Note: Intro -- Contents -- Figures -- Tables -- Notes on Contributors -- Introduction Environmental Security is Fundamental to the Sustainable Development of Human Society -- Part 1 Environmental Security -- Chapter 1 Water Security in China -- Chapter 2 A Security Analysis of China's Soil -- Chapter 3 A Security Analysis of Sludge Treatment in China -- Part 2 Grassland Ecological Security -- Chapter 4 A Key Indicator of the Ecological Security of Grasslands: Overgrazing in Inner Mongolia -- Chapter 5 A Sustainability Assessment of the Dynamic Changes in the Use of China's Grassland Resources -- Part 3 Food Security -- Chapter 6 From Food Security to Biological Warfare: the Weaponization Potentials of GM Agricultural Products -- Chapter 7 The Environmental and Food Security Implications of Pesticide Production and Use in China -- Part 4 Security Issues from the Point of View of Survival and Development -- Chapter 8 Adapting to the Prospect of a Radical Transformation of the Model of Human Survival: on the Challenges of Global Climate Change -- Chapter 9 Establishing Resource and Environmental Security by Means of Green Development -- Chapter 10 The Environmental and Social Costs of China's Quest for Energy -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Contents -- 1 In-situ Characterization of Molecular Processes in Liquids by Ultrafast X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- Abstract -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy -- 1.2.1 Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure (EXAFS) -- 1.2.2 X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) -- 1.3 Methodology -- 1.4 Applications -- 1.4.1 Intramolecular Charge Transfer -- 1.4.2 Bond Formation in Bimetallic Complexes -- 1.4.3 Spin Cross-over in Fe(II)-Complexes -- 1.4.4 Dynamics of Pure Water -- 1.4.5 Solvation Dynamics and Hydrophobicity -- 1.4.6 Towards Biological Systems -- 1.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 2 In-situ X-ray Diffraction at Synchrotrons and Free-Electron Laser Sources -- Abstract -- 2.1 The Need for In-situ X-ray Observations -- 2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of In-situ X-ray Diffraction -- 2.3 Selected Examples of In-situ X-ray Diffraction -- 2.3.1 Complex Transition Metal Oxides -- 2.3.1.1 Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) -- 2.3.1.2 Growth of YBa2Cu3O7-x -- 2.3.1.3 Experimental Set-Up -- 2.3.1.4 In-situ Surface X-ray Diffraction During Thin Film Growth -- 2.3.2 Experimental Results -- 2.3.3 Deeply Buried Interfaces -- 2.3.3.1 X-ray Reflectivity -- 2.3.3.2 High-Energy Microdiffraction -- 2.4 X-ray Free Electron Lasers -- 2.4.1 Source Parameters -- 2.4.2 Potential for In-situ Experiments at FELs -- 2.4.2.1 Coherent Diffraction Imaging (CDI) -- 2.4.2.2 X-ray Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (XPCS) -- 2.5 Summary -- References -- 3 In-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy -- Abstract -- 3.1 What is the In-situ TEM and Why It Is Important -- 3.2 A Brief History of In-situ Microscopy -- 3.3 In-situ TEM Technologies -- 3.3.1 In-situ Heating and Cooling TEM -- 3.3.1.1 Chemical Analysis at Elevated Temperatures -- 3.3.2 In-situ Gas Environmental TEM (ETEM) -- 3.3.2.1 Windows-Type Gas E-Cell. , 3.3.2.2 Differentially Pumped Gas E-Cell -- 3.3.2.3 Spherical Aberration (Cs)-Corrected Gas ETEM -- 3.3.3 In-situ Liquid ETEM -- 3.3.3.1 Window-Type Liquid E-Cell -- 3.3.3.2 Liquid ETEM with an In-Column Differentially Pumped Liquid E-Cell -- 3.3.4 In-situ Biasing TEM -- 3.3.5 In-situ Nanomechanical TEM -- 3.3.5.1 Conventional Tensile Straining TEM Holder -- 3.3.5.2 MEMS-Based Straining TEM Holder -- 3.3.5.3 Nanoindentation TEM Holder -- 3.3.5.4 TEM Grid-Based Straining Holder -- 3.3.6 In-situ Lorentz TEM and In-situ Electron Holography for Imaging Magnetic or Electric Field Distribution -- 3.3.6.1 Lorentz TEM: Principle -- 3.3.6.2 Electron Holography: Principle -- 3.3.6.3 In-situ Lorentz TEM and In-situ Electron Holography -- 3.3.7 In-situ Ion Beam Irradiation TEM -- 3.4 Some Important Notes -- 3.4.1 In-situ TEM: Holders and Atomic Resolution -- 3.4.2 Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation -- 3.4.3 Digital Recording -- 3.4.4 Technical Challenges Ahead -- 3.5 Summary -- References -- 4 Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy and Electron Diffraction -- Abstract -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Electron Sources -- 4.2.1 Electron Emission -- 4.2.2 Emitter Materials -- 4.3 Electron Pulse Propagation -- 4.4 Electron- and Laser-Material Interactions -- 4.4.1 Ultrafast Conditions in Matter -- 4.5 Time Resolution and Synchronization -- 4.5.1 Electron Pulse Profile -- 4.5.2 Synchronization at the Sample and Time Zero -- 4.6 Experimental Variations and Ultrafast Electron Detection -- 4.6.1 Single- Versus Multi-shot Experiments -- 4.6.2 Electron Detection Techniques -- 4.7 Conclusion -- References -- 5 In-situ and Kinetic Studies Using Neutrons -- Abstract -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Conditions Available for In-situ Studies -- 5.2.1 Temperature -- 5.2.2 Pressure and Stress -- 5.2.3 Magnetic Fields -- 5.2.4 Electric Fields. , 5.2.5 Chemical Potential: Partial Pressure -- 5.3 Single-Shot Kinetic Experiments -- 5.3.1 Cement Hydration -- 5.3.2 Transition Between Ice-Phases -- 5.3.3 Crystallization of Glass-Phases -- 5.3.4 Crystallization Reactions and Extreme Conditions -- 5.3.5 Self-Assembly in Soft Matter -- 5.4 Stroboscopic Kinetic Experiments -- 5.4.1 Decomposition Kinetics -- 5.4.2 Switching Processes In Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics -- 5.4.3 Limitations of Stroboscopic Techniques -- 5.4.4 Magnetic Relaxation in Ferrofluids -- 5.5 Further Prospects of In-situ Investigations -- References -- 6 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy at Elevated Pressure -- Abstract -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.1.1 Are High Pressures Necessary? -- 6.1.2 Why Can't We Use the Thermodynamic Back Door of Temperature? -- 6.2 High-Pressure Techniques -- 6.3 High-Pressure STM Instrumentation -- 6.3.1 Requirements for STM Under Catalytic Conditions -- 6.3.1.1 Atmospheric Pressures -- 6.3.1.2 Elevated Temperatures -- 6.3.1.3 Atmospheric Pressures Combined with Elevated Temperatures -- 6.3.1.4 Correlation with Catalytic Performance -- 6.3.1.5 Minimal Chemical Side Effects -- 6.3.1.6 Well-Prepared Model Catalysts -- 6.3.2 Design of the ReactorSTM -- 6.4 High-Pressure Observations -- 6.4.1 CO Oxidation: The Special Role of Surface Oxides -- 6.4.2 CO Oxidation: Roughness, Steps and Spontaneous Reaction Oscillations -- 6.4.3 NO Reduction: From LH to LH -- 6.5 Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- 7 Detectors for Electron and X-ray Scattering and Imaging Experiments -- Abstract -- 7.1 Detectors for Electrons -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Electron Image Recording Devices -- 7.1.2.1 Photographic Film -- 7.1.2.2 Imaging Plate -- 7.1.2.3 CCD-Based Indirect Electron Detector -- 7.1.3 Critical Parameters for Detector Characterization -- 7.1.3.1 Modulation Transfer Function -- 7.1.3.2 Detector Quantum Efficiency. , 7.1.3.3 Dynamic Range -- 7.1.3.4 Linearity -- 7.1.3.5 Uniformity -- 7.1.3.6 Resolution and Pixel Size -- 7.1.4 Comparison of Electron Detectors -- 7.1.5 Direct Electron Detectors -- 7.1.5.1 The Active Pixel Sensor -- 7.1.5.2 The Direct CCD -- 7.1.5.3 Performance of a Direct CCD -- 7.2 Detectors for X-rays -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Storage Ring Based X-ray Sources -- 7.2.2.1 Source Developments -- 7.2.2.2 Examples of Detectors for In-situ Experiments at Storage Rings -- The Cornell AP-HPAD -- The PILATUS detector -- 7.2.3 Free-Electron Laser Based X-ray Sources -- 7.2.3.1 Source Developments -- 7.2.3.2 Requirements for X-ray Detectors for FEL Based Sources -- 7.2.3.3 The Adaptive Gain Integrating Pixel Detector Project -- 7.2.4 Outlook -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Title Page -- Preface -- Organization -- Table of Contents -- Neural Networks -- Complex Functional Network Hebbian-Type Learning Algorithm and Convergence -- Introduction -- Complex Value Functional Networks -- Complex Value Functional Network Learning Algorithm -- Conclusions -- References -- A New Intelligent Control Strategy of High-Voltage Power Supply for ECRH Based on CMAC Neural Network -- Introduction -- State Space Model of ECRH System -- Inverse Model Learning Control for ECRH on CMAC -- Simulation -- Conclusions -- References -- Self-configuration Using Artificial Neural Networks -- Introduction -- Related Work -- ANN Based Self-configuration Approach -- Case Study: Autonomic Fire Forest Application -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- Evolutionary Learning and Genetic Algorithms -- An Improvement of AdaBoost for Face Detection with Random Forests -- Introduction -- Basic Concepts of Algorithm -- AdaBoost Algorithm -- Random Forests Algorithm -- AdaBoost Method for Face Detection Based on Random Forests -- Experimental Results and Analysis -- Conclusions -- References -- Hybrid Good Point Set Evolutionary Strategy for Constrained Optimization -- Introduction -- Our Mechanisms and Algorithms -- PSO Operator -- Good Point Set (GPS):[3][4] -- GPS Operator -- Mutation Operator -- Select Next Generation -- Empirical Study -- Conclusion -- References -- Research of Modified Quantum Genetic Algorithm and It's Application in Collision Detection -- Introduction -- Proposed Algorithm -- Related Definitions -- Algorithm Description -- Simulation Experiment -- Conclusion -- References -- Granular Computing and Rough Sets -- A New Method of Attribute Reduction and