Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH VOLUME 16 -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- QUANTUM CHEMISTRY OF NITRIC ACID: ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE AND REACTIVITY OF ITS DECOMPOSITION PRODUCTS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- 1.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of Known Isomers of HNO3 -- 1.2. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of New Isomers of HNO3 -- 2. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF N2O5 IN THE GAS AND SOLID PHASES -- 3. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF THE HIGH-ENERGY STATES OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE NO2 -- 4.1. Photochemical Water Decomposition in the Presence of Nitrogen Dioxide in Troposphere -- 4.2. Hydrolysis of NO2* -- 5.1. Structural and Thermodynamic Parameters of an NO3 Molecule in Different Electronic States -- 5.2. The Reactivity of High-Energy Nitrogen Trioxide NO3 (2A1) in the Oxidation of N2 and N2O -- 6.1. The Molecular Structures of Dinitrogen Tetraoxide N2O4 Isomers and Quantum-Chemical Evidence for a New Isomer - Nitrosonium Nitrate NO+NO3- -- 6.2. The NO2 Dimerization, Isomerization and Hydrolysis of N2O4 in the Acid-Formation Process -- 7.1. Molecular Mechanism of the NO Oxidation by Oxygen in the Gas Phase -- 7.2. Experimental Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- 7.3. Quantum-Chemical Data for the Trimolecular Reaction of O2 with Two NO Molecules -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- FURAN RESINS: SYNTHESIS, CHARACTERIZATION AND APPLICATIONS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS SOLVENTS -- 2.1. Furfural -- 2.2. Furan -- 2.3. Furfuryl Alcohol -- 2.4. Hydroxymethyl Furfural -- 2.5. Dimethylfuran -- 3. FURAN DERIVATIVES AS INHIBITORS -- 3.1. Inhibition of Free Radical Polymerization -- 3.2. Corrosion Inhibitors -- 3.3. Biological Inhibition -- 4. DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS APPLIED TO FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 4.1. Conditions and Versatility. , 4.2. Furan Rings as Functional Group Modifiers: Synthetic Applications -- 4.2.1. Natural Products -- 4.2.2. Polymers -- 4.2.3. Strategies for Structure Modification -- 4.3. Exploitation of the Thermal Reversibility -- 4.3.1. Recyclable Materials -- 4.3.2. Self-Healing Materials -- 4.3.3. Biomedical Applications: Hydrogels and Drug Delivery -- 5. CHEMICAL AND THERMAL RESISTANT MATERIALS BASED ON FURAN DERIVATIVES -- 6. HIGH CARBON YIELDS: CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS -- 7. REPLACEMENT OF CLASSICAL MATERIALS -- 8. HIGHLY REGULAR STRUCTURES: GRAFTING AND POLYMER MODIFICATION -- 9. HIGHLY CONJUGATED STRUCTURES -- 10. NANOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS OF FURAN BASED STRUCTURES -- REFERENCES -- A NEW RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BOND DISTANCES AND BOND STRETCHING WAVENUMBERS OF NO IN COMPLEXES, CLUSTERS, AND ADSORBED ON SINGLE CRYSTAL METAL SURFACES: A VIBRATIONAL SPECTRODIFFRACTOMETRIC ANALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- LIGAND ABBREVIATIONS -- ABBREVIATIONS -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- 2.1. The Data -- 2.2. Structure and Bonding -- 2.3. Is the Νno Vibration a Good Group-Frequency Mode? -- 3. THE BADGER'S PLOTS -- 4. SOME COMMENTS ON THE IJ AND CIJ* PARAMETER OF THE BADGER RULE -- 5. TWO EXAMPLES OF THE APPLICABILITY OF THE MODIFIED BADGER'S EQUATIONS -- 5.1. The Case of [Fe (NO)(CN)5]2- Anion -- 5.2. The Case of NO/Ni (111) -- an Example of NO Adorbed on Single Cyrstal Metal Surfaces -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) IN METAL-MEDIATED CATALYSIS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. CROSS-COUPLING REACTION IN POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) -- 1.1. Suzuki Reaction -- 1.2. Heck Reaction -- 1.3. Sonogashira Reaction -- 2. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL) STABILIZED TRANSITION-METAL NANOPARTICLES -- 2.1. Palladium Nanoparticles -- 2.2. Platinum Nanoparticles -- 2.3. Silver Nanoparticles -- 2.4. Cobalt Nanoparticles. , 3. POLY (ETHYLENE GLYCOL)-BOUND LIGANDS IN CATALYTIC REACTION -- 3.1. Hydrogenation -- 3.2. Hydroformylation -- 3.3. Suzuki Reaction -- 3.4. Heck Reaction -- 3.5. Sonogashira Reaction -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- WATER CHEMISTRY, A MYSTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. SURFACE WATER CHEMISTRY AND WATER CONTAMINATION -- 3. GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY AND DRINKING WATER SPECIFICATIONS -- 4. STANDARDIZING THE DRINKING WATER STANDARDS -- 5. WATER, A NUTRIENT -- 6. WATER, A MEDICINE -- 7. MYTH OF MINERAL (BOTTLED) WATER -- 8. WATER FILTERS/ RO UNITS -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 9. OPTIMUM UTILIZATION OF DRINKING WATER -- 11. SAFEGUARDING THE WATER RESOURCES -- CONCLUSION -- MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR TECHNOLOGIES FOR COX PURIFICATION OF GASEOUS STREAMS -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. PRODUCT GAS CLEANING -- 3. COX PURIFICATION VIA MR TECHNOLOGY -- 4. MEMBRANE AND MEMBRANE REACTOR OUTLINES -- 5. INORGANIC MEMBRANE REACTORS -- 1) Carbon Membranes -- 2) Ceramic Membranes -- 3) Zeolite Membranes -- 6. POLYMERIC MEMBRANES FOR COX SEPARATION -- CONCLUSION AND FUTURE TRENDS -- LIST OF SYMBOLS -- REFERENCES -- DOCKING OF ANTISCHISTOSOMAL NATURAL PRODUCTS WITH RELEVANT PROTEIN TARGETS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- COMPUTATIONAL METHODS -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- Molecular Docking -- Glutathione S-Transferase -- Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase -- Superoxide Dismutase -- Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase -- Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E -- Cyclophilin A -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- BIOSYNTHESIS OF PROPIONIC ACID BY ANAEROBIC PROCESSES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. FUNDAMENTALS -- 2. PROPIONIC ACID ANAEROBIC BIOTECHNOLOGY -- 3. