Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Synthesis of Apatite-Structured Compounds: Approaches and Their Difficulties -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Forward to Ionic Conductors (Silicon and Germanium) -- Oxynitrides -- Uranium- and thorium-containing silicates -- "Classic" (Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic) and "Neoclassic" (Manganese, Chromium) -- Phosphorus, Vanadium, Arsenic -- Unexpected Morphotropic Transition -- Iodine-Apatites -- Oxo-Derivatives -- Hydroxyapatite -- Manganese, Chrome -- Niobium -- Six-Shot Sulfur and Selenium -- Rare Apatites - Apatites with Rare (Re) -- Why Do We Need Oxygen? -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Covalent Organic Framework Membranes for Liquid Separation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Key Properties of COFs for Membrane Separations -- Pore Size -- Hydrophilicity -- Surface Charge -- Fabrication of COF Membranes -- Bottom-Up Strategy -- Interfacial Polymerization -- Liquid-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Liquid Interface -- Air-Liquid Interface -- Solid-Vapor Interface -- Solvothermal Approach -- Synthesis under Continuous Flow Conditions -- Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembly -- Chemical Vapor Deposition -- Top-Down Strategy -- Applications -- Water Treatment -- Organic Solvent Nanofiltration -- Pervaporation -- Chiral Sieving -- Summary and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Progress in One-Pot and Green Synthetic Approach for Building 1,2,4-Thiadiazole Analogues -- Abstract -- Introduction -- One Pot and Green Synthetic Routes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 4 -- 5-Fluorouracil: Clinical Uses and Its Degradation Reactions -- Abstract -- 1. 5-Flurouracil -- 1.1. Chemistry -- 1.2. Clinical Uses -- 1.3. Physicochemical Properties -- 1.4. Side Effects -- 1.5. Doses -- 1.6. Literature -- 1.6.1. Chapters in Books. , 1.6.2. Reviews -- 1.6.3. Chemical and Photostability -- 1.6.4. Chromatography and Assay -- 2. Degradation Reactions -- 2.1. Hydrolytic Reactions -- 2.1.1. Acid Hydrolysis -- 2.1.2. Alkaline Hydrolysis -- 2.2. Photolytic Reactions -- 2.2.1. Aqueous Solution -- 2.2.2. Pharmaceutical Preparations -- a. H2O2 -- b. Fe2+ / H2O2 -- c. TiO2 -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Current Update on the Role of Manganese (II/III) Schiff Base Complexes in Organic Synthesis and Its Biological Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Activities by Unsupported Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Supported Mn-Schiff Base Catalyst for Orangic Synthesis -- Biological Applications of Mn-Schiff Base Complexes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Improving Fast Pyrolysis by Tailoring High-Quality Products Using Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- General Characteristics of Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Zeolites-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis -- Metal Oxides and Inorganic Salts-Based Catalysts for Fast Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Carbon-Based Catalysts for Pyrolysis of Biomass -- Analytical Fast Pyrolysis from Biomass -- Instrumentation for Analytical Pyrolysis -- Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Plastics -- New Technologies for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis -- Conclusion and Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 7 -- An Age-Old Problem: Sulfites in Meat Preparation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Problem of Sulfites -- Literature Review -- Chemistry of Sulfites -- Toxicity -- Monitorization of Sulfites -- Case Study: Sulfite in Meat Preparations -- Meat Consumption -- Classification and Regulation -- Method -- Meat Samples -- Quantification Method -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8. , Magnetic Torque inside the Superoxide Radical Is the Driving Force for Oxygen Activation by Cofactor-Free Dioxygenases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Dioxygen Activation in Combustion and Respiration Analytical Framework -- Literature Review -- Glucose Oxidase and Similar Flavoenzymes -- General Consideration -- Important Cofactor-Independent Dioxygenases -- Bacterial 2, 4-Dioxygenase from Arthrobacter Nitroguajacolicus -- Spin Flip Mechanism in the Oxygenase-Pathway of Rubisco -- Spin-Catalysis Mechanism for the Oxygenation Chemistry in Rubisco -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Uranium Dioxide Powder Synthesis, Pressing and Sintering: A Review -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1: Powder Characterization -- 1.1. Sieve Analysis -- 1.2. BET Specific Surface Area -- 1.3. Average Particle Size -- 1.4. A Product and a Ratio -- 1.5. Particle Size Distribution -- 1.6. Dilatometry -- 1.7. Scanning Electron Microscopy -- Section 2: Powder Synthesis -- 2.1. Powder Flowability, Formability and Sinterability -- 2.2. Crystallization and Precipitation -- 2.3. Types of Precipitates -- 2.4. Precipitation of Ammonium Diuranate (ADU) -- 2.5. Decomposition of ADU and Calcination -- 2.6. Soft and Hard Powders -- Section 3: Powder Conditioning -- 3.1. Stabilization of UO2 Powder -- 3.2. Parameters for Flow Properties of Bulk Solids -- 3.3. Powder Milling -- 3.4. Granulation -- 3.5. Binders and Lubricants -- Section 4. Pressing -- 4.1. UO2 Powder to Pellet -- 4.2. The Significance of Green Density in Sintering -- 4.3. Porosity in the Green Compact -- 4.4. Density Gradients in a Green Pellet -- 4.5. Estimating Die Bore Diameter -- Section 5: Sintering -- 5.1. Driving Force for Sintering -- 5.2. Effect of Calcination/Reduction Temperature of Powder on Sintering -- 5.3. Green Density, Temperature, and Sintered Density -- 5.4. Porosity Effects -- 5.5. Pore Shape, Size, and Stability -- 5.6. Densification and Coarsening -- 5.7. Furnace Gas Flow Effects -- Section 6. Grain Growth and Pore Stability in Sintering -- 6.1. Driving Force for Grain Growth -- 6.2. Pore Growth Caused by Grain Growth -- 6.3. Pore Stability versus Dihedral Angle and Grain Coordination Number -- 6.4. Grain Growth in Uranium Dioxide -- Section 7: Non-Stoichiometry and Point Defect Chemistry -- 7.1. Non-Stoichiometry in UO2 -- 7.2. Mass Transport in Sintering -- 7.3. Kroger-Vink Notation for Point Defects (Kofstad, 1972). , 7.4. Effect of Atmosphere on UO2 Defect Structure -- 7.5. Effect of Additive/Impurity on UO2 Defect Structure -- 7.6. Defect Clustering in UO2 -- Section 8: Defects in Pellets - Agglomerate Effects -- 8.1. Grain, Particle, Granule and Agglomerate -- 8.2. Effect of Agglomerates on Sintered Density -- 8.3. Effects of Physical Inhomogeneity in Green Bodies -- 8.4. Pores Caused by Agglomerates and Agglomerated Additives -- 8.5. Caking as a Source of Agglomerates in Powder -- 8.6. Classification of Defects Based on Size -- Section 9: Defects in UO2 Pellets - Capping, Cracking, and Unground Surface -- 9.1. Capping, Lamination due to Air Entrapment -- 9.2. Stresses in a Compact -- 9.3. Lamination due to Insufficient Exit die Taper -- 9.4. End Capping during Decompression -- 9.5. Unground Patches -- 9.6. Other Defects -- Section 10: Summary -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- The Role of Catalysts' Bifunctionality in a Multistage Process -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Bifunctional Catalysts in Oxidation-Reduction Processes with Participation of "Small Molecules" -- Reduction of Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) with Hydrocarbons -- Catalytic Conversion of Nitrous Oxide, N2O -- Partial Oxidation of C3-C4 Alkanes -- Selective Oxidation of Ethylene: С2Н4 + N2O → С2Н4О + N2 -- Deep Methane Oxidation -- СО2 (Dry)-Reforming of Methane -- Bifunctionality of Catalysts in Tandem Processes of (Bio)Ethanol Conversion -- Bifunctionality of Complex Oxide Catalysts for 1,3-Butadiene Production from Ethanol -- "Bifunctionality" of Solid-Phase Catalysts in Guerbet Condensation of C2, C4 Alcohols -- Mg-Al-Oxide Systems -- Hydroxyapatite -- Bifunctional Metal-Zeolite Catalysts of the BEA Structure in Current Processes -- Zeolites Ag/BEA in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by Ethanol. , Modification BEA Zeolites for the Production of 1,3-Butadiene from Ethanol -- Zn, Ga (Ta, Nb)-BEA Catalysts in CO2-Assisted Propane Dehydrogenation Process -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- The Design of Efficient Bifunctional Catalysts for the Successful Application of Tandem Catalysis in One-Pot Processes -- Abstract -- Role of Catalysis on the Sustainability of Chemical Synthesis and Industry -- Relevance and Classification of One-Pot Processes -- Bifunctional Catalysts as Key Tools for Tandem Catalysis -- Design of Bifunctional Solid Materials for Tandem Catalysis in One-Pot Processes -- Application of Different Approaches for Designing a Bifunctional Catalytic System: The Case of the Production of Pentyl Valerate Biofuel from (-Valerolactone -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Organic Materials for Energy Storage in Lithium Batteries -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Conventional Inorganic Electrode Materials -- 2.1. Cathode Materials -- 2.1.1. Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO) -- 2.1.2. Nickel-Based Layered Materials (LNO, Ni-rich NCM, or NCA) -- 2.1.3 .LiFePO4 (LFP) -- 2.1.4. LiMn2O4 (LMO) -- 2.2. Anode Materials -- 2.2.1. Graphite -- 2.2.2. Li-Metal -- 2.2.3. Si-Based Materials -- 2.3. Disadvantages of Inorganic Electrode Materials -- 3. Organic Electrode Materials and Their History -- 3.1. Classification of OEMs -- 3.1.1. Redox Mechanism of OEMs -- 3.1.1.1. P-type OEMs -- 3.1.1.2. N-type OEMs -- 3.1.1.3. Bipolar OEMs -- 3.1.2. Redox Centers of OEMs -- 3.1.2.1. Carbonyl (C = O) -- 3.1.2.2. Sulfur (R - S - R') -- 3.1.2.3. Nitrogen (R - N - R') -- 3.1.2.4. Overlithiation (C = C) -- 3.1.2.5. Conducting Polymers -- 3.1.2.6. Radicals -- 3.2. Advantages of OEMs -- 3.2.1. Abundant in Nature -- 3.2.2. Environmentally Friendly -- 3.2.3. Structural Tunablility -- 3.2.4. Flexible Molecular Structure. , 3.2.5. Feasible to Match with Diverse Ions -- 3.3. Challenges of OEMs -- 3.4. Strategies for Addressing the Limitations of OEMs -- 3.4.1. Electronic Conductivity -- 3.4.1.1. Strong Aromaticity -- 3.4.1.2. Polymerization -- 3.4.2. Specific Capacity -- 3.4.2.1. Increasing Li Reaction Sites -- 3.4.2.2. Reducing the Molecular Weight -- 3.4.3. Operating Voltage -- 3.4.3.1. Introducing heteroatoms -- 3.4.4. Dissolution in Electrolyte -- 3.4.4.1. Polymerization -- 3.4.4.2. Solid Electrolyte (SE) System -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Chalcone: A Versatile Tool of Medicinal and Synthetic Organic Chemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthesis of Chalcones -- Biosynthesis of Chalcones -- Chemical Synthesis of Chalcones -- Claisen-Schmidt Condensation Reaction -- Friedel-Craft Acylation Reaction -- Photo-Fries Rearrangement Reaction -- Cross-Coupling Reaction -- Suzuki-Miyaura Coupling Reaction -- Carbonylative Heck Coupling Reaction -- Sonogashira Isomerization Coupling Reaction -- The Solid Acid-Catalyzed Coupling Reaction -- Wittig Olefination for Chalcone Synthesis -- Julia−Kocienski Olefination -- Modern Method of Coupling Reaction for Chalcone Synthesis -- One Pot Synthesis of Chalcones -- Properties of Chalcones -- Fluorescent Properties of Chalcones -- Spectral Properties -- Application of Chalcones -- Medicinal Applications -- Chalcones as Antioxidant -- Chemo-Preventive Chalcones -- Anti-Inflammatory Property of Chalcones -- Anti-Cancer Activity -- Anti-Microbial Activity -- Anti-Diabetic Activity of Chalcones -- Cytotoxicity of Chalcones -- Antiviral Activity of Chalcones -- Anti-Tuberculosis Activity of Chalcones -- Anti-Ulcer Activity of Chalcones -- Application in Organic Synthesis -- Flavone Synthesis -- Seven-Membered Diazepine Synthesis -- Six-Membered Heterocycles Synthesis from Chalcones. , Five-Membered Heterocycles Synthesis -- Epoxidation of Chalcones -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Quinol Ethers of Para-Benzoquinone Dioxime -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Quinol Ethers of Para-Benzoquinone Dioxime as Vulcanizing Agents for Unsaturated Rubbers -- Investigation of Mono-Nitrosoarenes as Accelerators for the Vulcanization of Unsaturated Rubbers with Quinol Ether EQ-1 -- Development of a Method for Obtaining Quinol Ether EQ-1 Using Calcium Hypochlorite as an Oxidant -- Method for Obtaining Quiol Ether EQ-10 by Reacting 2,4,6-Tri-Tert-Butylphenol with 2-Methyl-5-Isopropyl-p-dinitrosobenzene -- The Development of a New Pliable Arts& -- Crafts Material - The Plasticine, that Turns Rubber, a.k.a. Klyuchnikovs Rubber Plasticine -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 7 -- Citric Acid Applications in the Textile Chemical Processing Industry -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Citric Acid in Silk Degumming -- 1.2. Citric Acid in Dyeing -- 1.3. Citric Acid in Flame Retardant Finishing in Textiles -- 1.4. Citric Acid in Self Cleaning Finishing in Textiles -- 1.5. Citric Acid in Antimicrobial Finishing of Textiles -- 1.6. Citric Acid in Multi Functional Finishing of Textiles -- 1.7. Citric Acid in Crease Resistance Finishing of Textiles -- 2. Experimental Details -- 2.1. Materials Used -- 2.2. Finishing Method -- 2.3. Characterization Methods -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Aluminium Silicate-Assisted Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides in the Absence of Solvent -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- General Experimental Information -- General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides -- 3. Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Methanol as Solvent for Preconcentration of Contaminants and Electrochemical Treatment -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methanol in Electrochemistry -- Treatment of Contaminants in Methanol Medium: A New Approach -- Preconcentration of Contaminants with Methanol -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Particle Size Distribution in Metals -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental Work -- Results -- Discussion -- Algorithm for Quantifying the Particle Size Distribution of Non-Metallic Inclusions Formation in Steel Production -- Phenomenological Basis of the Algorithm -- The Mathematical Basis of the Algorithm -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 3 -- Systematic Preparation and Computation of Hybrid Materials Composed of Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes and Lysozyme -- Abstract -- Introduction -- L-Amino Acid Schiff Base Copper(II) Complexes as Ligands -- Crystallization of Complex-Containing Lysozyme -- DFT Computation for Metal Complexes -- Ligand-Protein Docking Computation for Metal Complexes -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry: Applications in the Textile Chemistry -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental and Discussion -- Isothermal Titration Calorimetry Study of Xanthan Gum and Chitosan Interaction -- Series I. (Experiments No. 1-No. 3) -- Experiment No. 1. Titration of a Chitosan Solution with a Xanthan Gum Solution (Main Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 2. Titration of a chitosan solution with a xanthan gum solution (main experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 3. Addition of a Xanthan Gum Solution to Water (Dilution Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram. , Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 2 and No. 3 -- Series II (experiments No. 4-No. 6) -- Experiment No. 4. Titration of a Xanthan Gum Solution with a Chitosan Solution (Main Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Experiment No. 5. Addition of a Chitosan Solution to Water (Dilution Experiment) -- Description of the Thermogram -- Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 4 and No. 5 -- Experiment No. 6. Titration of xanthan gum solution with chitosan solution (main experiment). -- Description of the Thermogram -- Discussion of the Results of Experiments No. 5 and No. 6 -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Transition Probability Approximated (TPA) Methods for the Computation of Molecular Properties at the Ground and Excited States -- Abstract -- Introduction -- A Succinct Description of Theoretical Advancement in the Field of Quantum Computation -- Hartree-Fock Method -- CI Method -- Perturbative Methods -- Coupled Cluster Methods -- Meaning of Electron Correlation -- The Quest for the Origin of Electron Correlation -- Probabilistic Approach -- Electronic Pressure Approach -- Tunneling Effect Approach -- Classical Approach -- Types of Electron Correlation -- Density-Based Approach in Computational Chemistry -- Computational Aspects of Theoretical Chemistry -- Transition Probability Approximated (TPA) Methods -- Energy Computation of a Few Test Molecules Using TPA-CI Methodology -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Coupled-Cluster Methods for Modeling Multireference Chemistry: Recent Developments -- Abstract -- Chapter 7 -- The Role of Competing Reactions in Kinetics of Nonbranched-Chain Addition Processes of Free Radicals to Alkenes and Their Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Addition to the С=С Bond of Alkenes and Their Derivatives. , 2.1. Comparable Component Concentrations -- 2.2. Excess of the Saturated Component -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Recent Advances and New Strategies in the Medicinal Perspective of Quinolone Derivatives as Potent Antiinfective Agents -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Synthetic Methods to Prepare Quinolone -- 1. C-H Amidation Method -- 2. Carbonylative Sonogashira Cross-Coupling Reaction -- 3. Oxidative Coupling of Alcohol and Methyl Arene -- 4. Intramolecular Mannich Reaction -- Quinolone as Antiinfective Agents -- Structure Activity Relationship -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 9 -- Quinolones: Promising Moieties against P. falciparum -- Abstract -- Graphical Abstract -- Introduction -- Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid: A Privilege Pharmacophore Scaffold as a New Class of Anti-HIV Drugs to Control Widespread HIV Diseases -- Abstract -- Introduction -- The Chemistry of 4-Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid -- Lappin Cyclization -- Grohe-Heitzer Cycloacylation -- Palladium-Catalyzed Carbonylative Heterocyclization -- Reaction of the Appropriate Ethyl β-Oxoesters with Isatoic Anhydride -- Ring Expansion of3-Chloroindoles with α-Halodiazoacetates -- Microwave-Assisted Reactions -- 4-Quinolone-3-Carboxylic Acid as HIV-1 Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Manganese Dioxide Nanoparticle as an Environmental Remediating Agent -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Crystal Structure of MnO2 -- Expression of Photocatalytic Activity by MnO2 -- Effect of pH on Organic Pollutant Removal Efficiency -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Nanostructures -- Benefits of MnO2 Nanocomposite over MnO2 Nanostructure -- Removal of Organic Pollutants by MnO2 Composite -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Applications of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds in Peptide Synthesis -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt as Coupling Reagent for Peptide Synthesis -- 2.1. Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents and Their Chemical Structures -- 2.2. Preparation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.1. Preparation of Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 2.2.2. Preparation of Phosphonium Coupling Reagents -- 2.3 Mechanism of Coupling Reaction Directed by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 2.4. Reactivities of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Benzotriazole Moiety -- 2.4.1.1. 6-Cl-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.2. CF3/NO2-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.3. 7-Aza-HOBt Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.1.4. HODhbt (HOOBt) Based Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents -- 2.4.2. Modification of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Salt Coupling Reagents on the Bis(disubstituted amino)methylium or Tris(disubstituted amino)phosphonium Skeleton -- 3. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as Coupling Additive for Peptide Synthesis -- 4. 