Prediction in Fuzzy Decision System -- Introduction -- Construction of Fuzzy Rough Approximation Operators -- Example -- References. , Particle Swarm Optimization and Niche Technology -- Development of Automatic Code Generation Tool for Condensation Algorithm -- Introduction -- CONDENSATION Algorithm -- CONDENSATION Algorithm -- Application of CONDENSATION for the Multiple Target Tracking -- Program Structures -- Generation of Gaussian Distribution -- Generation of Filter Code Bloks -- Experiment Result -- Conclusions -- References -- Swarm Intelligence and Optimization -- A New Hybrid Multi-objective Pareto Archive PSO Algorithm for a Classic Job Shop Scheduling Problem with Ready Times -- Introduction -- Proposed Model -- Index -- Parameters -- Variables -- Proposed Mathematical Model -- Proposed Pareto Archive PSO -- Solution Representation -- Initialization -- Update the Pareto Archive -- Improvement by VNS -- Update the Position of Particles -- Experimental Results -- Algorithm Assumptions -- Comparative Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Multi-objective Particle Swarm Optimization for Sequencing and Scheduling a Cellular Manufacturing System -- Introduction -- Mathematical Model -- Indices -- Parameters -- Decision Variables -- Minimizing Makespan and Intra-cellular Movement -- Minimizing Tardiness Cost -- Pareto Frontier Concepts -- Particle Swarm Optimization for Multi-objective Problems -- Comparison Metrics -- Conclusion -- References -- A Hybrid PSO Algorithm with Transposon for Multiobjective Optimization -- Introduction -- Particle Swarm Optimization -- Multiojective Optimization and the Concept of Domiance -- A Hybrid PSO with Transposon -- Transposon Operation -- The Details of a Hybrid PSO with Transposon -- Experiment Results and Discussion -- Test Functions and Performance Metrics -- Parameters Selection -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Independent Component Analysis and Blind Source Separation. , Joint Multichannel Blind Speech Separation and Dereverberation: A Real-Time Algorithmic Implementation -- Introduction -- Problem Formulation -- The Multichannel Blind Speech Separation and Dereverberation Algorithm -- MIMO Blind System Identification -- Speech Separation Stage -- Speech Dereverberation Stage -- Real-Time Algorithm Implementation -- Computer Simulations -- Conclusions -- References -- An Efficient Pairwise Kurtosis Optimization Algorithm for Independent Component Analysis -- Introduction -- Pairwise Optimization of the Kurtosis-Sum -- Pairwise Kurtosis Optimization Algorithm -- Computation Complexity and Simulation -- Conclusions -- References -- Combinatorial and Numerical Optimization -- The Mechanical Behavior of the Double Piece of Tape Spring -- Introduction -- Model of the Hinge and Simulation Techniques -- FEA Analysis and Results -- Experiment for Measuring Bend Moment of the Hinge -- Deployable Experiment of the Tape Spring -- Fold Experiment of the Tape Spring -- Conclusion -- References -- Systems Biology and Computational Biology -- Cancer Immunoprevention: What Can We Learn from in Silico Models? -- Introduction -- The Model -- Tuning and Validation -- The Problem of Schedule -- Conclusions -- References -- Oscillatory Dynamics of Double Negative Feedback Loop Motif by MicroRNAs -- Introduction -- Mathematical Model of The Double Negative Feedback Loop Involving Small RNAs -- Oscilatory Dynamics Induced by Time Delay and Hill Coeffiecient n -- Discussion -- References -- Neural Computing and Optimization -- Neural Network Approach for Greenery Warranty Systems -- Introduction -- Background -- Greenery Warranty Claims Architecture -- Two-Attribute Warranty Policy -- Warranty Function Approximation -- Case Study Example -- Conclusions -- References -- Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. , Comprehensive Evaluation of Effects of Naomaitong and Rhubarb Aglycone Combined with Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation on Brain in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia Based on Analytic Hierarchy Process -- Introduction -- Application Steps -- Establishing Hierarchy Model -- Constructing of Comparison Matrix in Pair (Means Judging Matrix) -- Calculating Vector and Testing the Consistency -- Calculating the Combined Weight Vectors and Conducting Consistency Test -- Calculation and Results -- To Construct the Model of Hierarchical Structure -- To Construct the Paired Comparison Matrix (Judging Matrix) -- To Calculate the Combined Weight Vectors and Testing Consistency -- To Calculate the Results -- Discussion -- References -- Aggregating and Weighting Expert Knowledge in Group Decision Making -- Introduction -- Related Work -- Weighting Expert Opinions Scheme for Decision Making Procedure -- Sort the Alternatives and Assign a Score -- Calculate the Euclidean