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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Studies on dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria that decompose fatty acids (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 395-400 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic acetate oxidation ; Saline environments ; Sulfate reduction ; Sulfite ; Thiosulfate ; Growth yields ; Cytochromes ; Species description ; Desulfobacter postgatei
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three strains (2ac9, 3ac10 and 4ac11) of oval to rodshaped, Gram negative, nonsporing sulfate-reducing bacteria were isolated from brackish water and marine mud samples with acetate as sole electron donor. All three strains grew in simple defined media supplemented with biotin and 4-aminobenzoic acid as growth factors. Acetate was the only electron donor utilized by strain 2ac9, while the other two strains used in addition ethanol and/or lactate. Sulfate served as electron acceptor and was reduced to H2S. Complete oxidation of acetate to CO2 was shown by stoichiometric measurements with strain 2ac9 in batch cultures using sulfate, sulfite or thiosulfate as electron acceptors. With sulfate an average growth yield of 4.8 g cell dry weight was obtained per mol of acetate oxidized; with sulfite or thiosulfate the growth yield on acetate was about twice as high. None of the strains contained desulfoviridin. In strain 2ac9 cytochromes of the b- and c-type were detected. Strain 2ac9 is described as type strain of the new species and genus, Desulfobacter postgatei.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406470
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sporulation and further nutritional characteristics of Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans (1981)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 129 (1981), S. 401-402 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans ; Intestinal bacterium ; Spore formation ; Gas vacuoles ; Sulfate reduction ; Anaerobic acetate oxidation ; Butyrate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Acetate-oxidizing sulfate-reducing bacteria of the Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans type have been enriched from animal manure, rumen content and dung contaminated freshwater habitats, indicating that they are primarily intestinal bacteria. Sporulation was observed only when acetate was the organic substrate; with butyrate, which allowed faster growth than acetate, spore formation never occurred. The cone-shaped highly refractile areas adjacent to the spores in spore-forming mother cells were shown to be gas vacuoles. Biotin was the only growth factor required by Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans strain 5575 in minimal media with sulfate and acetate or other organic substrates.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00406471
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Methods for enrichment and pure culture isolation of filamentous gliding sulfate-reducing bacteria (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 282-285 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Filamentous anaerobes ; Gliding movement ; Purification methods ; Sulfate reduction ; Acetate oxidation ; Benzoate oxidation ; Desulfonema
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Multicellular gliding filaments were observed among high numbers of other bacteria on the bottom of anaerobic marine enrichment culture flasks with sulfate and acetate or benzoate as substrates. An electronmicroscopical grid fixed in a glass tube was used as a sieve to wash the filaments free from the bulk of smaller bacteria with sterile sulfide-reduced medium. Subsequent dilution series in anaerobic soft agar tubes yielded a pure culture of a 3 μm wide filamentous bacterium, strain 5ac10, that grew by dissimilatory sulfate reduction with acetate as electron donor. A gliding sulfate-reducing bacterium of 6–8 μm diameter was enriched with benzoate; a pure culture, strain 4be13, was isolated by repeated transfer of single filaments through small portions of anoxic liquid medium. The description of these isolates as two new species of the new genus Desulfonema follows in a separate paper. Gliding filamentous bacteria similar to strain 5ac10 were also obtained in anaerobic freshwater raw cultures with added calcium sulfate and cellulose; all attempts failed to grow these bacteria in synthetic media.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00407803
