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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Quirks of Human Anatomy : An Evo-Devo Look at the Human Body. (2009)
    New York :Cambridge University Press,
    Details
    Keywords: Hominidae - anatomy & histology. ; Electronic books.
    Description / Table of Contents: With the emergence of the new field of evolutionary developmental biology we are witnessing a renaissance of Darwin's insights 150 years after his On the Origin of Species. This book introduces students to basic concepts in evolutionary developmental biology, for undergraduate and graduate courses.
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 online resource (274 pages)
    Edition: 1st ed.
    ISBN: 9780511592935
    URL: https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=451991
    DDC: 612.6/4
    Language: English
    Note: Cover -- Half-title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- CHAPTER 1 Background -- What role did chance play in our origin? -- How much did internal factors influence our evolution? -- Are fruit flies really our kissing cousins? -- CHAPTER 2 Symmetry and Asymmetry -- Why are we symmetric outside but asymmetric inside? -- Is visceral asymmetry due to molecular chirality? -- Why do fingerprints violate mirror symmetry? -- Why do blood vessels violate mirror symmetry? -- How have animals evolved external asymmetries? -- CHAPTER 3 Mysteries of the Midline -- Why do optic nerves cross the midline? -- Why do pre-motor nerves cross the midline? -- Why do symmetric organs fuse at the midline? -- Where did the neural crest come from? -- How did our third eye become our pineal gland? -- Are human cyclopes evolutionary throwbacks? -- Why do conjoined twins tend to be symmetric? -- What causes identical twinning? -- Is twinning ever adaptive? -- CHAPTER 4 Merism and Modularity -- What makes the thumb our only opposable digit? -- Could we evolve a giant digit like pterosaurs? -- Where did our tail go? -- Why do our teeth have different shapes? -- Why are some features easier to evolve than others? -- How do upper and lower teeth achieve quasi-symmetry? -- Why do our ears start out on our neck? -- Why is our arm built like our leg? -- Why does our arm differ from our leg? -- Could centaurs (or similar hexapods) ever evolve? -- When did we gain the upper hand? -- How did evolution sculpt our foot? -- CHAPTER 5 Sexual Dimorphisms -- Why do men and women differ in size and shape? -- Why does our species have as many males as females? -- Were we all once hermaphrodites? -- Why do male fetuses make incipient oviducts? -- How did we become the only "naked apes"? -- Why are men hairier than women? -- Why do only men go bald? -- Why do men have nipples?. , How did women end up with only two breasts? -- CHAPTER 6 Silly, Stupid, and Dangerous Quirks -- Could choking have been avoided? -- Why are our retinas inside out? -- Why is childbirth so precarious? -- Why are crowded teeth so common? -- Is our appendix on the road to oblivion? -- Why do we make a yolk sac if we have no yolk? -- Why cant we regrow arms or legs? -- CHAPTER 7 Mind and Brain -- How did humans acquire intelligence? -- Why did humans acquire intelligence? -- Is intelligence attributable to brain size? -- Did we ascend from brute to aesthete suddenly or gradually? -- Epilogue -- APPENDIX Quirks of Human Behavior -- References -- Index.
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  • 2
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    Acetyl-CoA Metabolism in P. falciparum [Cell Biology] (2013)
    The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-21
    Description: The malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum depends on glucose to meet its energy requirements during blood-stage development. Although glycolysis is one of the best understood pathways in the parasite, it is unclear if glucose metabolism appreciably contributes to the acetyl-CoA pools required for tricarboxylic acid metabolism (TCA) cycle and fatty acid biosynthesis. P. falciparum possesses a pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex that is localized to the apicoplast, a specialized quadruple membrane organelle, suggesting that separate acetyl-CoA pools are likely. Herein, we analyze PDH-deficient parasites using rapid stable-isotope labeling and show that PDH does not appreciably contribute to acetyl-CoA synthesis, tricarboxylic acid metabolism, or fatty acid synthesis in blood stage parasites. Rather, we find that acetyl-CoA demands are supplied through a “PDH-like” enzyme and provide evidence that the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex is performing this function. We also show that acetyl-CoA synthetase can be a significant contributor to acetyl-CoA biosynthesis. Interestingly, the PDH-like pathway contributes glucose-derived acetyl-CoA to the TCA cycle in a stage-independent process, whereas anapleurotic carbon enters the TCA cycle via a stage-dependent phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase/phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase process that decreases as the parasite matures. Although PDH-deficient parasites have no blood-stage growth defect, they are unable to progress beyond the oocyst phase of the parasite mosquito stage.