1-Hydroxybenzotriazole as pH Modifier for Peptide Synthesis -- 4.1. DKP Formation -- 4.2. Aspartimide Formation. , 4.3. C-terminal Cysteine Racemization and β-elimination in SPPS -- 5. Stability and Side Reactions of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.1. Degradation of Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2. Side Reactions Induced by Benzotriazol-1-yloxy Compounds -- 5.2.1. Guanidine Formation from the Function between Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents and Amino Group -- 5.2.2. Pyrrolidide Formation in PyBOP-Mediated Reaction -- 5.2.3. HODhbt-Induced Peptide Nα-Azidobenzoylation and 2-Amino-5-Hydroxybenzoylation -- 5.2.4. Endo/Des-XaaC-terminal Impurity Formation -- 5.2.5. Counterion Adulteration by Uronium/Aminium Coupling Reagents -- 5.2.6. Hazards of the Benzotriazol-1-oxyl Coupling Reagents/Additives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 3 -- A Mixture of Persulfate and Activated Charcoal is an Effective Reagent for the Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Hydrazides in Aqueous Solution -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Experimental Section -- 2.1. General Experimental Information and Materials -- 2.1.1. Activation of Charcoal -- 2.1.2. General Procedure for Synthesis of Sulfonyl Hydrazides from Thiols and Aryl Hydrazine -- 2.1.3. 4-Methyl-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3a) -- 2.1.4. N-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3b) -- 2.1.5. N-(3-Fluorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3c) -- 2.1.6. N-(3,5-Dichlorophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3d) -- 2.1.7. N-(2-Bromophenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3e) -- 2.1.8. N-(Phenyl)-4-methoxybenzenesulfonohydrazide (3f) -- 2.1.9. N-(4-((2-Phenylhydrazineyl)sulfonyl)phenyl)acetamide (3g) -- 2.1.10. 4-Chloro-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3h) -- 2.1.11. 4-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3i) -- 2.1.12. 2-Bromo-N-phenylbenzenesulfonohydrazide (3j) -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 4. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch. , Chapter 4 -- A Review on Recent Advancement in Synthetic Techniques and Applications of Metal-Organic Framework (MOFs) -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Historical Background -- 3. Structure of MOF -- 3.1. Metal Nodes -- 3.2. Organic Linkers -- 3.3. Porous Structure -- 3.4. Crystalline Order -- 3.5. Harmonious Properties -- 3.6. Dimensionality -- 3.7. Topology and Framework Geometry -- 3.8. Defects and Disorder -- 4. Synthesis Methodology of MOF -- 4.1. Solvothermal or Hydrothermal Method -- 4.2. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis -- 4.3. Ultrasound-assisted Method -- 4.4. Mechano-chemical Synthesis -- 4.5. Iono-Thermal Process -- 4.6. Sono-Chemical Synthesis -- 4.7. Electrochemical Synthesis -- 4.8. Microemulsion Method -- 4.9. Diffusion Methods -- 5. Applications of Metal-Organic Framework -- 5.1. Applications in Food Matrices -- 5.2. Applications in Adsorption -- 5.3. Applications of MOFs in Catalysis -- 5.4. Applications in Drug Delivery -- 5.5. Applications of MOFs in Biosensing -- Conclusion -- Declarations -- Funding -- Conflict of Interest -- Informed Consent Statement -- Availability of Data and Materials -- Authors Contributions -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Design, Synthesis and Characterization of Copper (II) Schiff Base Complexes with Chloro Groups as Antivirus Drug Candidates Against Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JaGAr strain) -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Japanese Encephalitis the Deadly Virus -- Properties of Artificial Metalloproteins and Advantages of Computational Chemistry -- Types and Appropriateness of Calculation Software -- Protein Structure Preparation -- Ligand Structure Preparation -- Docking Simulation -- Protein Preparation Using AlphaFold 2 -- Preparation of the Ligand to be Used -- Docking Simulation Settings -- Drug Likeness -- ADMET -- Ligand Statur -- Gold Results -- Drug-Likeness -- ADMET Property Analysis. , Conclusion -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Pyridine and Quinoline Bases from Coking Products -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Pyridine Bases of Coal Coking Products -- Processing of Light Pyridine Bases -- Separation of Pyridine Bases from Coke Oven Gas -- Processing of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Further Processing of Fractions Obtained During Rectification of Crude Light Pyridine Bases -- Processing of β-Picoline Fraction -- Processing of the 2,4-Lutidine Fraction -- Processing of Heavy Pyridine Bases -- Pyridine Extraction of Coal Tar Fractions -- Processing of Quinoline Bases -- Purification of Crude Quinoline Bases. Traditional Methods -- Methods Under Development -- Development of Methods for Obtaining Pyridine Bases from Coke-Chemical Raw Materials -- Pyridine Bases of Coke-Chemicals as Corrosion Inhibitors -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Valorisation of Glycerol by Acetalization Reactions Using Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Ketones -- Acetalization of Glycerol with Aldeheydes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Glycerol Selective Oxidation into Value-Added Products. The Role of Heterogeneous Catalysts -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Catalytic Oxidation of Glycerol -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience: -- Professional Appointments: -- Honors: -- Publications from the Last 3 Years: -- Chapter 9 -- Glycerin Mediated Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[c]Acridin-8(9H)-Ones Under Solvent and Transition Metal Free Conditions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- General Experimental Procedure for the Synthesis of 7,10,11,12-Tetrahydrobenzo[C]Acridin-8(9H)-One Derivatives: General Procedure -- Physical and Spectra Data -- Results and Discussion -- Conclusion -- References. , Biographical Sketch -- Research and Professional Experience -- Professional Appointments -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- A Closer Look at Ethylene Glycol: Past, Present and Future -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Ethylene Glycol: Tracing Its Origin -- 3. A Closer Look at Ethylene Glycol: Today -- 3.1. Physical Properties [12-15] -- 3.2. Commercial Preparation of EG from Ethylene Oxide (EO) -- 3.3. Chemistry of Hydrolysis -- 3.3.1. Kinetics of the Hydrolysis [21] -- 3.3.2. Insights towards the Mechanism [21] -- 3.4. Shell OMEGA Process [22-23] -- 3.5. Other Methods of EG Production -- 3.5.1. From Syngas [24-28] -- 3.5.2. From Methanol [29-30] -- 3.6. Chemical Properties [5, 12, 15] -- 3.6.1. Reactions with organic acids and derivatives -- 3.6.3. Reaction with Polybasic Acids (Condensation Polymerization) -- 3.6.4. Dehydration of Ethylene Glycol -- 3.6.5. Oxidation Reactions -- 3.7. Storage and Handling of EG [12, 15] -- 3.8. Toxicity of EG [31-33] -- 