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic oxidation of saturated hydrocarbons to CO2 by a new type of sulfate-reducing bacterium (1991)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 156 (1991), S. 5-14 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic alkane oxidation ; Hydrocarbons ; Hexadecane ; Crude oil ; Sulfate-reducing bacteria ; Complete oxidation ; Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract n-Hexadecane added as electron donor and carbon source to an anaerobic enrichment culture from an oil production plant or to anoxic marine sediment samples allowed dissimilatory sulfate reduction to sulfide. The enrichment from the oil field was purified via serial dilutions in liquid medium under a hexadecane phase and in agar medium with caprylate. A pure culture of a sulfate-reducing bacterium, strain Hxd3, with relatively tiny cells (0.4–0.5 by 0.8–2 μm) was isolated that grew anaerobically on hexadecane without addition of further organic substrates. Most of the cells were found to adhere to the hydrocarbon phase. It was verified that neither organic impurities in hexadecane nor residual oxygen were responsible for growth. Strain Hxd3 was grown with n-hexadecane of high purity (≥99.5%) in anoxic glass ampoules sealed by fusion. Of 0.4 ml hexadecane added per l (1.4 mmol per l), 90% was degraded with concomitant reduction of sulfate. Controls with pasteurized cells or a common Desulfovibrio species neither consumed hexadecane nor reduced sulfate. Incubation of cell-free medium with low reducing capacity and a redox indicator showed that the ampoules were completely oxygen-tight. Measured degradation balances and enzyme activities suggested a complete oxidation of the alkane to CO2 via the carbon monoxide dehydrogenase pathway. However, the first step in anaerobic alkane oxidation is unknown. On hexadecane, strain Hxd3 produced as much as 15 to 20 mM H2S, but growth was rather slow; with 5% inoculum, cultures were fully grown after 5 to 7 weeks. The new sulfate reducer grew on alkanes from C12 to C20, 1-hexadecene, 1-hexadecanol, 2-hexadecanol, palmitate and stearate. Best growth occurred on stearate (doubling time around 26 h). Growth on soluble fatty acids such as caprylate was very poor. Alkanes with chains shorter than C12, lactate, ethanol or H2 were not used. Strain Hxd3 is the first anaerobe shown to grow definitely on saturated hydrocarbons.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00418180
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic acetate oxidation to CO2 by Desulfobacter postgatei (1983)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 136 (1983), S. 222-229 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfobacter postgatei ; Citric acid cycle ; Anaplerotic reactions ; Citrate (si)-synthase ; 2-Oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase ; Succinate dehydrogenase ; Succinyl-CoA:acetate CoA transferase ; Acetyl-CoA synthetase ; Pyruvate synthase ; Phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase ; Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase ; Menaquinone ; Ferredoxin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The strict anaerobe Desulfobacter postgatei oxidizes acetate to CO2 with sulfate as electron acceptor. During growth at 28°C with a doubling time of 16 h the oxidation and assimilation rate of acetate were 280 nmol and 20 nmol per min and mg protein, respectively. In cell extracts all the enzymes of the citric acid cycle were found (numbers in brackets=specific activities in nmol per min and mg protein at 28°C): Citrate (si)-synthase (250); aconitase (200); NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (8500); 2-oxoglutarate: ferredoxin oxidoreductase (300); succinyl-CoA: acetate CoA transferase (160); membrane bound succinate dehydrogenase (3500); and membrane bound malate dehydrogenase with 2,3-dimethyl-1,4-naphthoquinone as artificial electron acceptor (54). The following enzymes catalyzing the synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetate and CO2 were also present: Acetyl-CoA synthetase (10); ferredoxin dependent pyruvate synthase (30); phosphoenolpyruvate synthetase (10); and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (24). The key enzymes of the glyoxylate cycle were not detected. The order of magnitude of the observed enzyme activities was sufficient to account for an oxidation of acetate via the citric acid cycle and for a synthesis of oxaloacetate from acetate and CO2 as anaplerotic reaction. The membranes of D. postgatei contained menaquinone (0.35 nmol per mg cell dry weight) rather than ubiquinone or demethylmenaquinone. The cytoplasmic fraction contained ferredoxin (0.09 nmol per mg cell dry weight).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00409849