    Print ISSN: 0021-9258
    Electronic ISSN: 1083-351X
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Published by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (ASBMB)
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  • 3
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    The mass-metallicity relation at z ~ 1.4 revealed with Subaru/FMOS (2013)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-12-27
    Description: We present a stellar mass–metallicity relation at z  ~ 1.4 with an unprecedentedly large sample of ~340 star-forming galaxies obtained with Fibre Multi-Object Spectrograph (FMOS) on the Subaru Telescope. We observed K -band selected galaxies at 1.2 ≤ z ph ≤ 1.6 in the Subaru XMM – Newton Deep Survey/Ultra Deep Survey fields with M *  ≥ 10 9.5 M , and expected F(Hα) ≥ 5 10 –17  erg s –1  cm –2 . Among the observed ~1200 targets, 343 objects show significant Hα emission lines. The gas-phase metallicity is obtained from [N ii ] 6584/Hα line ratio, after excluding possible active galactic nuclei. Due to the faintness of the [N ii ] 6584 lines, we apply the stacking analysis and derive the mass–metallicity relation at z  ~ 1.4. Our results are compared to past results at different redshifts in the literature. The mass–metallicity relation at z  ~ 1.4 is located between those at z  ~ 0.8 and z  ~ 2.2; it is found that the metallicity increases with decreasing redshift from z  ~ 3 to z  ~ 0 at fixed stellar mass. Thanks to the large size of the sample, we can study the dependence of the mass–metallicity relation on various galaxy physical properties. The average metallicity from the stacked spectra is close to the local Fundamental Metallicity Relation (FMR) in the higher metallicity part but 0.1 dex higher in metallicity than the FMR in the lower metallicity part. We find that galaxies with larger E ( B  – V ), B  – R and R  – H colours tend to show higher metallicity by ~0.05 dex at fixed stellar mass. We also find relatively clearer size dependence that objects with smaller half-light radius tend to show higher metallicity by ~0.1 dex at fixed stellar mass, especially in the low-mass part.
    Print ISSN: 0035-8711
    Electronic ISSN: 1365-2966
    Topics: Physics
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 4
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    ENCCA WP17-WP7 consensus paper on teenagers and young adults (TYA) with bone sarcomas (2014)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-07-26
    Description: Teenagers and young adults (TYA) cancer contributes substantially to morbidity and mortality in a population with much to offer society. TYA place distinct challenges upon cancer care services, many reporting feeling marginalized and their needs not being met in adult or paediatric cancer services. Bone tumours such as osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, because of their age at presentation and the complexity of their care, are where challenges in managing (TYA) with cancer have often been most readily apparent. Bone sarcomas may be managed by paediatric or medical oncologists, and require fastidious attention to protocol. A lack of recent improvement in survival in TYA with bone tumours may be linked to a lack of specialist care, poor concordance with therapy in some situations and TYA-specific pharmacology. Participation in clinical trials, particularly of young adults, is low, hindering progress. All these requirements may be best met by a concerted effort to create collaborative care between adult and paediatric experts in bone sarcoma, working together to meet TYA patients' needs.
    Print ISSN: 0923-7534
    Electronic ISSN: 1569-8041
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 5
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    Reduced thoracic fluid content in early-stage primary biliary cirrhosis that associates with impaired cardiac inotropy (2013)
    The American Physiological Society (APS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-09-16
    Description: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a chronic liver disease characterized by cholestasis. Recent MRI studies have confirmed the presence of cardiac abnormalities in noncirrhotic PBC patients. However, cardiorespiratory consequences of these abnormalities have not been explored. Thoracic fluid content (TFC) is a noninvasive bioelectrical impedance measure of the electrical conductivity of the chest cavity. We explored TFC and its relationship with cardiac contractility parameters in early-stage PBC patients, compared with chronic liver disease and community controls. TFC was measured in early-stage PBC (noncirrhotic; n = 78), nonalcoholic fatty liver disease ( n = 23), and primary sclerosing cholangitis ( n = 18) and in a community control population ( n = 78). Myocardial contractility was measured as index of contractility, acceleration index, cardiac index, stroke index, left ventricular ejection time, and left ventricular work index. We also measured total arterial compliance and the Heather Index (HI; cardiac inotropy). The PBC group had significantly lower TFC compared with controls and the chronic liver disease groups ( P 〈 0.0001). There was an association between increasing TFC and markers of cardiac function (cardiac index, stroke index, end-diastolic index, index of contractility, and acceleration index), together with indicators of cardiac inotropy and total arterial compliance. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the only parameter that independently associated with TFC was the marker of cardiac inotropy HI ( P = 0.037; β 0.5). This study has confirmed that TFC is reduced in those with PBC, that this is specific to PBC, and that it associates independently with markers of cardiac inotropy.