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS -- REFERENCES -- ANALYSIS OF BAMBOO-CARBONIZED LIQUID AND DETERMINATION OF ITS CONSTITUENTS BY GC-MS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- MATERIAL AND METHODS. , Procedure for Carbonization of Bamboo and Collection of Bamboo Carbonized Liquid -- Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) Analysis -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Modified Polymers: Synthesis, Structure and Physical Properties -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Reactive Telechelic Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) Oligomers -- 3. Synthesis and Structure of Segmented Copolymers Based on PDMS -- 3.1. Siloxane-Urethane Copolymers -- 3.2. Siloxane-Urea Copolymers -- 3.3. Siloxane-Ester Copolymers -- 3.4. Siloxane-Amide Copolymers -- 3.5. Siloxane-Imide Copolymers -- 4. Properties and Applications of Segmented Copolymers Based on PDMS -- 4.1. Morphology and Bulk Properties -- 4.2. Surface Properties -- 4.3. Applications of the PDMS-Based Copolymers -- 5. Synthesis of Polyurethane Networks Based on PDMS -- 6. Properties and Applications of Polyurethane Networks Based on PDMS -- 7. Nanocomposites Based on PDMS -- 8. Blends Based on PDMS -- Conclusion and Future Trends -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Design of Coordination Networks from Polynuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Oxo-Carboxylate Clusters -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Oxo-Trinuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 2.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 2.2. Two-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 2.3. Three-Dimensional Oxo-Trinuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 3. Oxo-Tetranuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 3.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Tetranuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4. Oxo-Hexanuclear Mn(II, III) and Fe(III) Carboxylate Clusters-Based CPs -- 4.1. One-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4.2. Two-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- 4.3. Three-Dimensional Oxo-Hexanuclear Cluster-Based CPs -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Siloxanes and Silicones Based on Phosphorylated and Aminated Alkoxysilanes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Phosphorylation of Alkoxysilane Derivatives -- 3. Introduction of N-Alkylamino Groups to Alkoxysilane Derivatives -- 4. Derivatives of Alkoxysilanes with Aminophosphonate Fragments -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Polyoxometalates: Structural Diversity and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 2.1. Transition Metal Substituted Inorganic Hybrids with 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 2.2. Lanthanoid Substituted 3d-4f Hybrid Inorganic Organic Hybrids with 1,10 Phenanthroline -- 3. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 2,2′ Bipyridine -- 4. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of 4,4′ Bipyridine Ligands -- 5. Inorganic-Organic Hybrids of Ethylenediamine -- 6. Inorganic-Organic Hybrid with Imidazole, Isonicotinic Acid and Tetrazole -- 6.1. Hybrids Containing Imidazole as Organic Ligand -- 6.2. Hybrids Containing Isonicotinic Acid -- 6.3. Hybrids Containing Tetrazole -- 7. Applications -- 7.1. Applications in Medicine -- 7.2. Photocatalytic Applications -- 7.3. Application in Solar Cells -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Recent Progress and Developments in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Photoelectrodes for Solar-to-Hydrogen Conversion -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. MoS2-Based Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) -- 3. Different Strategies for Efficient Photocatalysis -- 3.1. Metal/Non-Metal Ion Doping -- 3.2. Surface Defects/Chemical Modifications -- 3.3. Coupling of Two Semiconductor Systems -- 3.4. Nanocrystalline Films and Crystal Facet Engineering -- 4. Future Challenges and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 6 -- In Vitro Digestive Properties of Cooked Rice and Its Eluate -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Cooking Rice and Sampling the Eluate. , 2.3. In Vitro Enzymatic Digestion Using α-Amylase -- 2.4. Measurement of Amylose Content in Rice Samples -- 2.5. Size Exclusion Chromatography Analysis -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Molecular Properties of the Rice Eluate -- 3.2. Comparison of In Vitro Digestion Property of the Eluate by Cooking Rice with that of Cooked Rice -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil in the Presence of Composite Catalysts -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Preparation of Composite Catalysts -- 2.2. Characterization of Composite Catalysts -- 2.3. Experiments -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Catalyst Characterization -- 3.2. Catalytic Experiments -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 24 -- ADVANCES IN CHEMISTRY RESEARCH. VOLUME 24 -- Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data -- CONTENTS -- PREFACE -- Chapter 1: DETERMINATION OF HYDRATE STABILITY ZONES OF SOUR GASES USING A TWO PARAMETER MODEL -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DATA -- 3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 2: ON THE BIOPROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE AGAINST MAN-MADE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- PREPARATION OF PROTEINS SAMPLES IN AQUEOUS AND TREHALOSE SOLUTIONS -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE IN PROTEINS SOLUTIONS AGAINST SMFS -- PROTECTIVE EFFECTIVENESS OF TREHALOSE IN PROTEINS SOLUTIONS AGAINST ELF-EMFS -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 3: ACETONE TAUTOMERISM REEXAMINED -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. MATERIAL AND METHODS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 4: NANO-SIZED CARBON-COATED LI4TI5O12 PARTICLES WITH ENHANCED HIGH-RATE PERFORMANCE AS ANODE FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERY -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL SECTIONS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 5: EVALUATION OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA FOR GAS SOLUBILITY IN LIQUID WATER IN EQUILIBRIUM WITH THE GAS HYDRATES -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTAL DATABASE -- 3. THEORY -- RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- Chapter 6: COMPUTATION OF THE SECOND VIRIAL COEFFICIENT OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS USING A CORRESPONDING STATES BASED METHOD -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. DATABASE -- 3. DEVELOPING THE CORRESPONDING STATES BASED MODEL -- 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 7: COMPUTER AIDED MOLECULAR DESIGN USING PROPERTY CLUSTER AND MOLECULAR MATRIX -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION. , 2. RESEARCH BACK GROUND -- 3. PROPERTY CLUSTER -- 4. PREDICTION OF THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES IN CAMD -- 5. PROPERTY INTEGRATION FRAMEWORK -- 6. MOLECULAR DESIGN ALGORITHM -- 7. COMPOUNDS PRODUCTION METHOD -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 8: MULTI RESIDUE METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF 55 PESTICIDE RESIDUES IN POMEGRANATE SAMPLES BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY COUPLED TO TRIPLE QUADRUPOLE TANDEM MASS SPECTROMETRY USING QUECHERS EXTRACTION METHOD -- ABSTRACT -- 1. INTRODUCTION -- 2. EXPERIMENTALDETAILS -- 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS -- FULL FORMS -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 9: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 1: CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS (CRM) -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 10: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 2: PROFICIENCY TESTING SCHEMES -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 11: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 3: CHEMOMETRICS -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- Chapter 12: METROLOGICAL KEY CONCEPTS APPLIED TO CHEMICAL AND PHARMACEUTICAL TESTING LABORATORIES. PART 4: UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATION -- ABSTRACT -- INTRODUCTION -- DISCUSSION -- CONCLUSION -- REFERENCES -- INDEX.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Synthesis of Apatite-Structured Compounds: Approaches and Their Difficulties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Forward to Ionic Conductors (Silicon and Germanium) -- Oxynitrides -- Uranium- and thorium-containing silicates -- "Classic" (Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic) and "Neoclassic" (Manganese, Chromium) -- Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic -- Unexpected Morphotropic Transition -- Iodine-Apatites -- Oxo-Derivatives -- Hydroxyapatite -- Manganese, Chrome -- Niobium -- Six-Shot Sulfur and Selenium -- Rare Apatites - Apatites with Rare (Re) -- Why Do We Need Oxygen? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid Separation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Key Properties of COFs for Membrane Separations -- Pore Size -- Hydrophilicity -- Surface Charge -- Fabrication of COF Membranes -- Bottom-Up Strategy -- Interfacial Polymerization -- Liquid-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Liquid Interface -- Air-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Vapor Interface -- Solvothermal Approach -- Synthesis under Continuous Flow Conditions -- Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- Top-Down Strategy -- Applications -- Water Treatment -- Organic Solvent Nanofiltration -- Pervaporation -- Chiral Sieving -- Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Progress in One-Pot and Green Synthetic Approach for Building 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Analogues -- Abstract -- Introduction -- One Pot and Green Synthetic Routes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- 5-Fluorouracil: Clinical Uses and Its Degradation Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. 5-Flurouracil -- 1.1. Chemistry -- 1.2. Clinical Uses -- 1.3. Physicochemical Properties -- 1.4. Side Effects -- 1.5. Doses -- 1.6. Literature -- 1.6.1. Chapters in Books. , 1.6.2. Reviews -- 1.6.3. Chemical and Photostability -- 1.6.4. Chromatography and Assay -- 2. Degradation Reactions -- 2.1. Hydrolytic Reactions -- 2.1.1. Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.1.2. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 2.2. Photolytic Reactions -- 2.2.1. Aqueous Solution -- 2.2.2. Pharmaceutical Preparations -- a. H2O2 -- b. Fe2+ / H2O2 -- c. TiO2 -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Current Update on the Role of Manganese (II/III) Schiff Base Complexes in Organic Synthesis and Its Biological Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Activities by Unsupported Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Supported Mn-Schiff Base Catalyst for Orangic Synthesis -- Biological Applications of Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Improving Fast Pyrolysis by Tailoring High-Quality Products Using Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Zeolites-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis -- Metal Oxides and Inorganic Salts-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Carbon-Based Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Analytical Fast Pyrolysis from Biomass -- Instrumentation for Analytical Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Plastics -- New Technologies for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Age-Old Problem: Sulfites in Meat Preparation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem of Sulfites -- Literature Review -- Chemistry of Sulfites -- Toxicity -- Monitorization of Sulfites -- Case Study: Sulfite in Meat Preparations -- Meat Consumption -- Classification and Regulation -- Method -- Meat Samples -- Quantification Method -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8. , Magnetic Torque inside the Superoxide Radical Is the Driving Force for Oxygen Activation by Cofactor-Free Dioxygenases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dioxygen Activation in Combustion and Respiration Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Glucose Oxidase