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    An extremely thermophilic Methanococcus from a deep sea hydrothermal vent and its plasmid (1988)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 150 (1988), S. 178-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Thermophilic Methanocoecus ; Deep sea hydrothermal vent methanogen ; Plasmids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An extremely thermophilic methanogen was isolated from a hydrothermal vent core sample from Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, at a depth of 2003 m. The isolate, designated strain AG86, was a coccoid autotroph using H2-CO2 as energy and carbon source with a growth temperature range of 48 to 92°C, optimum, 85°C. AG86 required NaCl and Mg2+ and trace amounts of selenite and tungstate. Vitamins were not required. However, yeast extract, Casamino acids and Trypticase stimulated growth significantly. When grown in the presence of these stimulants and at the optimal growth temperature and pH 6.5, the minimum doubling time was 20 min. Cells were fragile and readily lysed by detergents. The mol% G+C was 33%. These results and partial 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that AG86 belonged to the genus Methanococcus and closely resembled Methanococcus jannaschii. Tests for extrachromosomal DNA revealed a plasmid in AG86 and two plasmids in M. jannaschii. Different patterns were obtained from restriction endonuclease digestion of the three plasmids, and no homology was observed with DNA-DNA hybridization.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425159
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxidation of ethanol by methanogenic bacteria (1989)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 152 (1989), S. 479-483 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Methanogenic bacteria ; Alcohols ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Ethanol ; Acetaldehyde ; Acetate ; NADP ; Factor F420 ; Methanogenium organophilum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Methanogenium organophilum, a non-autotrophic methanogen able to use primary and secondary alcohols as hydrogen donors, was grown on ethanol. Per mol of methane formed, 2 mol of ethanol were oxidized to acetate. In crude extract, an NADP+-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) with a pH optimum of about 10.0 catalyzed a rapid (5 μmol/min·mg protein; 22°C) oxidation of ethanol to acetaldehyde; after prolonged incubation also acetate was detectable. With NAD+ only 2% of the activity was observed. F420 was not reduced. The crude extract also contained F420: NADP+ oxidoreductase (0.45 μmol/min·mg protein) that was not active at the pH optimum of ADH. With added acetaldehyde no net reduction of various electron acceptors was measured. However, the acetaldehyde was dismutated to ethanol and acetate by the crude extract. The dismutation was stimulated by NADP+. These findings suggested that not only the dehydrogenation of alcohol but also of aldehyde to acid was coupled to NADP+ reduction. If the reaction was started with acetaldehyde, formed NADPH probably reduced excess aldehyde immediately to ethanol and in this way gave rise to the observed dismutation. Acetate thiokinase activity (0.11 μmol/min·mg) but no acetate kinase or phosphotransacetylase activity was observed. It is concluded that during growth on ethanol further oxidation of acetaldehyde does not occur via acetylCoA and acetyl phosphate and hence is not associated with substrate level phosphorylation. The possibility exists that oxidation of both ethanol and acetaldehyde is catalyzed by ADH. Isolation of a Methanobacterium-like strain with ethanol showed that the ability to use primary alcohols also occurs in genera other than Methanogenium.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446933
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A new anaerobic, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium, Desulfotomaculum (emend.) acetoxidans (1977)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 112 (1977), S. 119-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans ; Emendation of Desulfotomaculum ; Species description ; Anaerobic acetate oxidation ; Sulfate reduction ; Electron donors ; b-type cytochrome ; Sulfite reductase P582
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new strictly anaerobic, polarly flagellated, sporing, acetate-oxidizing, sulfate-reducing bacterium was isolated from anaerobic fresh or sea water mud samples. The oxidation of acetate to CO2 is stoichiometrically linked to the formation of H2S from sulfate. Ethanol, butanol and butyrate are also used. Hydrogen, lactate or pyruvate are not used as electron donors; organic substances are not fermented. A cytochrome of the b-type and a supposed sulfite reductase, P582, were detected spectrophotometrically. An emended description of the genus Desulfotomaculum is proposed which includes the new bacterium as the species Desulfotomaculum acetoxidans.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00446665
