de ces cordons, injecté au lapin et la lamproie produit un effet hypoglycémique significatif.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02112731
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    Paper (German National Licenses)
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Dosimetry of iodine 131 metaiodobenzylguanidine for treatment of resistant neuroblastoma: results of a UK study (1991)
    Springer
    European journal of nuclear medicine 18 (1991), S. 308-316 
    Details
    ISSN: 1619-7089
    Keywords: Neuroblastoma ; Iodine 131 metaiodobenzylguanidine (131I-mIBG) ; Dosimetry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Medicine
    Notes: Abstract In 1987, the United Kingdom Children's Cancer Study Group (UKCCSG) set up a multi-centre study to investigate the toxicity of iodine 131 metaiodobenzyl-guanidine (mIBG) in the treatment of resistant neuroblastoma. Since December 1987, 25 children suffering from neuroblastoma have been treated with131I-mIBG at six UK centres. All centres followed standardised physics and clinical protocols to provide consistent toxicity and dosimetry data. These protocols describe the methods employed for both the tracer study using131I-mIBG and the subsequent therapy. Whole-body dosimetry calculations were performed on data from the tracer study. The activity administered for therapy was the amount predicted to deliver a predefined whole-body dose. Estimates of doses delivered to various organs during treatment are given in Table 1.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02285457
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  • 8
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    Environmental correlates of Antarctic krill distribution in the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage (2016)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-10-08
    Description: Antarctic krill is a key prey species for many vertebrate and invertebrate predators in the Southern Ocean; it is also an abundant fishery resource in the Scotia Sea and southern Drake Passage. Here, we identify environmental correlates of krill distribution utilizing acoustic data collected during an extensive international survey in January 2000. Separate models (at scales of 10–80 nautical miles) were derived for the full study area and for each of four subregions: northern and southern shelf waters, the seasonally ice-covered open ocean, and the generally ice-free open ocean. Krill distribution was strongly correlated with bathymetry; densities were higher over island shelves and shelf breaks and decreased with increasing distance offshore. Low krill densities occurred in areas of low chlorophyll concentration and high geostrophic velocity. Krill distribution was also related to sea level anomaly but relationships were not consistent between subregions. The models explained a maximum of 44% of the observed deviance in krill density, but did not reliably identify areas of high krill density in the open ocean, and explained a small proportion of the deviance (16%) in offshore areas covered seasonally by sea ice, probably because of the strong, residual influence of retreated ice. The commercial krill fishery is currently concentrated in shelf areas, where high densities of krill are most predictable. As krill are not predictable in the open ocean, the fishery is likely to remain principally a near-shore operation, and should be managed accordingly.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Interannual variability in Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) density at South Georgia, Southern Ocean: 1997-2013 (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-11-18
    Description: Antarctic krill ( Euphausia superba ) are a key species in Southern Ocean ecosystems, maintaining very large numbers of predators, and fluctuations in their abundance can affect the overall structure and functioning of the ecosystems. The interannual variability in the abundance and biomass of krill was examined using a 17-year time-series of acoustic observations undertaken in the Western Core Box (WCB) survey area to the northwest of South Georgia, Southern Ocean. Krill targets were identified in acoustic data using a multifrequency identification window and converted to krill density using the Stochastic Distorted-Wave Born Approximation target strength model. Krill density ranged over several orders of magnitude (0–10 000 g m –2 ) and its distribution was highly skewed with many zero observations. Within each survey, the mean krill density was significantly correlated with the top 7% of the maximum krill densities observed. Hence, only the densest krill swarms detected in any one year drove the mean krill density estimates for the WCB in that year. WCB krill density ( µ , mean density for the area) showed several years (1997/1998, 2001–2003, 2005–2007) of high values ( µ 〉 30 g m –2 ) interspersed with years (1999/2000, 2004, 2009/2010) of low density ( µ 〈 30 g m –2 ). This pattern showed three different periods, with fluctuations every 4–5 years. Cross correlation analyses of variability in krill density with current and lagged indices of ocean (sea surface temperature, SST and El Niño /Southern Oscillation) and atmospheric variability (Southern Annular Mode) found the highest correlation between krill density and winter SST (August SST) from the preceding year. A quadratic regression ( r 2 = 0.42, p 〈 0.05) provides a potentially valuable index for forecasting change in this ecosystem.
    Print ISSN: 1054-3139
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9289
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 10
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    A cohort study of influences, health outcomes and costs of patients' health-seeking behaviour for minor ailments from primary and emergency care settings (2015)
    BMJ Publishing
    In: BMJ Open
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-26
    Description: Objectives To compare health-related and cost-related outcomes of consultations for symptoms suggestive of minor ailments in emergency departments (EDs), general practices and community pharmacies. Design Observational study; prospective cohort design. Setting EDs (n=2), general practices (n=6) and community pharmacies (n=10) in a mix of rural/urban and deprived/affluent areas across North East Scotland and East Anglia. Participants Adults (≥18 years) presenting between 09:00 and 18:00 (Monday–Friday) in general practices and 09:00–18:00 (Monday–Saturday) in pharmacies and EDs with ≥1 of the following: musculoskeletal pain; eye discomfort; gastrointestinal disturbance; or upper respiratory tract-related symptoms. Interventions Participants completed three questionnaires: baseline (prior to index consultation); satisfaction with index consultation and follow-up (2 weeks after index consultation). Main outcome measures Symptom resolution, quality of life, costs, satisfaction and influences on care-seeking behaviour. Results 377 patients participated, recruited from EDs (81), general practices (162) and community pharmacies (134). The 2-week response rate was 70% (264/377). Symptom resolution was similar across all three settings: ED (37.3%), general practice (35.7%) and pharmacy (44.3%). Mean overall costs per consultation were significantly lower for pharmacy (£29.30 (95% CI £21.60 to £37.00)) compared with general practice (£82.34 (95% CI £63.10 to £101.58)) and ED (£147.09 (95% CI £125.32 to £168.85)). Satisfaction varied across settings and by measure used. Compared with pharmacy and general practice use, ED use was significantly (p〈0.001) associated with first episode and short duration of symptom(s), as well as higher levels of perceived seriousness and urgency for seeking care. Convenience of location was the most common reason for choice of consultation setting. Conclusions These results suggest similar health-related outcomes and substantially lower costs with pharmacy consultations for minor ailments. Effective strategies are now needed to shift demand for minor ailment management away from EDs and general practices to the community pharmacy setting.
    Keywords: Open access, Emergency medicine, Evidence based practice, General practice / Family practice, Health services research, Public health
    Electronic ISSN: 2044-6055
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by BMJ Publishing
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