and Similar Flavoenzymes -- General Consideration -- Important Cofactor-Independent Dioxygenases -- Bacterial 2, 4-Dioxygenase from Arthrobacter Nitroguajacolicus -- Spin Flip Mechanism in the Oxygenase-Pathway of Rubisco -- Spin-Catalysis Mechanism for the Oxygenation Chemistry in Rubisco -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Commissioning of an Air-Lift Reactor -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background -- The Commissioning Process -- Safety -- Mechanical Completion and Pre-Commissioning -- Mechanical Completion -- Pre-Commissioning -- Pre-Commissioning of Field Instrumentation -- Management -- Process Commissioning -- Final Checks -- Performance and Acceptance Tests -- Post Commissioning Documentation -- Airlift Reactor -- Parts of the Airlift Reactor -- How ALR Operates -- Types of Airlift Reactors -- Spargers -- Operating flow regimes -- Hydrodynamics -- Gas-Holdup -- Liquid Circulation Velocity -- Advantages of an Airlift Reactor -- 3. Experimental Setup -- 4. Experimental Procedure -- Commissioning -- Set-Up -- 5. Results -- Commissioning -- Phase A: Construction and Pre-Commissioning -- Phase B: Construction and Pre-Commissioning -- Phase C: Construction and Pre-Commissioning -- Phase D: Construction and Pre-Commissioning/Commissioning -- Phase E: Commissioning/Performance Trials -- Experimental Results -- 6. Discussion -- Pre-Commissioning, Construction and Installation -- Commissioning/Performance Trials -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Raw Data -- Appendix B: Sample Calculations -- Appendix C: Relevant Experimental Procedures -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Pitfalls in Tandem Mass Spectrometry Analysis and Alternative Confirmatory Methods -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Identification Points System According to -- EU Directive 2002/657/EC -- False-Positive and False-Negative Results in Tandem Mass Spectrometry -- Alternative Confirmation Strategies -- High Resolution Mass Spectrometry -- Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Tungsten Carbide: High Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis from Ionic Melts, Technologies of Obtaining and Regeneration. , Abstract -- 1. High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis from Ionic Melts -- 1.1. State of the Art in the High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbides -- 1.2. Thermodynamic Foundations of the Electrosynthesis of Tungsten Carbides -- 1.2.1. Calculating the Equilibrium Potentials of Tungsten and Carbon Deposition from Various Electrolytes -- 1.2.2. Conditions and Components for the Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbides -- 1.2.3. The Effect of the Acid-Base Properties of the Melt on the Discharge Potential of Oxygen-Containing Anions -- 1.3. Theoretical Foundations of the High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbides -- 1.3.1. Simultaneous Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Various Molybdenum and Tungsten Ionic Species in the KCl-NaCl Melt -- 1.3.2. Simultaneous Reduction of Carbon Dioxide and Fluorotungstate Complexes in the NaCl-KCl-NaF Melt -- 1.3.3. Simultaneous Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide and Dimeric Tungsten Species in Tungstate Melts -- 1.3.4. Simultaneous Electroreduction of the Carbonate and Tungstate Ions in Chloride-Fluoride and Oxide Melts -- 1.4. High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Carbides -- 1.4.1. Electrosynthesis of Tungsten Carbide Powders at a Positive Carbon Dioxide Pressure -- 1.4.2. Electrochemical Synthesis of Fine Tungsten Carbide Powders from Oxide Melts -- 1.4.3. Electrodeposition of Tungsten Carbide Coatings from Tungstate-Halide Melts -- 2. Technological Background of High-Temperature Electrochemical Synthesis of Tungsten Monocarbide Nanopowders -- 2.1. Technique of Experiment -- 2.2. Variation of Composition of Electrolyte in Isothermal Heating -- 2.3. Influence of Length of Electrolysis on Composition of Bath and Cathode Deposit -- 2.4. Technology of Washing Highly Dispersed Tungsten Monocarbide Cathode Powders from Electrolyte. , 2.5. Recovery of Tungsten and Lithium from Spent Electrolyte and Carbide-Salt Deposits -- 3. Resource-Saving Methods for Recycling Waste Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Cermets and Extraction of Tungsten from Tungsten Concentrates -- 3.1. Experimental -- 3.2. Recycling of Waste Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Hard Alloys in Phosphoric Acid Solutions -- 3.3. Extraction of Tungsten from Tungsten Concentrates in Ionic Melts -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- An Investigation into the Performance of a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger -- Abstract -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Theoretical Background -- a) Equation to Calculate the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient -- b) Equation to Calculate the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient from Correlations -- c) Equation to Calculate the Log Mean Temperature Difference -- d) Correlation for the Shell Side Film Coefficient ho -- e) Correlation for the Tube Side Film Coefficient hi: -- f) Equation for the Experimental Shell and Tube Pressure Drops -- g) Correlation for the Shell Side Pressure Drop -- h) Correlation for the Tube Side Pressure Drop -- Experimental Equipment and Procedure -- Apparatus -- Experimental Procedure -- Experimental Results -- Discussion -- Shell-Side Temperature Profile -- Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Heat Transfer Coefficients -- Comparison of Experimental and Theoretical Pressure Drops -- Flow Regimes -- Flow Patterns -- Bypass Streams -- Leakage Streams -- Sources of Error -- Conclusion -- Appendix A: Raw Data -- Appendix B. Operational Properties -- Appendix C: Heat Transfer Charts -- Appendix D: Sample Calculations -- Sample Calculation for the Energy Balance -- Calculation for the reference temperature: -- Interpolation for the Specific Heat Capacity and the Density -- Calculation for the Mass Flow Rate -- Sample Calculation for the Experimental Heat Transfer Coefficient. , Calculation