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic degradation of ethylbenzene and other aromatic hydrocarbons by new denitrifying bacteria (1995)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 163 (1995), S. 96-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Anaerobic degradation ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Alkylbenzenes ; Ethylbenzene ; Crude oil ; Denitrifying bacteria ; Phylogeny ; Thauera selenatis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Anaerobic degradation of alkylbenzenes with side chains longer than that of toluene was studied in freshwater mud samples in the presence of nitrate. Two new denitrifying strains, EbN1 and PbN1, were isolated on ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, respectively. For comparison, two further denitrifying strains, ToN1 and mXyN1, were isolated from the same mud with toluene and m-xylene, respectively. Sequencing of 16SrDNA revealed a close relationship of the new isolates to Thauera selenatis. The strains exhibited different specific capacities for degradation of alkylbenzenes. In addition to ethylbenzene, strain EbN1 utilized toluence, but not propylbenzene. In contrast, propylbenzene-degrading strain PbN1 did not grow on toluene, but was able to utilize ethylbenzene. Strain ToN1 used toluene as the only hydrocarbon substrate, whereas strain mXyN1 utilized both toluene and m-xylene. Measurement of the degradation balance demonstrated complete oxidation of ethylbenzene to CO2 by strain EbN1. Further characteristic substrates of strains EbN1 and PbN1 were 1-phenylethanol and acetophenone. In contrast to the other isolates, strain mXyN1 did not grow on benzyl alcohol. Benzyl alcohol (also m-methylbenzyl alcohol) was even a specific inhibitor of toluene and m-xylene utilization by strain mXyN1. None of the strains was able to grow on any of the alkylbenzenes with oxygen as electron acceptor. However, polar aromatic compounds such as benzoate were utilized under both oxic and anoxic conditions. All four isolates grew anaerobically on crude oil. Gas chromatographic analysis of crude oil after growth of strain ToN1 revealed specific depletion of toluene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00381782
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Phototrophic utilization of toluene under anoxic conditions by a new strain of Blastochloris sulfoviridis (1999)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 172 (1999), S. 204-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Key words Phototrophic bacteria ; Photoheterotrophic growth ; Aromatic hydrocarbons ; Toluene ; Benzylsuccinate ; 16S rRNA sequence analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The capacity of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria to utilize aromatic hydrocarbons was investigated in enrichment cultures with toluene. When mineral medium with toluene (provided in an inert carrier phase) was inoculated with activated sludge and incubated under infrared illumination (〉 750 nm), a red-to-brownish culture developed. Agar dilution series indicated the dominance of two types of phototrophic bacteria. One type formed red colonies, had rod-shaped cells with budding division, and grew on benzoate but not on toluene. The other type formed yellow-to-brown colonies, had oval cells, and utilized toluene and benzoate. One strain of the latter type, ToP1, was studied in detail. Sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene and DNA-DNA hybridization indicated an affiliation of strain ToP1 with the species Blastochloris sulfoviridis, a member of the α-subclass of Proteobacteria. However, the type strain (DSM 729) of Blc. sulfoviridis grew neither on toluene nor on benzoate. Light-dependent consumption of toluene in the presence of carbon dioxide and formation of cell mass by strain ToP1 were demonstrated in quantitative growth experiments. Strain ToP1 is the first phototrophic bacterium shown to utilize an aromatic hydrocarbon. In the supernatant of toluene-grown cultures and in cell-free extracts incubated with toluene and fumarate, the formation of benzylsuccinate was detected. These findings indicate that the phototrophic bacterium activates toluene anaerobically by the same mechanism that has been reported for denitrifying and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The natural abundance of phototrophic bacteria with the capacity for toluene utilization was examined in freshwater habitats. Counting series revealed that up to around 1% (1.8 × 105 cells per gram dry mass of sample) of the photoheterotrophic population cultivable with acetate grew on toluene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002030050761
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