Distance -- Aggregate the Expert Opinions -- A Case Study -- Conclusion and Future Work -- References -- A New Heuristic Feature Selection Algorithm Based on Rough Sets -- Introduction -- Preliminaries -- The New Algorithm -- Experiment -- Conclusions -- References -- Developing a Procedure to Obtain Knowledge of Optimum Solutions in a Travelling Salesman Problem -- Introduction -- Proposed Algorithm -- Business Understanding -- Data Understanding -- Data Preparation -- Modeling -- Evaluation -- Conclusion and Future Research -- References -- Trajectory Simplification and Classification for Moving Object with Road-Constraint -- Introduction -- Problem Formulations and Motivation -- Exclude Useless Trajectories Based on Temporal Filterer -- Simplified Single Trajectory -- The TRI Algorithm: An Easier and More Practical Method -- Experiment -- Computational Complexity -- Experimental Results. , Conclusions and Future Work -- References -- Training a Pac-Man Player with Minimum Domain Knowledge and Basic Rationality -- Introduction -- Game Modeling -- Experiments -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Hybrid Self-Organizing Map and Neural Network Clustering Analysis for Technology Professionals Turnover Rate Forecasting -- Introduction -- Procedure for Paper Submission -- Turnover Trend -- Data Mining and Clustering Analysis Method -- Methodology -- Data Preprocessing -- Sample Dealing and Cluster Analysis -- SOM Clustering Process -- Neural Network Clustering Method -- Analysis Results -- SOM Clustering Result -- SOM+BPN Clustering Result -- Conclusions -- References -- Ensemble Methods -- A Study of Strength and Correlation in Random Forests -- Introduction -- The Forest-RI Algorithm -- Strength and Correlation -- Tree Selection -- Datasets Used -- Experimental Protocol -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Machine Learning Theory and Methods -- A Comparison Study of Conditional Random Fields Toolkits -- Introduction -- Conditional Random Fields -- Training Methods -- Introduction of Each Toolkit -- crf++ -- crfsgd -- flexcrf -- crfsuite -- mallet -- Experiment and Discussion -- Experiment Content -- Experiment Settings -- Experiment Results -- Conclusion -- References -- Robot Reinforcement Learning Based on Learning Classifier System -- Introduction -- Background Materials -- Reinforcement Learning (RL) -- Learning Classifier System (LCS) -- Reinforcement Learning Design -- Encoding of Operating Message and Rules -- Fitness Function Design -- Experiments and Simulation -- Conclusions -- References -- Intelligent Computing in Bioinformatics -- Research of Marker Gene Selection for Tumor Classfication Based on Decision Forests -- Background -- Methods and Principles -- Decision Forests -- ReliefF, SAM and PCA. , Results and Analysis.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Acknowledgements -- Funding Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Contributors -- Part I: Biological Basis of IgY Technology -- 1: Development of IgY Technology: A Historical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Development of IgY Technology -- 1.3 Application of IgY Products at a Glance -- 1.4 Application of the IgY Technology Driven by Legal Regulations in Favour of Animal Protection -- 1.5 Advantages and Limitations Driving IgY Technology -- References -- 2: The Domestic Hen -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Genetic Selection for Domestic Breeds of Chicken -- 2.3 Breeds of Chicken -- 2.4 Physiology of Chickens -- 2.4.1 Body Temperature -- 2.4.2 Anatomical Structures -- 2.4.3 Crop -- 2.4.4 Cloacal Chamber -- 2.4.5 Medullary Bone -- 2.5 Immune System of the Hen -- 2.5.1 Immune Tissues -- 2.5.1.1 Thymus and Bursa of Fabricius -- 2.5.1.2 Spleen -- 2.5.1.3 Defence System in the Reproductive Organs -- 2.5.1.4 Immune Response -- 2.6 Development of the Reproductive System and Egg Laying -- 2.6.1 Embryology of the Chicken -- 2.6.2 The Ovary -- 2.6.2.1 Follicular Development and Oocyte Maturation -- 2.6.3 Initiation of Laying -- 2.6.4 Reproductive System of the Hen -- 2.6.4.1 Egg Laying and the Oviduct -- 2.7 The Egg -- 2.7.1 Structure of Eggs -- 2.7.2 Composition of Egg Yolk -- 2.8 Concluding Remarks -- References -- 3: Immune Response in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.1 Evolutionary Context -- 3.2 Innate and Adaptive Immune Response -- 3.3 Innate Immune Response in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.3.1 Toll Like Receptors (TLRs) -- 3.3.2 Cytokine Production and Host Defence Peptides -- 3.4 Adaptive Immune Response -- 3.4.1 Lymphoid Tissues in Mammals and Chickens -- 3.4.2 B Cells, T Cells and MHC Class II Proteins -- 3.4.3 Antibody Secretion by B Cells -- 3.5 Genetic Basis for Diversity in Mammalian TCR and Immunoglobulins. , 3.6 Genetic Basis for Diversity in Chicken TCR and