3.9. Spectral Characterization of EG -- 3.9.1. IR Spectra [35-36] -- 3.9.2. Raman Spectra [36-37] -- 3.9.3. H1 - NMR [38] -- 3.9.4. C-13 NMR -- 3.10. Applications of EG [14, 39-43] -- 4. Sustainable EG Production and Future Market Trends -- 4.1. Market Trends [44-46] -- 4.2. EG Production from the Biomass -- 4.2.1. Lignocellulose Feedstock [47-70] -- 4.2.2. Glucose Feedstock [71-77] -- 4.2.3. Sorbitol/Xylitol Feedstock [78-89] -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 2 -- Flavones: Sources, Properties and Health Benefits -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Biosynthesis of Flavones in Plants -- 3. Sources of Flavones -- 4. Role of Flavones in Nutrition and Health -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 3 -- The Concentration and Purification of Xylan-Based Hemicelluloses -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Bioproducts from Hemicelluloses -- 3. Concentration and Purification Methods Used in Biorefineries. , 4. Purification and Concentration of Hemicelluloses -- 4.1. Antisolvent Precipitation -- 4.2. Liquid-Liquid Extraction -- 4.2.1. Ion Exchange and Adsorption Resins -- 4.2.1.1. MF, UF, and NF Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Selective Polyoxometalate (POM)-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Biomass Xylan in Dilute Aqueous Solutions of Mixed-Addenda α-Keggin Type (Mo-V-P)-Heteropolyacids -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Polyoxometalates as Effective Bi-Functional Catalysts -- 3. (Mo-V-P)-HPA-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Xylan -- 4. Modeling and Optimization of (Mo-V-P)-HPA-Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Xylan -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Can Thermogenic Compounds Improve Physical Performance in Cold Exposed Rats? A Study -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Materials and Methods -- 2.1. Preparation of Extracts -- 2.2. Experimental Design -- 2.3. Measurement of Core Body Temperature -- 2.4. Treadmill Test -- 2.5. Estimation of Glycogen -- 2.6. Estimation of Lactic Acid -- 2.7. Estimation of Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity -- 2.8. Estimation of Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity -- 2.9. Estimation of Super Oxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity -- 2.10. Estimation of Glutathione Content -- 2.11. Estimation of MDA Content -- 2.12. Estimation of Norepinephrine Levels in Plasma -- 2.13. Estimation of Free Fatty Acid Levels in Serum -- 2.14. Western Blot Analysis -- 2.15. Statistical Analysis -- 3. Results -- 3.1. Effect of Cold Exposure on Core Body Temperature Before and After Spice Treatment Following TMT -- 3.2. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Physical Performance -- 3.3. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Glycogen and Lactic Acid Content in Muscle and Liver -- 3.3.1. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Glycogen Content in Muscle. , 3.3.2. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Glycogen Content in Liver -- 3.3.3. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Lactic Acid Content in Muscle -- 3.3.4. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Lactic Acid Content in Liver -- 3.4. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH) Activity -- 3.5. Effect of Cold Exposure and Spice Treatment on Creatine Kinase (CK) Activity -- 3.6. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity -- 3.7. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Reduced Glutathione Content -- 3.8. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on MDA Content -- 3.9. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Norepinephrine (NOR) Levels -- 3.10. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Levels -- 3.11. Effect of Cold Exposure and Green Tea/Spice Treatment on the Expression of UCP1 Levels in Brown Adipose Tissue -- 4. Discussion -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 6 -- Chrysin: A Versatile Bioactive Dihydroxy Flavone -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Flavonoids -- 1.2. Flavone -- 1.3. Chrysin -- 2. Anti-Cancer Activity of Chrysin-Based Compounds -- 2.1. Pyrazole Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.2. Amino-Acid Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.3. Benzimidazole Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.4. Benzothiazole Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.5. Hydrazide Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.6. Piperazine Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.7. Chromene Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.8. Chrysin Salicylate Derivatives -- 2.9. Amide Substituting Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.10. Nitrogen Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.11. Hydrazone-Chrysin Derivatives. , 2.12. 7-O Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.13. Nitro-Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.14. Aliphatic and Aromatic Substituent Containing Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.15. Bis-Arylselanyl Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.16. Porphyrin Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.17. Amino Chrysin Derivatives -- 2.18. Gallium-Chrysin Complex -- 3. Antioxidant Activity of Chrysin-Based Compounds -- 3.1. Benzothiazole Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 3.2. Piperazine Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- 3.3. Selenium Substituted Chrysin Derivatives -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Distinctive Characteristics of Ethylene Glycol in Protein Folding: A Moderate Denaturant -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Chemical Nature and Uses -- 2.1. Chemical Nature -- 3. Synthesis -- 4. Uses -- 4.1. A Moderate Denaturant -- 5. Significance of EG in the Medical and Research Fields -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Theophylline and Its Xanthine Analogs: Derivatization, Uses, Interactions, and Side Effects -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Structure and Chemistry of Theophylline and Xanthine Derivatives -- 2.1. Methylxanthine Salts -- 2.2. Solubility of Theophylline -- 3. Pharmacokinetics of Methylxanthines -- 4. Pharmacology of Methylxanthines -- 5. Theophylline Compounds and Their Applications -- 5.1. Theophylline as an Antiviral Agent -- 5.2. Theophylline as an Antibacterial Agent -- 5.3. Theophylline as a Diuretic -- 5.4. Theophylline for Respiratory Disorders -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- The Synthesis of Oxadiazole Derivatives as Potential Glucosidase Inhibitors -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Synthesis and Anti-Diabetic Activity of Oxadiazole Derivatives -- 2.1. Result and Discussion -- 2.1.1. Chemistry -- 2.2. Biology -- 2.2.1. α- Amylase Inhibition Assay -- 2.2.2. Α-Glucosidase Inhibition Assay. , 2.2.3. In Vitro Alpha-Amylase Inhibitory Activity -- 2.2.4. In Vitro Alpha-Glucosidasee Inhibitory Activity -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Conflicts of Interest -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Preface -- Molecular Absorption Spectrometry of Fluorine and Chlorine in a Graphite Furnace: A Theoretical Consideration of Thermochemical Processes -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Determination of Fluorine and Chlorine -- Theoretical Aspects of the Spectrometry of Diatomic Molecules -- Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Determination of Fluorine, Chlorine and Iodine -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- Simulation of Thermochemical Processes in an Electrothermal Atomizer -- Development of the Procedure for Thermodynamic Simulation Using the Example of SrF -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Thermodynamic Simulation of the Pyrolysis Stage -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Thermodynamic Simulation of the Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Together -- Introduction of Sr(NO3)2 and NaF Solutions Separately -- Theoretical Study of the Formation Mechanism of Molecules CaF for Fluoride Determination Using Electrothermal Molecular Absorption Spectrometry -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation Molecules -- "Thin" layer Contacting or not Contacting with the Carbon Atomizer -- "Thin" Layer not Contacting with the Carbon Atomizer -- Procedure of Thermodynamic Simulation for Molecular Absorption Analysis in the Graphite Furnace -- Sample Drying Stage -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- First Stage - Vaporization. , Second Stage - The Arrival of Gaseous Components of the Sample into the Analytical Zone of a thoroughly Warmed Graphite Furnace (Formation of Molecules) -- Electrothermal Determination of Chlorine by Molecular Absorption of InCl and SrCl -- Experimental Determination of Chlorine by Molecular Absorption of InCl -- Use of Various Chemical Modifiers -- Introduction of Chlorine as NH4Cl -- Comparison of Calibration Curves and Analysis of Natural Water Standards -- Thermodynamic Simulation of Thermochemical Processes of InCl Molecules Formation in the Absence of Chemical Modifiers with the Introduction of Chlorine as NaCl -- Pyrolysis Stage -- Stage of Vaporization and Formation of Molecules -- General Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Reviewing the Microstructural Characteristics of Concrete Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregates -- Abstract -- Scope and Structure of the Chapter -- Introduction -- Research Significance -- Recycled Concrete Aggregate -- Collection and Sorting -- Crushing and Sizing -- Screening -- Quality Control -- Properties of RCA: Physical Properties -- Particle Size Distribution -- Density -- Water Absorption -- Specific Gravity -- Properties of RCA: Chemical Properties -- Composition of Cementitious Materials -- Chloride Content -- Alkali-Silica Reactivity -- Leaching Behavior -- Challenges and Limitations of RCA Usage -- Contamination and Variability -- Quality and Durability Issues -- Lack of Standardization and Specifications -- Engineering Properties and Performance -- Cost and Availability -- Regulatory and Environmental Considerations -- Benefits of Using RCA in Concrete Mixtures -- Microstructure of Concrete -- Introduction -- Phases in Concrete -- Cement Paste -- Aggregate Particles -- Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) -- Microstructural Features -- Porosity -- Permeability. , Connectivity -- Strength and Durability -- Microstructure of Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) Based Concrete -- Influence of RCA on Concrete Microstructure -- Effects of RCA Content on Microstructure -- Interfacial Transition Zone (ITZ) in RCA-Based Concrete -- Porosity and Permeability of RCA-Based Concrete -- Strength and Durability Aspects -- Experimental Techniques for Microstructure Analysis -- Methods for Microstructure Analysis -- Optical Microscopy -- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) -- X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) -- Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy -- Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) -- Microstructure Analysis of RCA-Based Concrete -- Influence of Microstructure on Performance of RCA-Based Concrete -- Mechanical Properties of RCA-Based Concrete -- Durability Aspects of RCA-Based Concrete -- Permeability -- Porosity -- Chemical Attack -- Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) -- Carbonation -- Sustainability and Environmental Considerations -- Future Directions and Challenges -- Emerging Research Areas -- Limitations and Challenges in Microstructure Analysis -- Opportunities for Further Improvement -- Conclusion -- Recommendations for Future Research -- References -- The Interference of Directed Communications, Bond Components and Donor-Acceptor Complexes -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Discrete and Local Probability Propagations in Molecular Bond Systems -- 3. Cascades and Interferences of Directed Propagations -- 4. Bond Components from Local Propagations -- 5. Interactions between Hard and Soft Reactants in Donor-Acceptor Complexes -- 6. Reaction Stages in Donor-Acceptor Systems -- 7. Resultant Information Descriptors and Their Continuities -- 9. Property Channels Revisited -- 10. Virial Components in Energy Channel -- Conclusion -- References. , A Critical Review on the Extraction, Analysis and Pharmaceutical Applications of Beetroot Pigments -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Cultivation of Beetroots -- Chemical Constituents of Beetroot -- Chemistry of Beetroot Pigments -- Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Beetroot Pigments -- Pharmacology of Beetroots and Beetroot Pigments -- Extraction and Purification of Beetroot Pigments -- Detection and Quantification of Beetroot Pigments by Modern Analytical Methods -- UV Visible Spectrometry -- Fluorimetry -- Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) -- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Mass Spectroscopy (MS) -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) -- High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (HPLC-MS) -- Recent Technologies -- Formulation Aspect -- Spray Dried Beetroot Powder -- Nanoparticles and Nanoplates -- Microencapsulation -- Liposomes -- Nutraceutical Aspects -- Cosmetology Aspects -- Regulatory Status -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- The Adsorption of DNA Using a Mixed Monolayer Template Containing a Comb Copolymer with a Diamino-S-Triazine Ring -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Materials and Methods -- Copolymerization [41] -- Fluorinated Compound That Contributes to Phase