    Print ISSN: 0193-1857
    Electronic ISSN: 1522-1547
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by The American Physiological Society (APS)
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  • 6
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    Reversing chemoresistance by small molecule inhibition of the translation initiation complex eIF4F [Biochemistry] (2011)
    National Academy of Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-01-19
    Description: Deregulation of cap-dependent translation is associated with cancer initiation and progression. The rate-limiting step of protein synthesis is the loading of ribosomes onto mRNA templates stimulated by the heterotrimeric complex, eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF)4F. This step represents an attractive target for anticancer drug discovery because it resides at the nexus of the TOR signaling pathway. We have undertaken an ultra-high-throughput screen to identify inhibitors that prevent assembly of the eIF4F complex. One of the identified compounds blocks interaction between two subunits of eIF4F. As a consequence, cap-dependent translation is inhibited. This compound can reverse tumor chemoresistance in a genetically engineered lymphoma mouse model by sensitizing cells to the proapoptotic action of DNA damage. Molecular modeling experiments provide insight into the mechanism of action of this small molecule inhibitor. Our experiments validate targeting the eIF4F complex as a strategy for cancer therapy to modulate chemosensitivity.
    Print ISSN: 0027-8424
    Electronic ISSN: 1091-6490
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General
    Published by National Academy of Sciences
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  • 7
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    Reduced intensity conditioning is superior to nonmyeloablative conditioning for older chronic myelogenous leukemia patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplant during the tyrosine kinase inhibitor era (2012)
    American Society of Hematology (ASH)
    In: Blood
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-04-27
    Description: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) and reduced intensity conditioning (RIC)/nonmyeloablative (NMA) conditioning hematopoietic cell transplants (HCTs) have changed the therapeutic strategy for chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. We analyzed post-HCT outcomes of 306 CML patients reported to the Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research aged 40 years and older undergoing RIC/NMA HCT from 2001 to 2007: 117 (38%) aged 40 to 49 years, 119 (39%) 50 to 59 years, and 70 (23%) 60 years or older. The majority (74%) had treatment with imatinib before HCT. At HCT, most patients aged 40 to 49 years were in chronic phase (CP) 1 (74%), compared with 31% aged 60 years or older. Siblings were donors for 56% aged 40 to 49 years; older cohorts had more unrelated donors. The majority received peripheral blood grafts and RIC across all age groups. 3 year overall survival (54%, 52%, and 41%), day + 100 grade II-IV acute GVHD (26%, 32%, and 32%), chronic GVHD (58%, 51%, and 43%), and 1-year treatment-related mortality (18%, 20%, and 13%) were similar across ages. The 3-year relapse incidence (36%, 43%, and 66%) and disease-free survival (35%, 32%, and 16%) were inferior in the oldest cohort. Importantly, for CP1 patients, relapse and disease-free survival were similar across age cohorts. Allogeneic RIC HCT for older patients with CML can control relapse with acceptable toxicity and survival in TKI-exposed CML, especially if still in CP1.