Immunoglobulins -- 3.7 Structure of IgG and IgY -- References -- 4: Evolution of Immunoglobulins in Vertebrates -- 4.1 Introduction to Evolution -- 4.2 Immunoglobulin Classes in Vertebrates -- 4.3 Central Position of IgY in Antibody Evolution -- 4.4 Gene Organisation Related to Ig Evolution -- 4.5 Recombination-Activating Gene (RAG)-Mediated Rearrangement -- 4.6 Patterns of V(D)J Rearrangement -- References -- 5: Biology and Molecular Structure of Avian IgY Antibody -- 5.1 The Biology of IgY Production Compared to IgG -- 5.2 Molecular Structure of IgY -- 5.3 Generation of Immunoglobulin Diversity -- 5.4 Differential Expression of IgY Across Species -- 5.5 Generation of IgY(DeltaFc) -- References -- 6: IgY Cell Receptors and Immunity Transfer -- 6.1 Constant Region of Immunoglobulins (Ig) -- 6.2 Transfer of Maternal Immunoglobulins -- 6.3 Transfer of IgY -- 6.3.1 Transfer from the Maternal Circulation to the Yolk of the Oocytes -- 6.3.2 Transfer from the Embryonic Yolk Sac to the Embryonic Blood Stream -- 6.4 IgY Receptor Family -- 6.5 Prospective -- References -- 7: Biorhythms of Hens -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Observed Rhythms in Hens -- 7.3 Impact of Ageing -- References -- Part II: Core Methods of IgY Technology -- 8: Keeping Laying Hens to Obtain Antibodies -- 8.1 General Introduction -- 8.2 Legislation -- 8.3 Climate, Air Quality, Light and Noise -- 8.4 Enrichment and Nourishment -- 8.4.1 Nest Box -- 8.4.2 Perches -- 8.4.3 Flooring -- 8.4.4 Food and Water -- 8.5 Factors Impacting on IgY Production -- 8.6 Example of a Conventional Housing System -- 8.7 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Hens -- 8.8 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) Avian Facility -- References -- 9: Other Avian Species: Ostrich, Quail, Turkey, Duck and Goose -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Ostrich Struthio camelus. , 9.3 Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica -- 9.4 Turkey Meleagris gallopavo -- 9.5 Duck Anas platyrhynchos -- 9.6 Goose Anser anser -- 9.7 Summary -- References -- 10: Immunization of Hens -- 10.1 Maintenance of Hens -- 10.2 Source of Antigens -- 10.2.1 Whole Virus or Bacteria -- 10.2.2 Recombinant Proteins -- 10.2.3 Haptens -- 10.2.4 Virus-Like Particles -- 10.2.5 Bacterial Ghosts -- 10.2.6 Virosomes -- 10.2.7 Nucleic Acid Vaccines as Immunogens -- 10.2.8 Vaccine Products as Antigens -- 10.3 Routes of Administration -- 10.4 Amount of Antigen -- 10.5 Adjuvant -- 10.6 Immunization Intervals -- 10.7 Monitoring the IgY Titre -- 10.8 Immunization for the Generation of IgY-scFv -- 10.9 Discussion -- References -- 11: Extraction and Purification of IgY -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.1.1 Properties of IgY -- 11.1.2 General Considerations for the Extraction of IgY -- 11.2 Egg Collection and Separation of Yolk from Egg White -- 11.3 Delipidation of Egg Yolk -- 11.3.1 Water Dilution -- 11.3.2 Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation -- 11.3.3 Anionic Polysaccharides -- 11.3.4 Organic Solvents -- 11.3.5 Specific Chemicals -- 11.4 Extraction of IgY Following Delipidation -- 11.4.1 Salt Precipitation -- 11.4.2 PEG Precipitation -- 11.4.3 Filtration -- 11.4.4 Aqueous Biphasic Systems (ABS) -- 11.5 Purification of IgY -- 11.5.1 Cation Exchange Chromatography -- 11.5.2 Hydrophobic Charge-Induction Chromatography -- 11.5.3 Affinity Chromatography -- 11.6 Comparison of Methods Used for Delipidation and Extraction of IgY -- 11.7 Commercially Available IgY Extraction Kits -- 11.8 Methods Used to Confirm Purity and Activity of IgY -- 11.8.1 Molecular Weight and Structure -- 11.8.2 Biological Activity of IgY -- 11.9 Purification and Characterization of Monoclonal IgY -- 11.10 The Storage and Stability of IgY Product -- References -- 12: IgY Delivery and Dosage Form -- 12.1 Introduction. , 12.2 Oral Administrations -- 12.3 Parenteral Administrations -- 12.4 IgY in Food and Feed Use -- 12.5 Perspective -- References -- 13: Monoclonal IgY Antibodies -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.1.1 Monoclonal Antibody and Functional Antibody Fragments -- 13.2 Genetically Engineered Chicken Antibodies -- 13.2.1 Recombinant IgY Fragments -- 13.2.2 Chimeric Antibodies -- 13.2.3 Humanized Antibody -- 13.3 Biomolecular Methods for Monoclonal IgY Generation -- 13.3.1 Hybridoma Technology -- 13.3.2 DT40 Cell Line -- 13.3.3 Antibody Display Technologies -- 13.3.3.1 Phage Display -- 13.3.3.2 Yeast Surface Display -- 13.3.3.3 Ribosomal Display -- 13.3.4 Gel Encapsulated Microenvironment (GEM) Screening Technology -- 13.4 Amino-Acid Synthetic for Monoclonal IgY Generation Antibody Mimetics -- 13.5 Conclusion and Future Prospect -- References -- 14: Protein Production in Transgenic Chickens -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Protein Production Methods -- 14.3 