for the Heat Transfer Rate -- Calculation of the Log-Mean Temperature Difference -- Calculation of Total Area -- Calculation of Experimental Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient -- Sample Calculation for the Correlated Shell-Side Film Coefficient -- Sample Calculation for the Correlated Tube-Side Film Coefficient -- Sample Calculation for the Correlated Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient -- Sample Calculation for the Experimental Shell-Side Pressure Drop -- Sample Calculation for the Experimental Tube-Side Pressure Drop -- Sample Calculation for the Correlated Shell-Side Pressure Drop -- Sample Calculation for the Correlated Tube-side Pressure Drop -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Characteristics of Gamma Radiation and Its Various Uses -- Abstract -- Sources and Properties of Gamma Radiation -- Gamma Rays and the Electromagnetic Spectrum -- Sources of Gamma Rays -- Fission Product Gamma Rays -- Additional Gamma-Ray Production Reactions -- Bremsstrahlung -- Inverse Compton Scattering -- Synchrotron Radiation -- Photoelectric Interaction -- Rayleigh Interaction -- Pair production -- Health Effects -- Gamma Radiation for Therapeutic Purpose -- Gamma Irradiated Spirulina as Functional Food -- Gamma Radiation for Development of Oligo Chitosan -- Gamma Irradiated Environment Friendly Plasticizer -- Gamma Radiation for Industrial Effluent Treatment -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Intercalation of Poly [bis-(2-Methoxyethoxyethoxy) Phosphazene] into Vanadium Pentoxide Xerogel: Preparation, Characterization and Conductivity Properties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Materials -- Synthesis of Vanadium Pentoxide Xerogel (V2O5nH2O) -- Synthesis of Poly [Bis-(2-Methoxyethoxyethoxy) -- Phosphazene] (MEEP) -- Synthesis of Nanocomposites -- Materials Characterization -- Results and Discussion -- X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). , Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) -- Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) -- Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy -- Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive -- X-Ray Spectroscopy -- AC Impedance Spectroscopy -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Thermodynamics of Complex Formation between Ag(I) Ion and 18-Crown-6 in Methanol-Acetonitrile Mixed Solvent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Solvation of 18C6 -- Solvation of [Ag18C6]+ -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Tatiana R. Usacheva -- Chapter 8 -- The Assay of the Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Turnover of the Active Site of CF1-ATPase -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Purification of CF1 -- Preparation of Heat-Activated ATPase -- Assay -- Results -- Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Active Center of ATPase -- The Effect of the Same Concentration of Glycerol at Different pH -- Glycerol Induced near Disappearance of the pH-Dependent Change -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mannose as a Component of Glycans: Structure, Dynamics and Interaction -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Basis of Oligosaccharide NMR -- 3. Oligomannose Structure -- 4. Oligomannose Dynamics -- 5. Oligomannose-Lectin Interaction -- References -- Chapter 2 -- PEGylation of -Interferon: Biochemical, Clinical, Analytical and Stability Aspects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Properties of PEG -- 1.2. PEGylation -- 1.3. PEGylation Chemistry -- 1.4. Factors Affecting on PEGylation -- 1.4.1. Effect of pH -- 1.4.2. Effect of Temperature -- 1.4.3. Effect of PEG Moiety -- 1.4.4. Effect of Site Specific PEGylation -- 1.4.5. Effect of Incubation Period -- 2. Interferons (IFNs) -- 2.1. Types of IFNs -- 2.2. Mode of Action -- 2.3. Indications -- 2.4. Side Effects of IFNs -- 3. PEG-IFNs -- 3.1. Chemistry of PEGylation of IFNs-α -- 3.2. Pharmacokinetics of PEG-α-IFNs -- 4. Combination Therapy with PEG-α -IFNs -- 4.1. Ribavirin (RBV) -- 4.2. Telaprevir (TPV) -- 4.3. Entecavir (ETV) -- 4.4. Tenofovir (TFV) -- 4.5. Adefovir (AFV) -- 4.6. Sofosbuvir (SFV) -- 5. Separation and Purification -- 5.1. Ion-Exchange Chromatography (IEC) -- 5.2. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) -- 5.3. Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) -- 5.4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- 5.5. Gel Electrophoresis -- 5.6. Mass Spectrometry (MS) -- 6. Stability of IFN and PEG-IFN -- 7. Future Prospects on PEG-IFNs -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Anthracene Based Ligands: Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Schiff Bases -- Amines -- N-Heterocycle Bearing Ligands -- Phosphorous Donors -- Carbenes -- Chalcogen Bearing Ligands -- Oxygen Donor Bearing Ligands -- Organometallic Compounds -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Effect of Centric Germanium Perturbation on Anthracene -- Abstract. , 1. Introduction -- 2. Method of Calculation -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structures -- 3.2. Bond Lengths and Bond Angles -- 3.3. Charges -- 3.4. IR Spectra -- 3.5. Molecular Orbital Energies and UV Spectra -- 3.6. Electrostatic Potential and LUMO Maps -- 3.7. NICS -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Solutions of Formaldehyde in Water and Alcohols -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Addition of 1-Hydroxyalklyl Free Radicals with Two or More Carbon Atoms -- Addition of Hydroxymethyl Free Radicals -- Conclusion -- References -- Appendix -- Chapter 6 -- Application of Luminol as Solvatochromic Probe and Fluorescent Biomarker for Heterogeneous Media -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Steady State Spectral Properties and Fluorescence Solvatochromism -- 3.2. Identification of the Important Hydrated Species: DFT Calculation -- 3.3. Modulation of Luminol Fluorescence in Micellar Media -- 3.4. Fluorescence Behavior in (-Cyclodextrin (CD) and Mixed CD-Surfactant System -- 3.5. Fluorescence Modulation in Presence of Serum Albumin Proteins -- 3.6. Interaction of LH2 with DNA Nucleotide