Anmerkung: Intro -- RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- CONTRIBUTORS -- 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS -- 1.1 Introduction of Electric Power Systems -- 1.2 Electric Power Generation -- 1.2.1 Conventional Power Plants -- 1.2.1.1 Fossil Fuel Power Plants -- 1.2.1.2 CCGT Power Plants -- 1.2.1.3 Nuclear Power Plants -- 1.2.2 Renewable Power Generation Technologies -- 1.2.2.1 Wind Energy Generation -- 1.2.2.2 Ocean Energy Generation -- 1.2.2.3 Photovoltaic Generation Systems -- 1.2.2.4 Bioenergy -- 1.2.2.5 Geothermal Energy -- 1.2.2.6 Hydrogen -- 1.3 Structure of Electric Power Systems -- 1.3.1 Structure -- 1.3.2 Benefits of System Interconnection -- 1.4 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.1 The Concept of Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.2 Economic Comparison of Extra-High Voltage and Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission -- 1.4.3 Ultra-High Voltage AC Power Transmission Technology -- 1.4.4 Ultra-High Voltage DC Technology -- 1.4.5 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in China -- 1.4.6 Ultra-High Voltage Power Transmission in the World -- 1.5 Modeling of Electric Power Systems -- 1.5.1 Transmission Lines -- 1.5.2 Transformers -- 1.5.3 Loads -- 1.5.4 Synchronous Generators -- 1.5.5 HVDC Systems and Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 1.6 Power Flow Analysis -- 1.6.1 Classifications of Buses for Power Flow Analysis -- 1.6.1.1 Slack Bus -- 1.6.1.2 PV Buses -- 1.6.1.3 PQ Buses -- 1.6.2 Formulation of Load Flow Solution -- 1.6.3 Power Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson Method -- 1.6.4 Fast Decoupled Load Flow Method -- 1.6.5 DC Load Flow Method -- 1.7 Optimal Operation of Electric Power Systems -- 1.7.1 Security-Constrained Economic Dispatch -- 1.7.1.1 Classic Economic Dispatch Without Transmission Network Power Loss -- 1.7.1.2 Security Constrained Economic Dispatch -- 1.7.2 Optimal Power Flow Techniques. , 1.7.2.1 Development of Optimization Techniques in OPF Solutions -- 1.7.2.3 OPF Formulation -- 1.7.2.4 Optimal Power Flow Solution by Nonlinear Interior Point Methods -- 1.8 Operation and Control of Electric Power Systems-SCADA/EMS -- 1.8.1 Introduction of SCADA/EMS -- 1.8.2 SCADA/EMS of Conventional Energy Control Centers -- 1.8.3 New Development Trends of SCADA/EMS of Energy Control Centers -- 1.8.3.1 New Environments -- 1.8.3.2 Advanced Software Technologies -- 1.9 Active Power and Frequency Control -- 1.9.1 Frequency Control and Active Power Reserve -- 1.9.2 Objectives of Automatic Generation Control -- 1.9.3 Turbine-Generator-Governor System Model -- 1.9.4 AGC for a Single-Generator System -- 1.9.5 AGC for Two-Area Systems -- 1.9.6 Frequency Control and AGC in Electricity Markets -- 1.10 Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management -- 1.10.1 Introduction of Voltage Control and Reactive Power Management -- 1.10.2 Reactive Power Characteristics of Power System Components -- 1.10.3 Devices for Voltage and Reactive Power Control -- 1.10.4 Optimal Voltage and Reactive Power Control -- 1.10.5 Reactive Power Service Provisions in Electricity Markets -- 1.11 Applications of Power Electronics to Power System Control -- 1.11.1 Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) -- 1.11.2 Power System Control by FACTS -- References -- 2 RESTRUCTURED ELECTRIC POWER SYSTEMS AND ELECTRICITY MARKETS -- 2.1 History of Electric Power Systems Restructuring -- 2.1.1 Vertically Integrated Utilities and Power Pools -- 2.1.2 Worldwide Movement of Power Industry Restructuring -- 2.1.2.1 Nordic Countries -- 2.1.2.2 Great Britain -- 2.1.2.3 Continental Europe -- 2.1.2.4 New Zealand -- 2.1.2.5 Australia -- 2.1.2.6 United States -- 2.2 Structure of Electricity Markets -- 2.2.1 Stakeholders -- 2.2.2 Market Evolution -- 2.2.3 Market and Reliability Coordination. , 2.2.4 The SMD Framework -- 2.2.4.1 Transmission Service -- 2.2.4.2 Energy Market -- 2.2.4.3 Ancillary Service Market -- 2.2.4.4 Market Monitoring and Mitigation -- 2.3 Design of Electricity Markets -- 2.3.1 Market Design Objectives -- 2.3.1.1 Secure and Reliable Operation of Power System -- 2.3.1.2 Risk Management Facilities for Market Participants -- 2.3.1.3 Open and Transparent Market Performance -- 2.3.1.4 Phased Implementation of Market Migration -- 2.3.2 Market Design Principles -- 2.3.2.1 Establish Trading Mechanisms for Energy Resources -- 2.3.2.2 Establish Open Access for Transmission Services -- 2.3.2.3 Harmonize System Operation with Market Operation -- 2.3.3 Energy Market Design -- 2.3.4 Financial Transmission Rights Market Design -- 2.3.5 Ancillary Service Market Design -- 2.4 Operation of Electricity Markets -- 2.4.1 Criteria for Successful Market Operation -- 2.4.1.1 Power System Reliability -- 2.4.1.2 Market Transparency -- 2.4.1.3 Financial Certainty -- 2.4.1.4 Operational Market Efficiency -- 2.4.2 Typical Business Processes Timeline -- 2.4.2.1 New Zealand Electricity Market -- 2.4.2.2 PJM Markets -- 2.5 Computation Tools for Electricity Markets -- 2.5.1 SCED and Associated Market Business Functions -- 2.5.1.1 Classic OPF -- 2.5.1.2 SCED for Market Clearing -- 2.5.1.3 Joint Optimization of Energy and Ancillary Services -- 2.5.1.4 SCED Formulation Example -- 2.5.2 Optimization-Based Unit Commitment -- 2.5.2.1 Market-Oriented Unit Commitment Problem -- 2.5.2.2 Advances in Unit Commitment Methods -- 2.5.2.3 SCUC Example Problem: Reliability Commitment -- 2.5.2.4 SCUC Performance Consideration -- 2.5.3 System Implementation -- 2.5.4 Future Direction -- 2.6 Final Remarks -- References -- 3 OVERVIEW OF ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM PROBLEMS AND MARKET POWER ANALYSIS -- 3.1 Game Theory and Its Applications. , 3.2 Electricity Markets and Market Power -- 3.2.1 Types of Electricity Markets -- 3.2.1.1 Bid-Based Auction Pool / PoolCo / Spot Market -- 3.2.1.2 Bilateral Agreements, Forward Contracts, and Contracts for Differences -- 3.2.2 Competition Types -- 3.2.2.1 Perfect Competition -- 3.2.2.2 Imperfect or Oligopolistic Competition -- 3.3 Market Power Monitoring, Modeling, and Analysis -- 3.3.1 The Concept of Market Power -- 3.3.2 Techniques for Measuring Market Power -- 3.3.2.1 The Price-Cost Margin Index -- 3.3.2.2 The Herfindahl-Hirschan Index -- 3.3.2.3 Estimation of Pricing Behavior Through Simulation Analysis -- 3.3.2.4 Oligopoly Equilibrium Analysis -- 3.3.3 Oligopolistic Equilibrium Models -- 3.3.3.1 Bertrand Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.2 Cournot Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.3 Supply Function Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.4 Stackelberg Equilibrium -- 3.3.3.5 Conjectured Supply Function Equilibrium -- 3.3.4 Market Power Modeling Using Equilibrium Models -- 3.4 Application of the Equilibrium Models in the Electricity Markets -- 3.4.1 Bertrand Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.2 Cournot Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.3 Supply Function Equilibrium Models in Electricity Markets -- 3.4.3.1 Application of Supply Function Equilibrium Models -- 3.4.3.2 Electricity Network Modeling -- 3.4.3.3 Modeling of Contracts -- 3.4.3.4 Choosing the Appropriate Strategic Variable -- 3.4.3.5 Conjecture Supply Function Equilibrium Model -- 3.4.4 Conjectural Variation and CSF Equilibrium Models -- 3.5 Computational Tools for Electricity Market Equilibrium Modeling and Market Power Analysis -- 3.5.1 Mathematical Programs with Equilibrium Constraints (MPEC) -- 3.5.2 Bilevel Programming -- 3.5.3 Equilibrium Problems with Equilibrium Constraints (EPEC) -- 3.5.3.1 Formulation of Single-Leader-Follower Games as an MPEC -- 3.5.3.2 Formulation of Multi-Leader-Follower Games as an EPEC -- 3.5.4 NCP Functions for MPCCs. , 3.5.4.1 The Fischer-Burmeister Function -- 3.5.4.2 The Min-Function -- 3.5.4.3 The Chen-Chen-Kanzow Function -- 3.6 Solution Techniques for MPECs -- 3.6.1 SQP Methods -- 3.6.2 Interior Point Methods -- 3.6.2.1 Interior Point Methods with Relaxed Complementarity Constraints -- 3.6.2.2 Interior Point Methods with Two-Sided Relaxation -- 3.6.2.3 Interior Point Methods with Penalty -- 3.6.3 Mixed-Integer Linear Program (MILP) Methods -- 3.6.4 Artificial Intelligence Approach -- 3.7 Solution Techniques for EPECs -- 3.7.1 Diagonalization Solution Methods -- 3.7.1.1 Nonlinear Jacobi Method -- 3.7.1.2 Nonlinear Gauss-Seidel Method -- 3.7.2 Simultaneous Solution Methods -- 3.8 Technical Challenges for Solving MPECs and EPECs -- 3.9 Software Resources for Large-Scale Nonlinear Optimization -- References -- 4 COMPUTING THE ELECTRICITY MARKET EQUILIBRIUM: USES OF MARKET EQUILIBRIUM MODELS -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Model Formulation -- 4.2.1 Transmission Network Model -- 4.2.1.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.1.2 Commercial Network Model -- 4.2.1.3 Economic Model -- 4.2.2 Generator Cost Function and Operating Characteristics -- 4.2.2.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.2.2 Economic Model -- 4.2.3 Offer Function -- 4.2.3.1 Commercial Model -- 4.2.3.2 Economic Model -- 4.2.4 Demand -- 4.2.4.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.4.2 Commercial Model -- 4.2.4.3 Economic Model -- 4.2.5 Uncertainty -- 4.2.5.1 Physical Model -- 4.2.5.2 Commercial Model -- 4.2.5.3 Economic Model -- 4.3 Market Operation and Price Formation -- 4.3.1 Physical Model -- 4.3.2 Commercial Model -- 4.3.3 Economic Model -- 4.4 Equilibrium Definition -- 4.5 Computation -- 4.5.1 Analytical Models -- 4.5.2 Numerical Solution -- 4.5.3 Fictitious Play -- 4.5.4 Mathematical Program with Equilibrium Constraints and Equilibrium Program with Equilibrium Constraints -- 4.5.5 Specialized Solution Methods. , 4.6 Difficulties with Equilibrium Models.