Advantages of Protein Production in Chicken Egg White -- 14.4 Overview of Chicken Transgenesis -- 14.4.1 Evolution of Delivery Methods and Germline Transmission Frequencies -- 14.4.2 The Effects of Promoters in Protein Expression -- 14.5 Closing Remarks -- References -- Part III: Applications of IgY Technology -- 15: Applications of IgY in Veterinary Medicine -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 Cattle -- 15.2.1 Diarrhoea in Calves -- 15.2.2 Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus (BVDV): Prevention and Treatment -- 15.2.3 Mastitis -- 15.3 Pigs -- 15.3.1 Diarrhoea in Pigs -- 15.4 Poultry -- 15.4.1 IgY Treatment of Bacterial Infections of Poultry -- 15.4.2 IgY Treatment of Viral Infections of Poultry -- 15.4.3 IgY Treatment of Protozoan Infections of Poultry -- 15.5 Applications of IgY in Aquaculture -- 15.6 Dogs -- 15.6.1 Canine Parvovirus -- 15.6.2 Canine Morbillivirus -- 15.7 Applications of IgY to Treat Other Animals. , 15.8 Application of IgY Antibodies in Detection and Immunoassay -- 15.8.1 Igy Based Diagnostics of Animal Diseases -- 15.8.2 IgY for Detection of Microbial Contamination in Sea Food -- 15.9 Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- 16: Applications of IgY in Human Medicine -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 Human Respiratory Infections -- 16.2.1 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses (SARS-CoV) -- 16.2.2 Influenza -- 16.2.3 Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome -- 16.2.4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa -- 16.3 Other Human Viral Infections -- 16.3.1 Rabies Virus -- 16.3.2 Emerging Viral Threats -- 16.4 Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Pathogenesis -- 16.5 Mutans Streptococci and Dental Caries -- 16.5.1 Introduction -- 16.5.2 Vaccination Against Dental Caries -- 16.5.3 Passive Immunization -- 16.6 Antitoxin IgY Therapies and Approaches -- 16.6.1 Introduction -- 16.6.2 Escherichia coli -- 16.6.3 Clostridium tetani -- 16.6.4 Clostridium botulinum -- 16.6.5 Clostridium difficile -- 16.6.6 Clostridium perfringens -- 16.6.7 Staphylococcus aureus -- 16.7 Antivenoms -- 16.7.1 Snake Venom -- 16.7.2 Clinical Manifestations of Envenoming -- 16.7.3 IgY Antivenoms: the Key Therapy for Snakebite Envenoming -- 16.7.4 Pharmacological Characterization and Neutralization of Venoms -- References -- 17: IgY Industries and Markets -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Case-studies of IgY Companies -- 17.2.1 Gentian AS (Moss, Norway) -- 17.2.2 Immunsystem AB (Uppsala, Sweden) -- 17.2.3 Bioinnovo (Castelar, Argentina) -- 17.2.4 Crystal Biosciences (California, USA) -- 17.2.5 Ovagen Group Ltd. -- 17.2.6 ADBioTech (South Korea) -- 17.3 Brief Profiles of Other IgY Companies -- 17.3.1 EW Nutrition (Visbek, Germany) -- 17.3.2 Avianax (North Dakota, USA) -- 17.3.3 IGY Life Sciences (Ontario, Canada) -- 17.3.4 Ostrich Pharma Corp (Kyoto, Japan) -- 17.4 Intellectual Property of IgY. , 17.4.1 IgY: Patenting a Product Already Existing in Nature.

Note: Cover -- Title Page -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Foreword -- Preface -- Contributors -- Overview -- Challenges Posed by Globalization to Sustainable Development -- Part I: Globalization -- Thoughts on How to View Globalization -- Part II: Climate Change -- Public Issues Requiring Man's New Wisdom -- Opportunities and Challenges Posed by a Low Carbon Economy to China's Sustainable Development -- A Low Carbon Economy: Coping with Climate Change and Air Pollution -- New Progress in International Climate Negotiations and Challenges Facing China's Low Carbon Economic Developrrent -- Effect Evaluation and Influential Factor Analysis of the International Transfer of Low Carbon Technology Based on Trade -- China's Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Evaluation of Scenario Research -- Coping with Climate Change: Enlightenment Offered by Arid Prairie Areas -- Coping with Challenges Posed by Climate Change: Safeguarding and Cherishing China's Rights to Development -- Part Ill: Globalization and China's Environment and Development -- Thoughts on China's Energy Conservation and Emission Reductions -- Comparisons between the G20 Countries' Eco-efficiency: Analysis Based on the DEA Model -- Part IV: Trade and Sustainability -- Influences of International Trade on China's Energy Demands and Environmental Quality -- Influences of Free Trade on China's Sustainable Development -- Globalization: International Trade of China's Forestry Products and Ecological Environment Protection -- Copyright.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Table of Contents -- Author Index.