Bases -- 3.7. Luminol Fluorescence Behavior at Nano-Bio Interface: An Efficient Model for Energy Transfer -- 3.7.1. Characterizing LH2 - NP Interaction in Aqueous Buffer Medium -- 3.7.2. Binding of LH2 - NP Conjugate with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) -- 3.7.3. Quenching of LH2 Fluorescence Bound Inside BSA Cavity by MNPs -- 3.7.4. LH2 - NP Assembly as a Super-Efficient Energy Transfer System in Presence of BSA -- Conclusion and Future Perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Mobilization and Immobilization of Potentially Toxic Metals and Metalloids by Filamentous Fungi -- Abstract -- List of Abbreviations and Constants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Fungal Cell Wall and Its Significance for Toxic Metal(loid)s Immobilization -- 2.1. Biosorption -- 2.2. Evaluation of Uptake Kinetics and Sorption Properties of Fungal Biomass -- 3. Assessment of Fungal Growth Inhibition in Presence of Potentially Toxic Metals and Metalloids -- 4. Extracellular Resistance Mechanisms of Filamentous Fungi to Toxic Metals -- 4.1. Bioleaching -- 5. Bioaccumulation -- 6. Biovolatilization of Metals and Metalloids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Developments in Exohedral Fullerene Chemistry and Their Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction and History -- 2. Structure -- 3. Species of Fullerenes -- 3.1. Heterofullerenes -- 3.2. Endohedral Fullerenes -- 3.3. Exohedral Fullerenes -- 4. Applications of Exohedral Fullerenes -- 4.1. Biological Applications -- 4.1.1. Antibacterial Activity -- 4.1.2. Antioxidant Activity -- 4.1.3. Antiviral Activity -- 4.1.4. Anticancer Activity -- 4.1.5. Drug and Gene Delivery -- 4.1.6. Biosensors -- 4.1.7. DNA Cleavage -- 4.2. Photoelectric Properties -- 4.3. Catalyst Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Furfural as a Platform for Biorefineries -- Abstract -- 1. Overview -- 2. Production of Furfural -- 3. Characteristics of Furfural -- 4. Processes for Obtaining Furfural -- 4.1. Raw Materials -- 4.2. Commercial Technologies -- 5. Furfural as a Platform for Obtaining Different Products -- 6. Biorefineries from Biomass: The Inclusion of Furfural. Study Case: Furfural as Platform for Obtaining THFA, THF and Octane -- 6.1. Process Design -- 6.1.1. Sugar Extraction -- 6.1.2. Furfural Production -- 6.1.3. THFA Production. , 6.1.4. THF Production -- 6.1.5. Jet Fuel Production -- 6.2. Economic Analysis -- 6.3. Environmental Analysis -- 6.4. Energy Analysis -- 6.5. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Corannulene-Based Molecular Receptors for Fullerenes -- Abstract -- 1. Carbon Nano-allotropes -- 1.1. Fullerenes -- 2. The Corannulene Molecule -- 2.1. Synthesis -- 2.2. Convex-Concave Surface Complementarity -- 3. Corannulene -Fullerene Adducts Part 1: Use of Pristine Corannulene -- 4. Corannulene -Fullerene Adducts Part 2: Initial Attempts -- 4.1. Sulfur-Containing Corannulene -- 4.2. First Bis-Corannulene Molecule -- 5. Corannulene -Fullerene Adducts Part 3: The Buckycatcher Family, a Breakthrough -- 5.1. Buckycatcher I -- 5.2. Buckycatcher II -- 5.3. Klärner's Tether-Based Bis-Corannulene Tweezers, Buckycatcher III -- 6. Corannulene -Fullerene Adducts Part 4: Metal-Based Receptors -- 7. Corannulene - Fullerene Adducts Part 5: Multicorannulene Systems -- 7.1. Tris-Corannulene Clips -- 7.2. Tetrakis-Corannulene Clips -- 8. Corannulene - Fullerene Adducts Part 6: Polymeric Materials -- 9. Corannulene -Fullerene Adducts Part 7: Towards Molecular Machines -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Characterizing Alterations in the Secondary Structure of Typical Proteins under Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Hemoglobin Samples -- 2.2. Bovine Serum Albumin, Myoglobin and Lysozime Samples -- 2.3. Experimental Design -- 2.4. Infrared Spectroscopy -- 3. Proteins Unfolding Induced by Exposure to EMFs -- 4. Increasing of Hydrogen Bonding in Proteins Induced by 50 Hz Electromagnetic Fields -- 5. Orientation of Proteins α-Helix Structure under Exposure to Microwave Radiation -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6. , Uses of Sorghum with Tannins for Food Production -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Steeping and Annealing of Sorghum Grains -- 2.2. Preparation of Samples for Polyphenols Extraction -- 2.3. Chemical Analysis -- 2.4. Statistical Analysis -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Steeping of Sorghum Grains -- 3.2. Flour Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 7 -- A Screening Dependence Study of Electrical Properties of Liquid Metals -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoreatical Methodology -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Liquid Phase Synthesis of a Li3PS4 Solid Electrolyte Precursor -- Abstract -- 1. Overview -- 2. Mechanism of Reaction Between Li2S And P2S5 in Ethyl Propionate -- 3. Formation of Li3PS4 in EP from Reaction Between Li2S and P2S5 -- 4. Solvents Selection -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- The Use of Pressurized Fluid Technologies to Obtain Commercially Interesting Compounds from Edible Mushrooms -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Application of Supercritical Fluids to Edible Mushrooms -- 2.1. Methods Using scCO2 for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 2.2. Methods Using scCO2 Plus Co-Solvents for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 2.3. Methods Using scCO2 and Subcritical Water for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 2.4. Supercritical Fluid Chromatography to Separate Fungal Molecules -- 2.5. Methods Using Supercritical Fluids for Biofuel Production -- 2.6. Methods Using Supercritical Fluids for Enzyme Inhibition -- 3. Application of Subcritical Solvents to Edible Mushrooms -- 3.1. Methods Using Subcritical Water for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 3.2. Methods Using Other Subcritical Solvents for Extraction of Bioactive Compounds -- 4. Pressurized Fluids vs. Other Novel Technologies Used to Extract Bioactive Compounds -- 4.1. Microwave-Assisted Extractions (MAE) -- 4.2. Pulsed Electric Fields (PEF)-Assisted Extractions -- 4.3. Ultrasound-Assisted Extractions (UAE) -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 2 -- The Recovery of Rare Metals from a Sulphuric Acid Scrub Solution Generated during the Complex Processing of Copper Sulphide Ore -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Rhenium and Osmium Conditions in a Sulphuric Acid Scrub Solution -- The Rhenium and Osmium Recovery at Extractive Processing of a Sulphuric Acid Scrub Solution -- The Sorption Recovery of Rhenium from a Sulphuric Acid Scrub Solution -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Fabrication of Stimuli Triggered Polypeptide-Based Hybrid Biomaterials for Biomedical Application -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Protein and Polypeptide-Based Biomaterials -- Introduction -- Elastin -- Collagen and Gelatin -- Silk Fibroin -- Resilin -- Stimuli-Responsive Polypeptide-Based Complex Biomaterials -- Introduction -- pH-Responsive Polypeptide Drug Delivery System -- Biorecognition-Based Hydrogels -- Gelatin/Chitosan UCST-Type Polypeptide -- Alginate/Elastin Thermoresponsive Reversible Semi-IPN Gel -- Outlook -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Symmetry Analysis, Energetics, and Mechanisms for Some Fundamental Elimination Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Analysis of E2 Reactions Using Symmetry Rules and Molecular Orbital Theory -- 2.1. The E2 Reactions of the Chain-Like Haloalkanes -- 2.2. The E2 Reactions of Halocyclohexanes -- 3. The -Elimination Giving a Carbene: A Mechanistic Study Using Symmetry Rules and Molecular Orbital Theory -- 3.1. The Bimolecular -Elimination of Trichloromethane (CHCl3) Giving Dichlorocarbene (CCl2) -- 3.2. Rearrangement of a Carbene to a Thermodynamically More Stable Alkene via a C-H Bond Elimination -- 4. Energy Profiles for E1 Reactions -- 4.1. The Bell-Evans-Polanyi Principle -- 4.2. The E1 Dehydration of Alcohols (ROH) -- 4.3. The E1 Dehydrohalogenation of Haloalkanes (RX, X = Cl, Br, or I) -- 5. Intramolecular (Unimolecular) Eliminations via a Cyclic Transition State: A Mechanistic Study Using Huckel's (4n + 2) Rule -- 5.1. The Huckel's (4n + 2) Rule and Stability of the Cyclic Transition States -- 5.2. Concerted, Syn-Elimination of Esters -- 5.3. Selenoxide Elimination -- 5.4. Silyloxide Elimination -- 5.5. Unimolecular Elimination of Hydrogen Halide from Haloalkanes -- 6. Mechanisms for Reductive Elimination of LG1/LG2 (Two Functional Groups) on Adjacent Carbons -- 7. Enzyme-Catalyzed Biological Elimination Reactions -- 7.1. The Enzyme-Catalyzed -Oxidation of Fatty Acyl Coenzyme A. , 7.2. Elimination Reactions Involved in Biosynthesis -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Dye Affinity Chromatography: A Low-Cost Tool for Protein Purification -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Challenges when Choosing the Proper Adsorbents -- Chromatographic Supports -- Dye Screening Techniques -- Leakage -- Case Studies -- Purification of Whey Proteins -- Neutral Protease Purification -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Preferential Solvation of α-Сhymotrypsin in Water-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Mixtures: Gibbs Energies of Water, Protein, and Organic Solvent -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental -- 2.1. Materials -- 2.2. Initial Protein State -- 2.3. Organic Solvent and Water Sorption Measurements -- 2.4. Residual Enzyme Activity -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Sorption Isotherms and Excess Sorption Functions -- 3.2. Residual Enzyme Activity -- 3.3. Excess Residual Enzyme Activity -- 3.4. Preferential Interaction Parameters -- 3.5. Effect of Preferential Interactions -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Gallium Heterogeneous Catalysts with High Catalytic Activity to Reduce the Emission of VOC's -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. General Properties of Catalysts -- 3. Heterogeneous Gallium Catalysts Supported on MCM-41 -- 3.1. Structural and Textural Properties of Catalysts -- 3.2. Morphology and Chemical Composition of Catalysts -- 3.3. Gallium Catalysts Performance in Catalytic Oxidation Reactions -- 4. Stages Involved in the Total Catalytic Oxidation Reaction Promoted by Ga0,15/MCM-41 -- Final Considerations -- References -- Chapter 8 -- In Situ Leaching of Rhenium from Polymetallic Raw Materials with Sulphuric Acid -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. In Situ Leaching of Rhenium from Uranium Ores -- 3. Recovery of Rhenium from Pregnant Leach Liquor of the In Situ Leaching -- 3.1. Extraction Methods -- 3.2. Sorption Methods. , 4. Precipitation of Rhenium from Nitrate-Sulfate Eluates by Water-Soluble Polyelectrolytes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Microfluidic Chip Electrophoresis Devices for the Separation and Detection of Proteins -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. About Our Research -- 2.1. Fabrication of Portable PDMS MCE and Application for Protein Analysis under Ultra-Low Voltage -- 2.2. Fabrication of Anti-Protein-Fouling PEG MCE by Sandwich Photolithography for Protein Analysis -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Clean Limonene Transformations into Added-Value Compounds of Fine Chemistry Using Heterogeneous Catalysis -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Oxidation Transformations of Limonene -- Epoxidation of Limonene -- PW-Amberlite as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Epoxidation -- Allylic Oxidation of Limonene -- Phthalocyanines as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Mechanism of Products Formation in Limonene Allylic Oxidation -- Isomerization/Rearrangement of Limonene -- Hydrogenation/Dehydrogenation of Limonene -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Processes Induced by Electrical Breakdown Responsible for the Memory Effect in Low Pressure Noble Gases -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Distribution of Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 3. Measurement of Gas-Filled Tubes Dynamic Voltage and Electrical Breakdown Time Delay -- 4. Earlier Memory Effect Investigations -- 5. New Analysis of Memory Curves -- 5.1. Memory Curves for Custom Made Gas-Filled Tubes -- 5.2. Memory Curves for Commercial Gas-Filled Tubes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Recent Advances in the Research of Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives as Bioactive Molecules: Anticancer and Sensing Agents -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioactive Molecules as Anticancer Agents -- 2.