Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mannose as a Component of Glycans: Structure, Dynamics and Interaction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basis of Oligosaccharide NMR -- 3. Oligomannose Structure -- 4. Oligomannose Dynamics -- 5. Oligomannose-Lectin Interaction -- References -- Chapter 2 -- PEGylation of -Interferon: Biochemical, Clinical, Analytical and Stability Aspects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Properties of PEG -- 1.2. PEGylation -- 1.3. PEGylation Chemistry -- 1.4. Factors Affecting on PEGylation -- 1.4.1. Effect of pH -- 1.4.2. Effect of Temperature -- 1.4.3. Effect of PEG Moiety -- 1.4.4. Effect of Site Specific PEGylation -- 1.4.5. Effect of Incubation Period -- 2. Interferons (IFNs) -- 2.1. Types of IFNs -- 2.2. Mode of Action -- 2.3. Indications -- 2.4. Side Effects of IFNs -- 3. PEG-IFNs -- 3.1. Chemistry of PEGylation of IFNs-α -- 3.2. Pharmacokinetics of PEG-α-IFNs -- 4. Combination Therapy with PEG-α -IFNs -- 4.1. Ribavirin (RBV) -- 4.2. Telaprevir (TPV) -- 4.3. Entecavir (ETV) -- 4.4. Tenofovir (TFV) -- 4.5. Adefovir (AFV) -- 4.6. Sofosbuvir (SFV) -- 5. Separation and Purification -- 5.1. Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) -- 5.2. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) -- 5.3. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) -- 5.4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 5.5. Gel Electrophoresis -- 5.6. Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 6. Stability of IFN and PEG-IFN -- 7. Future Prospects on PEG-IFNs -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Anthracene Based Ligands: Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Schiff Bases -- Amines -- N-Heterocycle Bearing Ligands -- Phosphorous Donors -- Carbenes -- Chalcogen Bearing Ligands -- Oxygen Donor Bearing Ligands -- Organometallic Compounds -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Effect of Centric Germanium Perturbation on Anthracene -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Method of Calculation -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structures -- 3.2. Bond Lengths and Bond Angles -- 3.3. Charges -- 3.4. IR Spectra -- 3.5. Molecular Orbital Energies and UV Spectra -- 3.6. Electrostatic Potential and LUMO Maps -- 3.7. NICS -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Solutions of Formaldehyde in Water and Alcohols -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Addition of 1-Hydroxyalklyl Free Radicals with Two or More Carbon Atoms -- Addition of Hydroxymethyl Free Radicals -- Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 6 -- Application of Luminol as Solvatochromic Probe and Fluorescent Biomarker for Heterogeneous Media -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Steady State Spectral Properties and Fluorescence Solvatochromism -- 3.2. Identification of the Important Hydrated Species: DFT Calculation -- 3.3. Modulation of Luminol Fluorescence in Micellar Media -- 3.4. Fluorescence Behavior in (-Cyclodextrin (CD) and Mixed CD-Surfactant System -- 3.5. Fluorescence Modulation in Presence of Serum Albumin Proteins -- 3.6. Interaction of LH2 with DNA Nucleotide Bases -- 3.7. Luminol Fluorescence Behavior at Nano-Bio Interface: An Efficient Model for Energy Transfer -- 3.7.1. Characterizing LH2 - NP Interaction in Aqueous Buffer Medium -- 3.7.2. Binding of LH2 - NP Conjugate with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) -- 3.7.3. Quenching of LH2 Fluorescence Bound Inside BSA Cavity by MNPs -- 3.7.4. LH2 - NP Assembly as a Super-Efficient Energy Transfer System in Presence of BSA -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mass Spectrometric Experimental and Theoretical Quantification of Reaction Kinetics, Thermodynamics and Diffusion of Piperazine Heterocyclics in Solution -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Mass Spectrometric Data -- 1.1. Theoretical Concepts of the Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry -- 1.2. Mass Spectrometric Qualitative Analysis of Nitrogen-Containing Aliphatic Heterocyclics -- 1.3. Mass Spectrometric Reaction Kinetics -- 1.4. Mass Spectrometric Thermodynamics -- 1.5. Mass Spectrometric Diffusion Parameters -- 1.6. Mass Spectrometric Method Performances -- 2. Quantum Chemical Data -- 2.1. Theoretical Thermo Chemistry -- 2.2. Theoretical Diffusion Parameters - A Correlative Analysis with Experiment -- 2.3. Reaction Mechanisms -- 3. Crystallographic Data -- 4. Experimental Section, Theory and Computations -- 4.1. Synthesis -- 4.2. Physical Methods -- 4.3. Computations/Theory -- 4.4. Chemometrics -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Analytical Techniques for the Assay of Sulfacetamide, Its Degradation Products, and Other Sulfonamides: A Review -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analytical Techniques -- 2.1. Chromatographic Techniques -- 2.1.1. Paper Chromatography (PC) -- 2.1.2. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC) -- 2.1.3. Column Chromatography (CC) -- 2.1.4. Gas Chromatography (GC) -- 2.1.5. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 2.1.6. Sequential Injection Chromatography (SIC) -- 2.1.7. Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MECC) -- 2.2. Spectrometric Techniques -- 2.2.1. Colorimetry -- 2.2.2. Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-vis) Spectrometry -- 2.2.3. Spectrofluorimetry -- 2.2.4. Infrared (IR) Spectrometry -- 2.2.5. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectrometry -- 2.2.6. Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 2.2.7. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. , 2.3. Electrochemical Techniques -- 2.3.1. Potentiometric Titration -- 2.3.2. Amperometric Titration -- 2.3.3. Coulometric Titration -- 2.3.4. Voltammetry -- 2.3.5. Differential Pulse Polarography (DPP) -- 2.4. Titrimetric Techniques -- 2.4.1. Diazotization Titration -- 2.4.2. Non-Aqueous Titration -- 2.4.3. Bromometric Titration -- 2.4.4. Complexometric Titration -- 2.5. Miscellaneous Techniques -- 2.5.1. Chemiluminescence Detection -- 2.5.2. Continuous Addition of Reagent (CAR) -- 2.5.3. Supported Liquid Membrane (SLM) Extraction -- 2.5.4. Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) -- 2.5.5. Thermal Techniques -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Stereoselective C-Acylation Reactions and Their Applications to Bioactive Compounds -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diastereoselective Acylation -- 3. Stereoselective Acylation Using Chiral Auxiliaries -- 4. Chiral Acyl Anion Equivalent -- 5. Chiral Acyl Radical Equivalent -- 6. Enantioselective Acylation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- Environmentally Benign N-Alkylation of Amines, Ammonia, and Related Compounds Catalyzed by Ir Complexes Using Alcohols as Alkylating Reagents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Alkylation of Alkyl or Aryl Amines -- 2.1. Intramolecular N-Alkylation for the Synthesis of N-Heterocycles -- 2.2. Intermolecular N-Alkylation -- 2.3. Consecutive Inter/Intramolecular N-Alkylation for the Synthesis of Cyclic Amines -- 3. Alkylation of Other Amine Derivatives -- 3.1. Alkylation Using Ammonium Salts -- 3.2. Alkylation Using Amide, Carbamate, and Sulfonamide -- 4. Recent Advance: Reaction in Water -- Conclusion -- References -- About the Authors -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Advances in the Oxidative Degradation of Organic Pollutants: Prospects for Catalyzed Oxidation Processes Targeting Total Mineralization -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Organic Pollutants - An Overlook -- 3. Limits of Conventional Water Treatments -- 4. Rise of Strategies for Micro Pollutant-Free Waters -- 5. Methods for Total Mineralization -- 6. Oxidation by Ozone -- 7. Oxidation by Ozone in the Presence of Dissolved Catalysts -- 8. Oxidation by Ozone in the Presence of Solid Catalysts -- 9. Solid Catalysts and Ozone Consumption -- 10. Solid Catalysts for the Degradation of Organic Dyes Originating from Textile Industries -- 11. Catalytic Oxidative Degradation of Organic Dyes Originating from Other Chemical Industries -- 12. Solid Catalysts for Pharmaceutical Compound Degradation -- 13. Alumina-Based Catalysts and Interaction in Aqueous Media -- 14. Zeolite-Based Catalysts -- 15. Parameter Interaction in Catalytic Oxidation Processes-Synergy -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Simultaneous Electrocatalytic Reactions of Sulphur Compounds -- Abstract -- Introduction -- 1. Introduction to the Theory of Concurrent Oxidation and Reduction Reactions -- 1.1. The Additive Principle -- 1.2. Thermodynamics and Process Kinetics, Micro-Galvanic Elements -- 1.3. Physical Model of the Simultaneous Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulphide and Reduction of Oxygen within a Carbon-Teflon Structure -- 2. The Process of SO2 Oxidation and O2 Reduction Reactions -- 2.1. Development and Optimization of Gas Diffusion Electrodes for Oxidation of SO2 -- 2.2. Investigation of the Catalytic Activity of Various Catalysts for SO2 Oxidation -- 2.3. Investigation of the Electrochemical Nature of SO2 Oxidation and O2 Reduction -- 2.4. Analytical Calculations of the Process. , 3. Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulphide with a Concurrent Reduction of Oxygen -- 3.1. Experimental Conditions -- 3.2. Results and Discussion -- 4. The Process of Oxidation of H2S and Sulfur Dioxide Reduction -- 4.1. Physical Model of the Process of H2S Oxidation and SO2 Reduction -- 4.2. Investigation of the Electrochemical Reduction of SO2 -- 4.2.1. Experimental Conditions -- 4.2.2. Cyclic Voltammogram Measurements -- 4.2.3. Polarization Curves of Sulfur Dioxide Reduction -- 4.2.4. Polarization Curves of the Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide in Different Electrolytes -- 4.3. Polarization Curves of Hydrogen Sulphide Oxidation and Sulfur Dioxide Reduction -- 4.4. Investigation of a System Containing H2S and SO2 Together with the Mechanism of the Simultaneous Oxidation of Hydrogen Sulphide and Reduction of Sulfur Dioxide in a Chemical Reactor -- Conclusion -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Selective Addition Reactions of 2-Propenonitrile (Cyanoethylation) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Cyanoethylation of Alcohols -- 3. Cyanoethylation of Diols -- 4. Cyanoethylation of Triols -- 5. Cyanoethylation of Hydroxylic Groups in Polymeric Compounds -- 5.1. Cyanoethylation of Polyvinyl Alcohol -- 5.2. Cyanoethylation of Cellulose -- 5.3. Cyanoethylation of Other Polysaccharides -- 5.4. Cyanoethylation of Hydroxyl Groups from Biopolymers Containing Proteins and Mixtures of Proteins and Carbohydrates -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mass Spectrometric and Quantum Chemical Treatments of Molecular and Ionic Interactions of a Flavonoid-O-Glycoside: A Stochastic Dynamic Approach -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Flavonoids -- Figure-of-Merits -- Mass Spectrometric Fragmentation Paths of Apigenin-O-Glucoside under Collision Induced Dissociation Operation Modes -- Mass Spectrometric Kinetics and Thermodynamics: An Overview and Analysis of Apigenin -- Mass Spectrometric Diffusion Methods: An Overview -- Mass Spectrometric Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Method and Its Application to Study Quantitatively Apigenin -- Theoretical Quantum Chemical Data -- Brief Description of Theoretical Diffusion Theory by Arrhenius and Its Application to Purpose of the Chapter -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Quantum Chemical Diffusion Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Correlative Analysis between Theoretical Solvation Free Gibbs Energy Data and Experimental Stochastic Dynamic Diffusion Parameters -- Discussion -- Experimental -- Materials and Method -- Theory and Computations -- Statistical and Mathematical Methods (Chemometrics) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Ethical Compliance -- References -- Supporting Information -- Chapter 2 -- Fabricating High Performance of Natural Polysaccharides-Based Products via a Radical Polymerization Process for Potential Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Natural Polysaccharides Backbone -- Grafting Methodologies -- Why Free Radical Polymerization (FRP) Is Paramount? -- UCRP and CRP Technique for Natural Polysaccharides -- Alginate -- UCRP Technique of Alginate -- CRP Technique of Alginate -- Cellulose -- UCRP Technique of Cellulose -- CRP Technique of Cellulose -- Chitosan -- UCRP Technique of Chitosan. , CRP Technique of Chitosan -- Starch -- UCRP Technique of Starch -- CRP Technique of Starch -- Application of Grafted Natural Polysaccharides -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- Excess Physical and Thermodynamic Properties as Means for Predicting Molecular Interactions in Binary Liquid Mixtures -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- Introduction -- Methodology -- Determinations of Excess Properties -- Experimental Methods -- FTIR Spectral Analysis Depicting Molecular Interaction -- Molecular Simulations -- Theoretical Approaches -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- Appendix: Explanation of Terms Used in Table 1 and Equations 1-5. -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Closed-Loop Productivity Analysis of Continuous Chemical Reactors under Different Tuning Rules in a PI Controller -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bioreactor Modeling -- Reactor Identification -- Characteristic Time -- Steady-State Gain -- Time Delay -- Results and Analysis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Ferrocene Functionalized Copper Complex as a Catalyst: A Lesser-Known Story -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Ferrocene Copper Complex in Polymerization -- Catalytic C-H Functionalization by CuFc Complex -- Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide by CuFc Catalysts -- Click Chemistry by Efficient CuFc Catalysts -- Conclusion and Future Aspect -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Porphyrins Luminescent Based Dyes for Dissolved Oxygen Sensing -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Porphyrin Dyes for Oxygen Measurement -- Fluorinate the Porphyrin -- Fluorinate the Polymer -- Near Infrared Porphyrin Dyes -- Application: Continuous Oxygen Measurement of Cell Growth for Drug Toxicity Testing -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 7 -- Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Based Sensors for Biomedical Analysis -- Abstract. , Introduction -- Analytical Framework -- Types of Amperometric Sensors and Working Principle -- The Working Principle of the Stochastic Sensors -- Conclusion -- Funding -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 25 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 25 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1: Integrated Upgrading of Energy Agro-Crops for Production of Dissolving Grade Eco-Clean Cellulose Fibers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Compositional Analysis of Raw Material -- Selective Single-Step Acid Hydrolysis of Xylan to Monomeric Xylose -- Effect of Hydrolysis Conditions on Monosaccharide Formation and Degradation -- Modeling and Optimization of Hydrolysis Reaction -- Enzymatic Saccharification (Digestibility) of Insoluble Residue After Selective Hydrolysis of Xylan -- Organosolv Delignification for Production of Dissolving Grade Cellulose Fibers -- Chemical Composition of Pre-Hydrolyzed Crop Stems -- Effect of Pulping Conditions on Delignification of Xylan-Free Crop Residues -- Statistical Modeling and Optimization of Ethanol-Alkali Delignification -- Mass Balance of Integrated Fractionation Scheme -- References -- Chapter 2: Effective Medium Simmons (EMS) Model for Accounting of Multibarrier Tunneling in Single Molecular Nanodevice -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Studies of Single Molecular Transport in Organic Low Dimensional Structures Using Self-Assembled Solid State Mixtures -- 3. Structure and Properties of 'Me-PET Device' and 'PT Device' Self-Assembled in Solid State Mixture -- 4. Questions on Single Molecular Transport in Self-Assembled Solid State Mixtures -- 5. Simulation of Single Molecular Transport in Self-Assembled Solid State Mixtures Using Dome Model -- 6. On Parallel and Series Connection of Molecular Wires and Spacers in PT/Me-PET Mixed Self-Assembled