Note: Intro -- RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS -- 1.1 Introduction of Electric Power Systems -- 1.2 Electric Power Generation -- 1.2.1 Conventional Power Plants -- 1.2.1.1 Fossil Fuel Power Plants -- 1.2.1.2 CCGT Power Plants -- 1.2.1.3 Nuclear Power Plants -- 1.2.2 Renewable Power Generation Technologies -- 1.2.2.1 Wind Energy Generation -- 1.2.2.2 Ocean Energy Generation -- 1.2.2.3 Photovoltaic Generation Systems -- 1.2.2.4 Bioenergy -- 1.2.2.5 Geothermal Energy -- 1.2.2.6 Hydrogen -- 1.3 Structure of Electric Power Systems -- 1.3.1 Structure -- 1.3.2 Benefits of System Interconnection -- 1.4 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.1 The Concept of Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.2 Economic Comparison of Extra-High Voltage and Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.3 Ultra-High Voltage AC Power Transmission Technology -- 1.4.4 Ultra-High Voltage DC Technology -- 1.4.5 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in China -- 1.4.6 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in the World -- 1.5 Modeling of Electric Power Systems -- 1.5.1 Transmission Lines -- 1.5.2 Transformers -- 1.5.3 Loads -- 1.5.4 Synchronous Generators -- 1.5.5 HVDC Systems and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 1.6 Power Flow Analysis -- 1.6.1 Classifications of Buses for Power Flow Analysis -- 1.6.1.1 Slack Bus -- 1.6.1.2 PV Buses -- 1.6.1.3 PQ Buses -- 1.6.2 Formulation of Load Flow Solution -- 1.6.3 Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method -- 1.6.4 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method -- 1.6.5 DC Load Flow Method -- 1.7 Optimal Operation of Electric Power Systems -- 1.7.1 Security-Constrained Economic Dispatch -- 1.7.1.1 Classic Economic Dispatch Without Transmission Network Power Loss -- 1.7.1.2 Security Constrained Economic Dispatch -- 1.7.2 Optimal Power Flow Techniques. , 1.7.2.1 Development of Optimization Techniques in OPF Solutions -- 1.7.2.3 OPF Formulation -- 1.7.2.4 Optimal Power Flow Solution by Nonlinear Interior Point Methods -- 1.8 Operation and Control of Electric Power Systems-SCADA/EMS -- 1.8.1 Introduction of SCADA/EMS -- 1.8.2 SCADA/EMS of Conventional Energy Control Centers -- 1.8.3 New Development Trends of SCADA/EMS of Energy Control Centers -- 1.8.3.1 New Environments -- 1.8.3.2 Advanced Software Technologies -- 1.9 Active Power and Frequency Control -- 1.9.1 Frequency Control and Active Power Reserve -- 1.9.2 Objectives of Automatic Generation Control -- 1.9.3 Turbine-Generator-Governor System Model -- 1.9.4 AGC for a Single-Generator System -- 1.9.5 AGC for Two-Area Systems -- 1.9.6 Frequency Control and AGC in Electricity Markets -- 1.10 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management -- 1.10.1 Introduction of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management -- 1.10.2 Reactive Power Characteristics of Power System Components -- 1.10.3 Devices for Voltage and Reactive Power Control -- 1.10.4 Optimal Voltage and Reactive Power Control -- 1.10.5 Reactive Power Service Provisions in Electricity Markets -- 1.11 Applications of Power Electronics to Power System Control -- 1.11.1 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 1.11.2 Power System Control by FACTS -- References -- 2 RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS -- 2.1 History of Electric Power Systems Restructuring -- 2.1.1 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Power Pools -- 2.1.2 Worldwide Movement of Power Industry Restructuring -- 2.1.2.1 Nordic Countries -- 2.1.2.2 Great Britain -- 2.1.2.3 Continental Europe -- 2.1.2.4 New Zealand -- 2.1.2.5 Australia -- 2.1.2.6 United States -- 2.2 Structure of Electricity Markets -- 2.2.1 Stakeholders -- 2.2.2 Market Evolution -- 2.2.3 Market and Reliability Coordination. , 2.2.4 The SMD Framework -- 2.2.4.1 Transmission Service -- 2.2.4.2 Energy Market -- 2.2.4.3 Ancillary Service Market -- 2.2.4.4 Market Monitoring and Mitigation -- 2.3 Design of Electricity Markets -- 2.3.1 Market Design Objectives -- 2.3.1.1 Secure and Reliable Operation of Power System -- 2.3.1.2 Risk Management Facilities for Market Participants -- 2.3.1.3 Open and Transparent Market Performance -- 2.3.1.4 Phased Implementation of Market Migration -- 2.3.2 Market Design Principles -- 2.3.2.1 Establish Trading Mechanisms for Energy Resources -- 2.3.2.2 Establish Open Access for Transmission Services -- 2.3.2.3 Harmonize System Operation with Market Operation -- 2.3.3 Energy Market Design -- 2.3.4 Financial Transmission Rights Market Design -- 2.3.5 Ancillary Service Market Design -- 2.4 Operation of Electricity Markets -- 2.4.1 Criteria for Successful Market Operation -- 2.4.1.1 Power System Reliability -- 2.4.1.2 Market Transparency -- 2.4.1.3 Financial Certainty -- 2.4.1.4 Operational Market Efficiency -- 2.4.2 Typical Business Processes Timeline -- 2.4.2.1 New Zealand Electricity Market -- 2.4.2.2 PJM Markets -- 2.5 Computation Tools for Electricity Markets -- 2.5.1 SCED and