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 2.3. Summary and Outlook -- 3. Fluorescent Molecules as Sensing Agents -- 3.1. 8-Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.2. 8-Substituted Hydroxyquinoline Derivatives -- 3.3. Summary and Outlook -- Conclusion -- References -- Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes-Catalyzed Visible-Light-Mediated Activation of Sulfonyl Chlorides for Organic Synthesis -- Abstract -- Introduction. , Reactions of Fluoroalkyl Radicals of Fluoroalkylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Sulfonyl Radicals of Sulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Reactions of Aryl Radicals of Arylsulfonyl Chlorides and Excited Ruthenium(II) Polypyridyl Complexes -- Miscellaneous Reactions -- Conclusion -- References -- Dynamics of the Hydrophilic to Hydrophobic Proteins and Enzymes Turnover in A. Bennun's Biochemical-Physics Neurotransmission Model for the Glycerol Assay of the Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Hydrophilic Structure of the Active Site of CF1-ATPase -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods Purification of CF1 -- Preparation of Heat-Activated ATPase -- Assay -- Results Hydration Shell Dynamics on the Active Center of ATPase -- The Effect of the Same Concentration of Glycerol at Different pH -- Glycerol Induced near Disappearance of the pH-Dependent Change -- Discussion -- Mechanisms for cAMP Unzipping of the DNA Structure and Drive Synthesis of Proteins to Integrate Plasticity -- The Transcription Mechanism -- Conclusions -- References -- Decarboxylative Protonation through Cooperative Palladocatalysis and Chiral Organocatalysis: Pathways to Enantioenriched Ketones -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Tsuji-Trost Reaction-Initiated Domino Process -- 2.1. Allyl Enol Carbonates -- 2.2. Allyl -Ketoesters -- 3. Hydrogenolysis-Initiated Domino Process -- 3.1. Benzyl Enol Carbonates -- 3.2. Benzyl -Ketoesters -- 3.2.1. Leading to Cyclic Benzylic Ketones -- 3.2.2. Leading to Monocyclic Ketones -- 3.2.3. Leading to Linear Ketones -- 4. Key Intermediate -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Palm Oil for Food or Biodiesel, a Disjunction in Tropical Countries -- Abstract -- 1. Oil Palm: Crop, Harvesting and Food Products -- 2. Bioenergy from Renewable Resources -- 3. First Generation Biodiesel -- 4. Biodiesel and Food Security: An Overview -- 5. Biodiesel and Food Security in Tropical Countries -- 5.1. Colombian Case -- 5.2. Mexico Case -- 5.3. Peru Case -- 5.4. Tanzania Case -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Improvement of Palm Oil Production for Food Industry through Biorefinery Concept -- Abstract -- 1. Biorefinery Concept and Types of Biorefineries -- 2. Biorefineries Design -- 2.1. Conceptual Design of Biorefineries -- 2.1.1. Hierarchy -- 2.1.2. Sequencing -- 2.1.3. Integration -- 3. Oilseeds Raw Materials -- 3. Palm Biorefinery -- 3.1. Methodology -- Raw Material -- Simulation Procedure: Techno-Economic Assessment -- Biorefinery Description -- 3.2. Results -- Final Remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Analysis and Comparison of the Residence Time Distributions (RTDs) of a Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR), a Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) and a Tubular Plug Flow Reactor (TPFR) -- Abstract -- Nomenclature -- Introduction -- Theoretical Background -- Materials and Apparatus -- Method -- Conductivity Calibration -- Experimental Procedure -- Results -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Cyclopentadienes and Cyclopentadienyl Complexes with Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substituents -- Abstract -- 1. Poly(Trifluoromethyl)Cyclopentadienes -- 1.1. Trifluoromethylcyclopentadiene -- 1.2. Tetramethyl(Trifluoromethyl)Cyclopentadiene -- 1.3. Poly(Trifluoromethyl)Cyclopentadienes -- 2. Ponytailed Cyclopentadienes -- 2.1. Cyclopentadienes with Ponytails Directly on the Ring -- 2.2. Ponytails Bonded via Silicon Atom -- 2.2.1. Silicon Directly on the Ring. , 2.2.2. Spacer between Branching Silicon Atom and the Ring -- 2.3. Ponytailed Alkylcyclopentadienes -- 2.4. Polyfluoroalkylferrocenes -- 2.5. Miscellaneous -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Cyclization Reactions Promoted by Perfluoroalkyl Radical Additions -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Radical Cyclization -- 3. Radical Addition-Cyclization -- 4. Reaction Involving Radical and Ionic Processes -- 5. Reaction Involving Polarity-Mismatvhed Addition -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- About the Author -- Chapter 6 -- Revision of the Nature of Gravitation and the Nature of the Chemical Bond -- 1Department of Telecommunication Networks Group, TU Berlin, Germany, -- 2R& -- D, Dr. Zubow Consulting, Germany -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Gravitation -- 3. Atoms -- 4. Molecules -- 4.1. Hydrogens -- 4.2. Hydrogen Halides -- 4.3. Alkali Metal Halides -- 4.4. Chemical Bonds in Organic Compounds -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Analysis of the Operation of Fluidized Beds under Gas and Liquid Fluid Flow Conditions -- Abstract -- Nomenclature -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Theoretical Background -- Dry Fluidization -- Wet Fluidisation -- Geldart Particle Classification -- 3. Equipment and Methods -- Equipment and Materials -- Dry Fluidization -- Wet Fluidization -- Methods -- Dry Fluidization -- Wet Fluidization -- 4. Results -- 5. Discussion -- Ergun Equation -- Kunii-Levenspiel Equation -- Geldart Classification Scheme -- Wet Fluidisation -- Hypothesis Testing -- Relation between Particle Size and Density -- Conclusion -- References -- Index -- Blank Page.