Solid State Mixtures -- 6.1. Contacts and Tunneling Molecules (Series Connection) -- 6.2. Breakdowns and Serial Connection (, - .) -- 7. Discussion. , 7.1. On Macroscopic Effect in Single Molecular Devices -- 7.2. Concept of Effective Medium Simmons (EMS) Model for Mixed Self-Assembled Single Molecular Devices -- 7.3. On Use of EMS Models in Self-Assembled Solid State Mixtures -- Conclusion -- Appendix: Authors E-mail Correspondence with Dr. Reed -- Conclusion Note on Email Correspondence -- References -- Chapter 3: Methods for Converting Nitro Aryls to Secondary Aryl Amines in One-Pot -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Reductive Amination of Nitro Aryls -- Hydrogen Gas As the Hydrogen Source -- Ammonium Formate As the Hydrogen Sours -- Acetic Acid As the Hydrogen Source -- Decaboran As the Hydrogen Sours -- Utilizing Hantzsch 1,4-Dihydropyridine and Other Dihyropyridine Analogues As the Hydrogen Source -- Polymethylhydrosiloxane -- Alcohol As The Hydrogen Source -- Direct Carbonylation of Nitro Aryls -- Expanding the Scope of the One-Pot Reductive Amination Reaction -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 4: Effect of NaOH Coatings on the 330Cb Alloy Oxidation at 900 C -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 3. RESULTS -- 3.1. X-Ray Diffraction Analysis after Oxidation at 900 C -- 3.2. SEM Observations after Oxidation at 900 C -- 4. Discussion -- 4.1. Low Oxygen Partial Pressure Oxidation -- 4.2. Silicon Effect -- 4.3. Niobium-silicon Interactions -- 4.4. Effect of Low Oxygen Potential on Silicon Oxidation -- 4.5. Effect of Sodium Hydroxide Coatings -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5: Evaluation of a Novel Natural Adsorbent for Heavy metal Removal and Its Comparison to Banana Peel -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Material and Methods -- Adsorbent Preparation -- Adsorption Experiments -- Adsorbent Characterization -- Results and Discussion -- Adsorbent Characterization -- Adsorption Experiments -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References. , Chapter 6: Structural Diversity, Surface Composition, and Redox Behavior in the La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 - PrO2-( System -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Section -- Sample Preparation -- Characterization Methods -- Phase Composition in the La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 - PrO2-( System and Crystal Structure of Constituents -- Surface Composition, Chemical States of Cations and Oxygen Ions -- Redox Behavior under Air Environment -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chatper 7: Improvement of X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Radiometric Methods of Rare Heavy Metals' Diagnostics in Soils -- 1Lomonosov Moscow State University, -- Faculty of Soil Science, Moscow, Russia -- 2Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, -- Moscow, Russia -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Objects -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8: Difference in Deformation Characteristics by Forming into the Agglomerates in KCl:Sr2+ Single Crystals -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Procedure -- (( '/(ln versus (( for Two Kinds of Specimes -- Conclusion -- Part II. Effective Stress ((p1), (p1 versus Temperature, and the Critical Temperature -- Abstract -- Introduction -- State of Impurities (Sr2+) in the Two Kinds of Specimens -- Effective Stress and Critical Temperature -- Conclusion -- References -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Gibbs Free Energy for the Dislocation Motion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: The Electrolytic Dissociation of Alkyl and Aryl Derivatives of Glutaric Acid -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Equations and Results of Calculations -- The Empirical Equations -- β-Methylglutaric Acid -- β-Ethylglutaric Acid -- β-Propylglutaric Acid -- β-Isopropylglutaric Acid -- β,β′-Dimethylglutaric Acid -- β,β′-Methylethylglutaric Acid -- 2,2-Diphenylglutaric Acid -- Conclusion -- References. , Chapter 10: A Thermodynamic Consistency Test for Experimental Data of Salt Deposition in Saline Water -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thermodynamic Consistency Test -- Equations -- Solid-Liquid Equilibrium -- Consistency Criteria -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- Appendix -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Description and Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Description of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Potential Applications of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- Practical Application of Mössbauer Spectroscopy -- The Analysis of Mössbauer Spectra -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Mineralogy and Geology -- Mössbauer Spectroscopy in Inorganic Chemistry -- Nuclear Decay-Induced Excited Spin State Trapping (NIESST): Mössbauer Emission Spectroscopy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Oligomerization of Alkenes with Transition Metal Catalysts - Reaction Chemistry and Kinetics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Features of Oligomérization Reactions -- 3. Oligomerization of 1-Alkenes with Metallocene Catalysts -- 3.1. Chemical Structure of Alkene Oligomers -- 3.2. Oligomerization Kinetics -- 3.3. Post-Reactions of 1-Alkene Oligomers -- 4. Alkene Oligomerization Reactions with Nickel Complexes -- 4.1. Ethylene