    Keywords: Transplantation, Free Research Articles, Clinical Trials and Observations
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology (ASH)
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  • 8
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    Survival from high-grade localised extremity osteosarcoma: combined results and prognostic factors from three European Osteosarcoma Intergroup randomised controlled trials (2012)
    Oxford University Press
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-26
    Description: Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy improves outcome in osteosarcoma. Determination of optimum regimens for survival, toxicity and prognostic factors requires randomised controlled trials to be conducted. Patients and methods: Between 1983 and 2002, the European Osteosarcoma Intergroup recruited 1067 patients with localised extremity osteosarcoma to three randomised controlled trials. Standard treatment in each was doxorubicin 75 mg/m 2 and cisplatin 100 mg/m 2 . Comparators were addition of methotrexate (BO02/80831), a multidrug regimen (BO03/80861) and a dose-intense schedule (BO06/80931). Standard survival analysis methods were used to identify prognostic factors, temporal and other influences on outcome. Results: Five- and 10-year survival were 56% (95% confidence interval 53% to 59%) and 52%, respectively (49% to 55%), with no difference between trials or treatment arms. Median follow-up was 9.4 years. Age range was 3–40 years (median 15). Limb salvage was achieved in 69%. Five hundred and thirty-three patients received the standard arm, 79% completing treatment. Good histological response to preoperative chemotherapy, distal tumour location (all sites other than proximal humerus/femur) and female gender were associated with improved survival. Conclusions: Localised osteosarcoma will be cured in 50% of patients with cisplatin and doxorubicin. Large randomised trials can be conducted in this rare cancer. Failure to improve survival over 20 years argues for concerted collaborative international efforts to identify and rapidly test new treatments.
    Print ISSN: 0923-7534
    Electronic ISSN: 1569-8041
    Topics: Medicine
    Published by Oxford University Press
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  • 9
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    Hierarchy in Pentose Sugar Metabolism in Clostridium acetobutylicum [Environmental Microbiology] (2015)
    The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-01-31
    Description: Bacterial metabolism of polysaccharides from plant detritus into acids and solvents is an essential component of the terrestrial carbon cycle. Understanding the underlying metabolic pathways can also contribute to improved production of biofuels. Using a metabolomics approach involving liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, we investigated the metabolism of mixtures of the cellulosic hexose sugar (glucose) and hemicellulosic pentose sugars (xylose and arabinose) in the anaerobic soil bacterium Clostridium acetobutylicum . Simultaneous feeding of stable isotope-labeled glucose and unlabeled xylose or arabinose revealed that, as expected, glucose was preferentially used as the carbon source. Assimilated pentose sugars accumulated in pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) intermediates with minimal flux into glycolysis. Simultaneous feeding of xylose and arabinose revealed an unexpected hierarchy among the pentose sugars, with arabinose utilized preferentially over xylose. The phosphoketolase pathway (PKP) provides an alternative route of pentose catabolism in C. acetobutylicum that directly converts xylulose-5-phosphate into acetyl-phosphate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, bypassing most of the PPP. When feeding the mixture of pentose sugars, the labeling patterns of lower glycolytic intermediates indicated more flux through the PKP than through the PPP and upper glycolysis, and this was confirmed by quantitative flux modeling. Consistent with direct acetyl-phosphate production from the PKP, growth on the pentose mixture resulted in enhanced acetate excretion. Taken collectively, these findings reveal two hierarchies in clostridial pentose metabolism: xylose is subordinate to arabinose, and the PPP is used less than the PKP.
    Print ISSN: 0099-2240
    Electronic ISSN: 1098-5336
    Topics: Biology
    Published by The American Society for Microbiology (ASM)
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  • 10
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    Novel germ line DDX41 mutations define families with a lower age of MDS/AML onset and lymphoid malignancies (2016)
    American Society of Hematology (ASH)
    In: Blood
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-26
    Description: Recently our group and others have identified DDX41 mutations both as germ line and acquired somatic mutations in families with multiple cases of late onset myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and/or acute myeloid leukemia (AML), suggesting that DDX41 acts as a tumor suppressor. To determine whether novel DDX41 mutations could be identified in families with additional types of hematologic malignancies, our group screened two cohorts of families with a diverse range of hematologic malignancy subtypes. Among 289 families, we identified nine (3%) with DDX41 mutations. As previously observed, MDS and AML were the most common malignancies, often of the erythroblastic subtype, and 1 family displayed early-onset follicular lymphoma. Five novel mutations were identified, including missense mutations within important functional domains and start-loss and splicing mutations predicted to result in truncated proteins. We also show that most asymptomatic mutation carriers have normal blood counts until malignancy develops. This study expands both the mutation and phenotypic spectra observed in families with germ line DDX41 mutations. With an increasing number of both inherited and acquired mutations in this gene being identified, further study of how DDX41 disruption leads to hematologic malignancies is critical.
    Keywords: Pediatric Hematology, Free Research Articles, Myeloid Neoplasia, Brief Reports
    Print ISSN: 0006-4971
    Electronic ISSN: 1528-0020
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by American Society of Hematology (ASH)
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