Associated Market Business Functions -- 2.5.1.1 Classic OPF -- 2.5.1.2 SCED for Market Clearing -- 2.5.1.3 Joint Optimization of Energy and Ancillary Services -- 2.5.1.4 SCED Formulation Example -- 2.5.2 Optimization-Based Unit Commitment -- 2.5.2.1 Market-Oriented Unit Commitment Problem -- 2.5.2.2 Advances in Unit Commitment Methods -- 2.5.2.3 SCUC Example Problem: Reliability Commitment -- 2.5.2.4 SCUC Performance Consideration -- 2.5.3 System Implementation -- 2.5.4 Future Direction -- 2.6 Final Remarks -- References -- 3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS AND MARKET POWER ANALYSIS -- 3.1 Game Theory and Its Applications. , 3.2 Electricity Markets and Market Power -- 3.2.1 Types of Electricity Markets -- 3.2.1.1 Bid-Based Auction Pool / PoolCo / Spot Market -- 3.2.1.2 Bilateral Agreements, Forward Contracts, and Contracts for Differences -- 3.2.2 Competition Types -- 3.2.2.1 Perfect Competition -- 3.2.2.2 Imperfect or Oligopolistic Competition -- 3.3 Market Power Monitoring, Modeling, and Analysis -- 3.3.1 The Concept of Market Power -- 3.3.2 Techniques for Measuring Market Power -- 3.3.2.1 The Price-Cost Margin Index -- 3.3.2.2 The Herfindahl-Hirschan Index -- 3.3.2.3 Estimation of Pricing Behavior Through Simulation Analysis -- 3.3.2.4 Oligopoly Equilibrium Analysis -- 3.3.3 Oligopolistic Equilibrium Models -- 3.3.3.1 Bertrand Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.2 Cournot Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.3 Supply Function Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.4 Stackelberg Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.5 Conjectured Supply Function Equilibrium -- 3.3.4 Market Power Modeling Using Equilibrium Models -- 3.4 Application of the Equilibrium Models in the Electricity Markets -- 3.4.1 Bertrand Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.2 Cournot Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.3 Supply Function Equilibrium Models in Electricity Markets -- 3.4.3.1 Application of Supply Function Equilibrium Models -- 3.4.3.2 Electricity Network Modeling -- 3.4.3.3 Modeling of Contracts -- 3.4.3.4 Choosing the Appropriate Strategic Variable -- 3.4.3.5 Conjecture Supply Function Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.4 Conjectural Variation and CSF Equilibrium Models -- 3.5 Computational Tools for Electricity Market Equilibrium Modeling and Market Power Analysis -- 3.5.1 Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) -- 3.5.2 Bilevel Programming -- 3.5.3 Equilibrium Problems with Equilibrium Constraints (EPEC) -- 3.5.3.1 Formulation of Single-Leader-Follower Games as an MPEC -- 3.5.3.2 Formulation of Multi-Leader-Follower Games as an EPEC -- 3.5.4 NCP Functions for MPCCs. , 3.5.4.1 The Fischer-Burmeister Function -- 3.5.4.2 The Min-Function -- 3.5.4.3 The Chen-Chen-Kanzow Function -- 3.6 Solution Techniques for MPECs -- 3.6.1 SQP Methods -- 3.6.2 Interior Point Methods -- 3.6.2.1 Interior Point Methods with Relaxed Complementarity Constraints -- 3.6.2.2 Interior Point Methods with Two-Sided Relaxation -- 3.6.2.3 Interior Point Methods with Penalty -- 3.6.3 Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) Methods -- 3.6.4 Artificial Intelligence Approach -- 3.7 Solution Techniques for EPECs -- 3.7.1 Diagonalization Solution Methods -- 3.7.1.1 Nonlinear Jacobi Method -- 3.7.1.2 Nonlinear Gauss-Seidel Method -- 3.7.2 Simultaneous Solution Methods -- 3.8 Technical Challenges for Solving MPECs and EPECs -- 3.9 Software Resources for Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization -- References -- 4 COMPUTING THE ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM: USES OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MODELS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 4.2.1 Transmission Network Model -- 4.2.1.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.1.2 Commercial Network Model -- 4.2.1.3 Economic Model -- 4.2.2 Generator Cost Function and Operating Characteristics -- 4.2.2.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.2.2 Economic Model -- 4.2.3 Offer Function -- 4.2.3.1 Commercial Model -- 4.2.3.2 Economic Model -- 4.2.4 Demand -- 4.2.4.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.4.2 Commercial Model -- 4.2.4.3 Economic Model -- 4.2.5 Uncertainty -- 4.2.5.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.5.2 Commercial Model -- 4.2.5.3 Economic Model -- 4.3 Market Operation and Price Formation -- 4.3.1 Physical Model -- 4.3.2 Commercial Model -- 4.3.3 Economic Model -- 4.4 Equilibrium Definition -- 4.5 Computation -- 4.5.1 Analytical Models -- 4.5.2 Numerical Solution -- 4.5.3 Fictitious Play -- 4.5.4 Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints and Equilibrium Program with Equilibrium Constraints -- 4.5.5 Specialized Solution Methods. , 4.6 Difficulties with Equilibrium Models.