Oligomerization with Ni Ylide Complexes -- 4.1.1. Chemistry of Ethylene Oligomerization and Co-Oligomerization Reactions -- 4.1.2. Kinetics of Ethylene Oligomerization Reactions with Ni Ylide Complexes -- 4.2. Oligomerization of 1-Alkenes with Ni Complexes -- 4.3. Alkene Oligomerization Reactions with Ni Diimine Complexes -- 4.3.1. Ethylene Oligomerization Reactions -- 4.3.2. Propylene Oligomerization Reactions -- 5. Oligomerization Reactions with Titanium and Zirconium Compounds -- 5.1. TiCl4-Based Catalysts -- 5.2. Zr(OR)4 -Based Catalysts -- 6. Formation of Oligomers in Alkene Polymerization Reactions -- 6.1. General Reaction Scheme -- 6.2. Ziegler-Natta Catalysts -- 6.3. Chromium-Based Catalysts -- 6.3.1. Chromium Oxide Catalysts -- 6.3.2. Organochromium Catalysts -- 6.4. Metallocene Catalysts -- References -- Chapter 3. , Recent Advances in the Application of Glycan-Modified Self-Assembled Monolayers -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Source of Glycans -- Chemical and Enzymatic Synthesis -- Isolation from Natural Glycoconjugates -- Selection of Solid Supports -- Immobilization Chemistry -- Characterization -- Applications -- Glyconanoparticles -- Colorimetric Bioassay/Biosensing -- Inhibitor of Virus -- Vaccines -- Glycosylation -- Conclusion and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Mixed Metal Oxides ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 Nanoparticles for the Xanthine Sensor Development -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methodology -- Materials and Method -- Synthesis of Mixed Metal ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Fabrication of Working GCE -- Result and Discussion -- Optical and Structural Properties of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- XPS Analysis of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Morphological and Elemental Analysis of ZnO/Al2O3/Cr2O3 NPs -- Analytical Performances of XNT Sensor -- Possible Sensing Mechanism of XNT -- Validity of XNT Sensor in Real Environmental Samples -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Piperidine Analogs as Antioxidants and Anticancer Agents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Anti-Oxidant Activity of Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.1. Piperidin-4-One Derivatives -- 2.2. Unsaturated Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.2.1. General Synthesis Tetrahydropyridine Derivatives (9-14) -- 2.3. N-Aryl-2,6-Dioxopiperidine Derivatives -- 2.3.1. General Synthesis of N-aryl-2,6-Dioxopiperidine Derivatives -- 2.4. N-Acylated Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.5. Alkyl Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.6. Spiro Piperidine Derivatives -- 2.6.1. Synthesis of N-alkylatedSpiro-Piperidinyl Pyrazolones(33) a-s -- 2.6.2. Synthesis of N-Alkylated Spiro-Piperidine Acetamides (35) a-d -- 2.6.3. Synthesis of Spiropiperidine Carboxamide (37) a-c -- 2.7. Piperamides Bearing Piperidine Derivatives. , 2.7.1. Synthesis of Piperamide with Substituted Piperidines (38)g-n -- 2.8. Diaryl Substituted Piperidinones -- 2.8.1. Synthesis of Diaryl Substituted Piperidones (39) a-e -- 2.8.2. Synthesis of Diarylpiperidone and Its Alcohol -- 2.8.3. Synthesis of 1,2,3-Thiadiazole-5-Carbohydrazide of Piperidones -- 2.9. Piperidone Oxime Derivatives -- 2.9.1. Synthesis of Piperidin-4-One Oxime Esters (49) -- 2.10. Piperidine Based Sulfonyl Hydrazones -- 2.10.1. Synthesis of Piperidine Based Sulfahydrazones (50-66) -- 2.11. Benzisoxazole Derivatives -- 2.11.1. Synthesis of Benzisoxazole Piperidine Derivatives (71) -- 2.11.2. Synthesis of Benzisoxazole Piperidine Urea/Thiourea Derivatives (72) and (73) -- 2.12. Piperidine Nitroxides Derivatives -- 2.12.1. Synthesis of TEMPO SubstitutedPiperidineDerivatives -- 2.13. N-Substituted Piperidine Derivatives -- 3. Anti-Cancer Activity of Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.1. Benzylidene Piperidone Derivatives -- 3.1.1. General Synthesisof 3,5-Bis(Benzylidene)-1-[3-(2-Hydroxyethylthio)Propanoyl]Piperidin-4-Ones (84)a-e -- 3.2. s-Triazine Based Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.2.1. Synthesis of s-Triazine Based Piperidine Derivatives -- 3.3. Disubstituted Ureide Derivatives of Pyrimidinopiperidines -- 3.3.1. Synthesis Isomeric Ureide 2,4-Disubstituted Pyrimidinopiperidines(91) a-w -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Synthesis and Applications of Piperidine -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis of Piperidine -- 2.1. General Procedure for the Synthesis of Highly Functionalized Piperidines -- 2.2. Piperidine as Anti-Cancer Agent -- 2.3. Piperidine as Anti-Diabetic Agent -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Overview of Piperidine Derivatives as Antipsychotics -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis and AntipsycoticProperties of Piperidine Derivatives -- Conclusion -- Aknowledgments -- References. , Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Recent Trends in Metal Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Liquid-Liquid Extraction Operation -- The Operation -- The Chemistry Associated with the Operation -- LLE Systems Containing Acid or Acid-Chelating Compounds -- LLE Systems Containing Basic Compounds -- LLE Systems Containing Neutral or Solvation Compounds -- LLE Systems Containing Ionic Liquids Compounds -- Miscellaneous -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Mechanisms of Naphthalene Microbial Degradation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Naphthalene Degradation in Nature -- Naphthalene Abiotic Degradation -- Naphthalene-Degrading Microorganisms and Their Dispersal in the Environment -- Biochemical Pathways of Naphthalene Degradation -- Genes of Naphthalene Biodegradation, and Their Structural and Genetic Organization -- Participation of Naphthalene Degradation Plasmids in the Process of Phenanthrene Degradation -- Napthalene Degradation and Complexity of Catabolic Genes -- Studies of Naphthalene Biodegradation Process in Model Systems -- Factors Affecting PAH Biodegradation -- Temperature -- Oxygen -- Nutrients -- Pressure -- pH -- Salinity -- Bioavailability -- Model Soil Systems to Study Biodegradation of Low-Molecular Weight PAHs -- Mathematical Modeling of the Naphthalene and Phenanthrene Degradation in Model Systems -- The Role of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Naphthalene Bacterial Catabolism -- Horizontal Transfer of Catabolic Genes in Gram-Negative Bacteria -- Catabolic Genes of Actinobacteria and Their Mobility -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- Using Electronegativity to Modify Formal Charges and Oxidation States -- Abstract -- Formal Charges -- Oxidation Numbers -- References -- Chapter 4. , Synthesis of Powders and Coatings of Tin and Its Alloys with a Controlled Composition and Structure by Cementation from Solutions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Mechanism, Kinetics and Peculiarities of the Galvanic Displacement Reactions in Solutions -- 2.1. Mechanism and Kinetics -- 2.2. Processes Accompanying the Cementation -- 2.3. Peculiarities of Cementation Processes with Participation of Tin as the Reducing or Oxidizing Agent -- 3. Cementation in Zn0/Sn2+ System -- 3.1. Application of the Processes in Which Tin(II) Is Reduced with Zinc -- 3.2. Tin Coatings on Zinc -- 3.3. Synthesis of Tin-Zinc Powder by Cementation -- 4. Obtaining Ni-Zn and Ni-Zn-Sn Powders by Ni(II) and Sn(II) Cementation with Zinc -- 5. Cementation in Sn0/Bi3+ System -- 6. Cementation in the Systems Cu0/Sn2+, Sn0/Cu2+ -- 6.1. Tin Coating Deposition on Copper Surface in the Process of Cementation -- 6.2. Synthesis of Powdery Alloy by Tin(II) Cementation with Copper -- 6.3. Synthesis of Tin-Copper Powdery Alloy by Cu(II) Cementation with Tin -- 7. Cementation in the System Sn0/Ag+ -- 7.1. Silver Cementation with Tin and the Formation of Silver Coatings -- 7.1.1. Citrate Solution for Silver Plating -- 7.1.2. Thiourea Solution for Silver Plating -- 7.2. Silver Cementation with Tin Powder -- 8. Cementation in Au0/Sn2+ and Sn0/Au+ Systems -- 8.1. Au(I) Displacement with Tin for Films Deposition -- 8.2. Synthesis of Gold-Tin Alloy Powder by Au(I) Displacement with Tin -- 8.3. Sn(II) Displacement with Gold with Tin Film Formation -- 8.4. Synthesis of Gold-Tin Alloy Powder by Sn(II) Displacement with Gold -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Brief Idea about Hydrogel -- 3. Classifications of Hydrogels -- 3.1. Based on Source of Monomer or Polymer -- 3.2. Based on Durability of Hydrogel -- 3.3. Classification Based on Environmental Response to Stimuli -- 3.3.1. Smart Hydrogels -- 3.3.2. pH-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.3. Temperature Sensitive Hydrogel -- 3.3.4. Complexing Hydrogels -- 3.3.5. Ion-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.6. H-Bonding Hydrogel -- 3.3.7. Stimuli Responsive Hydrogels -- 3.3.8. Other Classification -- 4. Applications of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 4.1. Hydrogels for Wound Dressings -- 4.2. Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.2.1. Injectable Hydrogels Used for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.3. Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 4.4. Meniscus Tissue Engineering -- 4.4.1. Principles of Substitution of the Meniscus -- 4.5. Skin Tissue Engineering -- 4.6. Tendon Tissue Engineering -- 4.7. Cornea Tissue Engineering -- 4.8. Cardiac Tissue Engineering -- 4.9. Hydrogels in Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 5.1. Advantages -- 5.2. Disadvantages -- 5.3. Future Perspectives of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Multifunctional Supramolecular Gels - An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Design and Synthesis of Functional Gelators -- 3. Functional Aspects -- 3.1. Responsive Materials -- 3.2. Catalysis -- 3.3. Sensing -- 3.4. Templates for Nano Particles -- 3.5. Biomaterials -- 3.6. Oil Spill Remediation and Pollutant Removal -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Drying of Aromatic Plants: Processes and Effects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drying Technologies -- Sun Drying -- Indirect Solar Drying/Shade Drying. , Lyophilisation (Freeze-Drying) -- Hot Air Drying -- Microwave Drying -- Microwave Vacuum Drying -- Fluidized Bed Drying -- Drying with Supercritical CO2 -- Radiofrequency Drying -- Ultrasound Assisted Drying -- Infrared Drying -- Effect of Drying on the Physical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Mint -- Basil -- Coriander -- Thyme -- Parsley -- Oregano -- Rosemary -- Dill -- Bay -- Effect of Drying on the Chemical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Single Crystal X-Ray Structures and Anticancer Activity Studies on Thiazolidine Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Single Crystal X-Ray Spectroscopic Structure Studies on T4CA Derivatives -- 2. Diastereoselectivity Calculation of 2A-T4CA Using Single Crystal X-ray Structures [8] -- 2.1. Crystal Structure of Diastereomer 2a [8] -- 2.3. Supramolecular Aggregation Assembly (3D-Pattern) in 2a [8] -- 3. Thiazolidine Derivatives with Anticancer Properties -- 4. Anti Breast Cancer Activity of N-BOC Protected 2-Aryl-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Anilides (N-BOC-2A-T4CA) [22] -- 4.1. Synthesis of Compounds 2A-T4CA Moieties (2a-2t) -- 4.2. Synthesis and Separation of N-BOC-2A-T4CA Moieties (3a-3f) -- 4.3. Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallographic Structures of 2s, 3b, 3c, 3e and 3f [22] -- 4.4. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.4.1. Cell Viability Studies by MTT Assay [23] -- 4.4.2. Fluorescence Microscopy -- 4.5. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.6. Cell Morphology Studies by Fluorescence Microscopy -- 5. Thiazolidine Amides and Their Biological Significance -- 5.1. Cytotoxicity Study of the Thiazolidine Anilides [30] -- 5.2. Single Crystal X-ray Structures of Compounds 3, 4b and 6b -- 5.3. Anticancer Activity -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Low Molecular Mass Gelators Based on Thiazole Derivatives: Design and Function -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Thiazole and Its Derivatives Based on Molecular Design -- 2.1. Salts -- 2.2. Amides -- 2.3. Urea Derivatives -- 2.4. Metal Complexes -- 3. Effect of Solvent Parameters on Gelation -- 4. Characterization -- 4.1 Thixotropy -- 4.2. Small Angle Scattering -- 4.3. VT-NMR -- 4.4. FT-IR, PXRD, SEM -- 4.5. Computational Modelling -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Template Directed Nano Particle Synthesis -- 5.2. Heavy Metal Gelation -- 5.3. Sensing -- 5.4. Other Applications -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of a Niobate Material for RF Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Case Study -- 1. Samples Preparation -- 2. Material Characterization -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structural and Morphologic Characterization -- 3.2. Dielectric Characterization -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Nitrogen Containing Conjugated Building Blocks for Use in Organic Electronics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrogen Containing Building Blocks in Organic Electronics -- 2.1. Benzothiadiazoles and Benzoquinoxalines -- 2.2. Thienopyrazines -- 2.3. Benzobisthiadiazoles -- 2.4. Benzoselenodiazoles -- 2.5. Benzotriazoles -- 2.6. Carbazoles -- 2.7. Dithienopyrroles -- 2.8. Phthalimides -- 2.9. Thienopyrrolediones -- 2.10. Diketopyrrolopyrroles -- 2.11. Bithiophene Imides -- 2.12. Thienoisoindolediones -- 2.13. Isoindigos -- 2.14. Naphthalene Diimides and Perylene Diimides -- 2.15. Naphthobisthiadiazoles -- 2.16. Azaacenes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Study of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Compounds MS2 (M = Ti, Mo, W): An Ab-Initio Approach -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Theory -- Results and Discussion -- Structural Optimization -- Electronic Properties -- Energy Band Structure -- Density of States. , Optical Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Amino Acids -- 1.2. L-Cysteine -- 1.3. Absolute and Relative Configuration of L-Cysteine -- 2. Synthesis of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids by Reaction of L-Cysteine and Aldehydes -- 3. Mechanism of Cyclization Reaction of the L-Cysteine and Aldehyde -- 4. Biological Activities of the T4CA Derivatives -- 5. Antioxidant Activity of 2-Aryl Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids -- 6. Antibacterial Activity of T4CA -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Chelating Resins -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Materials and Reagents -- Be2+ Analysis -- Testing Equipment -- Results and Discussion -- Influence of Resin Dose on the Removal of Be2+ -- Influence of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Kinetic Studies -- Isotherm Studies -- Thermodynamic Studies -- Regeneration Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 11 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Biopolymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Chemicals and Materials -- Membrane Preconditioning -- Dead-End Ultrafiltration Experiments -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Effect of Be2+: Polymer Mole Ratio on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Contact Time on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Interfering Ions on the Removal of Be2+ -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- New Ways to Use Charged Particles -- Abstract -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Electrostatic Precipitation of Aerosol Particles -- Use of Electrostatic Field for Air Purification from Aerosol Particles -- Calculation of Particle Drift Velocity in Electric Field -- Experimental Study -- Conclusion -- Typical Precipitation Rates of Aerosol Particles under External Fields -- Theoretical Calculations of Particle Precipitation Rates -- Experimental Study of Particle Precipitation Rates -- Conclusion -- Effect of External Conditions on Aerosol Particle Precipitation Rate -- Calculational and Experimental Results for Aerosol Particle Precipitation -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Spraying and Sorption Capacity of Particles -- Acquirable Charge and Size Distribution of Particles -- Theoretical Expressions -- Material and Methods -- Measurement Results for Particle Charge under Electrostatic Deposition -- Particle Size Distribution by Electrostatic Spraying -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Mathematical Model for Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Experiment on Visualization of Electrostatic Interaction of Particles -- Improvement in Sorption Velocity and Sorption Efficiency of Harmful Particles on Surfaces by Charged Sorbent Particles -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Coagulation -- Mathematical Model for Electrostatic Coagulation of Aerosols -- Experimental Study on Electrostatic Coagulation of Aerosols. Comparison with Ultrasound Coagulation -- Conclusion -- Electrostatic Charge and Surface Wetting -- Effect of Surface Electrostatic Charge on Wetting Angle -- Theoretical Expressions -- Materials and Methods -- Measurement Results for Wetting Angle of Charged Surface -- Conclusion -- Incorporation of Electrostatically Charged Particles into Molten Metal. , Mathematical Description -- Materials and Methods -- Experimental Results on Incorporation of Electrostatically Charged Aluminum Oxide Particles into Alloy -- Conclusion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Fluorescein: Chemistry, Synthesis and Application in Metal Ion Detection -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis -- 2.1. Synthesis of Xanthene Ring -- 2.2. Modifications of Fluorescein Structure -- 2.2.1. Modifications at the Ortho-Positions to Hydroxyl Groups -- 2.2.2. Modifications of Hydroxyl Groups -- 2.2.3. Modifications of Benzene Moiety -- 2.2.4. Derivatization of the Carboxylic Acid Group -- 2.2.5. Reduction of 9-Position of Xanthene -- 2.3. Hybrids of Fluorescein -- 3. Metal Ion Sensing and Detection -- 3.1. Iron -- 3.1.1. Iron(II) -- 3.1.2. Iron(III) -- 3.2. Copper -- 3.2.1. Copper(I) -- 3.2.2. Copper(II) -- 3.3. Zinc(II) -- 3.4. Mercury(II) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Oligomerization and Adsorption Orientation of Amyloidogenic Peptides Over Nano-Gold Colloidal Particle Surfaces -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. TEM Imaging -- 2.3. Methods -- 2.3.1. pH-Dependent UV-Vis Absorption Band -- 2.3.2. Correlation Relation between ΔpHo and dpH and Extraction of Coverage Ratio -- 3. Simulations -- 3.1 Simulation Process for Calculating the Coverage Fraction -- 3.2. Single Layer Model -- 3.2.1 Counting Maximum Oval Centers over a Sphere -- 3.2.2. Axial Axis Counting -- 3.2.3. Equatorial Axis Counting -- 3.2.4. Total Numbers of Adsorption Centers -- 3.2.5. Extraction of ( for the First Layer -- 3.3. Second Layer Model. , 3.3.1. Counting of Adsorption Center at Axial Axis of the Second Layer for a Lie-Down Orientation, a Targeted Sphere Lies 3a Nm above the Original Sphere. As for a Spiking-Out Orientation, a Targeted Sphere Lies 3b Nm above the Original Sphere (Figure... -- 3.3.2. Counting of Oval Center at Equatorial Axis of the Second Layer -- 3.3.3. Area Covered by Specifically Second Layer Ovals -- 3.3.4. Coverage Ratio Contributed by the Second Layer -- 4. Results -- 4.1. Extraction of Θ -- 4.2. Distance between Colloidal Particles -- 4.3. Simulation of Θ and Orientation -- 5. Discussion -- 5.1. Elucidation of Θ and Spectroscopic Measurement -- 5.2. Orientation of the Peptide over the Surface of Gold Colloidal Surface -- 5.3. Networking of the Peptide at an Interfacial Area -- 5.4. Verification of the Relationship between Physical Displacement and Coverage Ratio -- 5.5. Justification of Lower Coverage Ratio and Associated Prolate Shape -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Techniques and Its Analytical Application in Pharmaceutical Industries -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Analytical Techniques in Pharmaceutical Industry -- Near-Infrared Spectroscopy -- Principle -- Region I -- Region II -- Region III -- Instrumentation of NIR Spectroscopy -- Detection -- Importance of Chemometrics -- Chemometric Models -- Bilinear Models -- Principal Component Analysis (PCA) -- Partial Least Squares (PLS) -- Multiway Models -- Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC) -- Parallel Factor Analysis-2 (PARAFAC-2) -- Tucker-3 -- N-Partial Least Square (N-PLS) -- NIR Spectroscopy - Practical Aspects in Qualitative Method Development -- Sampling and Data Pre-Processing -- Library Management (Calibration Set Management) -- Calibration Transfer and Model Update -- Qualitative Analyses by NIR Spectroscopy. , Pharmaceutical Applications of NIR Spectroscopy -- Applications of Chemometric in Medical Profession -- Starting Material (Raw Material) Analysis -- Polymorphism -- Determination of Moisture Content -- Flow Properties -- Blending -- Content Uniformity -- Hardness and Disintegration Time -- Dissolution -- Coating -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Adsorption Characteristics of Methylene Blue on Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Materials -- Instrumentation -- Preparation and Purification of Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Application of Purified Bagasse Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue -- Effect of pH -- Effect of Adsorption Time -- Effect of Initial Concentration of Methylene Blue -- Results and Discussion -- Preparation and Purification of Bagasse Bottom Ash -- Application of Purified Bagasse Bottom Ash as Adsorbent for Methylene Blue -- Effect of pH -- Effect of Adsorption Time -- Adsorption Isotherm -- Adsorption Mechanism -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.