Separation, and Copolymer Adsorbent Material -- Preparation of Organized Molecular Films -- Characterization of Organized Molecular Films on Solid Substrates -- Results and Discussion -- DNA Adsorption on a Comb Polymer Monolayer with a Diamino-s-Triazine Ring and Its Spectroscopic Behavior [24] -- Phase Separation in Mixed Monolayers of VDAT:OA Copolymers and Fluorinated Triazine Derivative -- DNA Adsorption to Phase-Separated Mixed Monolayer of VDAT:OA Copolymer and Fluorinated Triazine Derivative and Maintenance of Second-Order Structure -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- The Tocopherol Potential of Vegetable Oils. , Abstract -- Introduction -- Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Vegetable Oils -- Tocopherols and Tocotrienols in Deodorizer Distillate -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Publications from the Last 3 Years -- Diaryliodonium Salts: An Emerging Reagent for Metal-Free Arylation -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Diaryliodonium Salts -- 2.1. Structure, and Reactivity -- 2.2. Symmetrical vs Auxiliary Based Diaryliodonium salts: Chemoselective Arylation -- 2.3. Synthesis of Diaryliodonium Salts -- 3. Application of Diaryliodonium Salts -- 3.1. N-Arylation of Nitrogen Nucleophiles: Amines, Amides, and Other Nitrogenous Heterocycles -- 3.2. O-Arylation: Alcohols, Phenols, and Carboxylic Acids -- 3.3. Arylation of Other Heteroatom Nucleophiles -- Conclusion -- Disclaimer -- References -- Expert Commentary -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors for Copper Ions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Small Molecule Fluorescent Sensors -- Anthracene Derived Fluorophores -- Coumarin Derived Fluorophores -- Dansyl Derived Fluorophores -- Fluorescein Derived Fluorophores -- Naphthalimide Derived Fluorophores -- Pyrene Derived Fluorophores -- Quinazoline Derived Fluorophores -- Quinoline Derived Fluorophores -- Rhodamine Derived Fluorophores -- Other Small Molecules as Fluorophores -- Conclusion -- Future Perspectives -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Preparation of High-Performance Polymers by Click Chemistry and Their Membrane-Based Application -- Abstract -- Abbreviations -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Classifications of Click Polymerization -- 2.1. Copper(I) Catalyzed Azide-Alkyne Click Polymerization (CuAACP) -- 2.1.1. Synthesis, Characterization, and Properties of Polymers -- 2.1.1.1. Mechanism of CuAAC -- 2.1.1.2. Linear Aromatic Based Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.1. Aromatic, Non-Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.2. Fluorinated Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.3. Crosslinked Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.2.4. Copoly(Triazole Imide)s -- 2.1.1.2.5. Phosphorus Containing Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.3. Hyperbranched Polytriazoles -- 2.1.1.4. Star-Shaped Polytriazoles Using Click Polymerization -- 2.2. Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 2.2.1. Polymer Synthesis Approaches -- 2.2.1.1. Thio-Michael Type Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2. Radical Thiol-Ene Polymerization -- 2.2.1.2.1. Photoinitiator -- 2.2.1.2.1.1. Direct Photoinitiation by Irradiation -- 2.2.1.2.1.2. Molecular Photoinitiation -- 2.2.1.3. Synthesis and Properties of High-Performance Polymers of Thiol Based Click Reaction -- 2.3. Amino-Yne Click Polymerization -- 2.4. Diels-Alder Click Polymerization -- 3. Membrane Based Application of the Polymers Prepared by Click Polymerizations. , 3.1. Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) Based Applications of Polytriazoles -- 3.1.1. Proton Transportation Mechanisms in PEMs -- 3.1.2. PEM Related Parameters -- 3.1.2.1. Ion Exchange Capacity -- 3.1.2.2. Water Uptake and Swelling Ratio Measurements -- 3.1.2.3. Proton Conductivity -- 3.1.2.4. Morphological Investigation -- 3.1.2.5. Oxidative and Hydrolytic Stability -- 3.1.2.6. Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Performance -- 3.1.3. PEM Properties of Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.1. Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.1.3.2. Non-Fluorinated Sulfonated Copolytriazoles -- 3.2. Membrane-Based Applications of Polymers through Thiol Based Click Polymerization -- 3.2.1. Proton Exchange Membrane Application -- 3.2.2. Application as Anion Exchange Membranes -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Steroids and Triterpenoids: Achievements and Prospects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Transformation of Steroids Via the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Bile Acids -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Cholesterol Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Steroid Sex Hormones -- Transformation of Pentacyclic Triterpenoids Using the CuAAC Reaction -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Conjugates and Triazolyl-Containing Lupane Type Triterpenoid Derivatives -- CuAAC Reaction in the Synthesis of Triazolyl-Containing Oleanane and Ursane Type Triterpenoids -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Adsorption of Cationic Dye Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene Filled with Inorganic Particles on Base of Bentonite -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Section 1 -- Structure and Properties of Bentonite and Bentonite/Magnetite Powders -- Materials -- Granulometric Composition of the Researched Powders -- Surface Morphology and Elemental Composition -- porous Structure -- Crystal Structure -- Section 2 -- Structure and Properties of the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Preparation of the PS/Bentonite and PS/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Crystal Structure -- Thermal Behavior of the Polystyrene/Bentonite Composite Materials -- Infra-Red (IR) Spectroscopy -- Section 3 -- Adsorption of Methylene Blue by the Polystyrene/Bentonite and Polystyrene/Bentonite/Magnetite Composite Films -- Adsorption Experiments -- Adsorption Models -- MB Adsorption Kinetics on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- MB Adsorption Equilibrium on PS and PS/Bentonite Composites -- Study of the Adsorbents Surface Morphology after Adsorption Test -- IR Spectroscopy after Adsorption Test -- Adsorption Kinetics of Methylene Blue on Polystyrene/Bentonite/ Magnetite Film Composites -- Effect of the Adsorbed MB on IR Spectra of the PS/Bentonite/ Magnetite -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 2 -- Carbon Tetrachloride: Dielectric Relaxation Study and Uses -- Chapter 3 -- Hydrogen Peroxide, an Important Green Chemical: Traditional and New Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Oxidant -- Water and Wastewater Pollution Treatment -- Oxidative Functionalization (O Donor) -- Oxidation of a Double Bond -- Oxidation of Alcohols -- Alkane Oxygenation [31] -- Hydrogen Peroxide as Reductant -- Extraction from Ores. , In the Leaching Process -- H2O2 in Nanochemistry -- Nanoparticle Synthesis -- Microemulsions Based Metal Peroxide Preparation -- Nanocatalyst for the Selective Oxidation with H2O2 -- Hydrogen Peroxide in Biology and Medicine -- Biocatalysis -- In Biology -- H2O2 as a Signaling Molecule -- H2O2 as Hydrogen Atom Donor -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketches -- Chapter 4 -- A Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Characteristic of Hydrogen Peroxide -- Abstract -- Introduction -- ROS-Inducing Yeast Apoptosis -- H2O2: A Major Apoptosis Inducer -- Caspase-Independent Yeast Apoptosis -- AIF1: An Apoptosis Inducing Factor in Yeast -- NDE1: A Ros-Related Yeast Apoptotis Inducer -- NUC1: Yeast Apoptosis-Inducing Endonuclease -- Nma111p: A Nuclear Mediator of Yeast Apoptosis -- Caspase-Dependent Apoptosis -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Hydrogen Peroxide to Oxidize Terpenic Alcohols in Keggin Heteropolyacid Salts-Catalyzed Reactions -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Methods -- Chemicals -- Catalytic Tests -- Main Results -- Borneol Oxidation -- β-Citronellol Oxidation -- Geraniol Oxidation -- Nerol Oxidation -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 -- Diamines: Types, Methods of Synthesis and Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Methods -- 2.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone [24] -- 2.1.1. Synthesis of Diamine -- 2.1.1.1. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone LH6 [15] -- 2.1.1.2. Benzilbis (Thiosemicarbazonato) Copper (II) CuLH4 -- 2.1.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.1.2.1. IR and Elemental Analysis of Ligand and Diamine -- 2.2. Diamino-Terephthalic Acid [25] -- 2.2.1. Dinitroterephthalic Acid (DNTPA) and Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.1.1. Synthesis of Mono- and Dinitroterephthalic Acid (MNTPA and DNTPA) -- 2.2.1.1.1. Synthesis of Diaminoterephthalic Acid (DATPA) -- 2.2.2. Results and Discussion. , 2.2.2.1. MNTPA and DNTPA -- 2.3. QuinoxalineDiamine [26] -- 2.3.1. Synthesis of 2, 3-bis-p-Aminophenylquinoxaline (IV) -- 2.3.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4. Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone and Its Complexes [27] -- 2.4.1. Asynthesis of Benzilbisthiosemicarbazone (LH6) and Its Complexes -- 2.4.2. Results and Discussion -- 2.4.2.1. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Monomers -- 2.5. Acenaphtohydrazinomercaptotriazoldiamine (AHTD) [28] -- 2.5.1. Synthesis of Monomer -- 2.5.2. IR, 1HNMR and Elemental Analysis of Diamine (AHTD) -- 2.6. Fluorene Based Diamine [29] -- 2.6.1. Synthesis of 2, 7-Dinitrofluorene (Scheme 7) -- 2.6.1.1. Synthesis of 2, 7- Diaminofluorene (Scheme 6.2) -- 2.6.2. Fluorene Based Dinitro Synthesis (Scheme 6.3) -- 2.6.2.1. Fluorene Based Diamine Synthesis -- 2.6.3. Results and Discussion -- 2.6.3.1. Monomer Synthesis and Characterization -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Diamines as Tunable Chemicals in Thin Film Composite Membrane Formation -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Thin-Film Polyamide Composite Membrane -- Different Diamines -- Trends and Future Directions -- To Develop Chlorine Resistance -- To Develop Fouling Resistance -- To Improve Performance -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 8 -- Gas Hydrate: Applications, Structure, Formation, Separation Processes and Thermodynamics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Results and Discussions -- 2.1. The Process of Forming Gas Hydrates -- 2.2. Hydrate Gas Structure -- 2.2.1. Structure I -- 2.2.2. Structure II -- 2.2.4. Structure H -- 3. Hydrate Formation and Stability -- 4. Clathrate Sediments -- 5. Gas Hydration Applications -- 5.1. The Effect of Slope on the Stability of the Underlying Layers -- 5.2. Hydrate Crystals in Separation Processes -- 5.3. Oxygen Enrichment Using the Formation of Gas Hydrates -- 5.4. Concentration for the Formation of Hydrate. , 5.5. Gas Hydrates and Sea Water Sweetening -- 5.6. Hydrate Crystals in the Environment -- 5.7. A Future Energy Source -- 5.8. Thermodynamics -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.

Note: Intro -- Contents -- Preface -- Chapter 1 -- Hydrogels for Tissue Engineering Applications -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. A Brief Idea about Hydrogel -- 3. Classifications of Hydrogels -- 3.1. Based on Source of Monomer or Polymer -- 3.2. Based on Durability of Hydrogel -- 3.3. Classification Based on Environmental Response to Stimuli -- 3.3.1. Smart Hydrogels -- 3.3.2. pH-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.3. Temperature Sensitive Hydrogel -- 3.3.4. Complexing Hydrogels -- 3.3.5. Ion-Sensitive Hydrogels -- 3.3.6. H-Bonding Hydrogel -- 3.3.7. Stimuli Responsive Hydrogels -- 3.3.8. Other Classification -- 4. Applications of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 4.1. Hydrogels for Wound Dressings -- 4.2. Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.2.1. Injectable Hydrogels Used for Bone Tissue Engineering -- 4.3. Cartilage Tissue Engineering -- 4.4. Meniscus Tissue Engineering -- 4.4.1. Principles of Substitution of the Meniscus -- 4.5. Skin Tissue Engineering -- 4.6. Tendon Tissue Engineering -- 4.7. Cornea Tissue Engineering -- 4.8. Cardiac Tissue Engineering -- 4.9. Hydrogels in Neural Tissue Engineering -- 5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering -- 5.1. Advantages -- 5.2. Disadvantages -- 5.3. Future Perspectives of Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering Applications -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 -- Multifunctional Supramolecular Gels - An Overview -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Design and Synthesis of Functional Gelators -- 3. Functional Aspects -- 3.1. Responsive Materials -- 3.2. Catalysis -- 3.3. Sensing -- 3.4. Templates for Nano Particles -- 3.5. Biomaterials -- 3.6. Oil Spill Remediation and Pollutant Removal -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 3 -- Drying of Aromatic Plants: Processes and Effects -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Drying Technologies -- Sun Drying -- Indirect Solar Drying/Shade Drying. , Lyophilisation (Freeze-Drying) -- Hot Air Drying -- Microwave Drying -- Microwave Vacuum Drying -- Fluidized Bed Drying -- Drying with Supercritical CO2 -- Radiofrequency Drying -- Ultrasound Assisted Drying -- Infrared Drying -- Effect of Drying on the Physical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Mint -- Basil -- Coriander -- Thyme -- Parsley -- Oregano -- Rosemary -- Dill -- Bay -- Effect of Drying on the Chemical Properties of Aromatic Plants -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 -- Single Crystal X-Ray Structures and Anticancer Activity Studies on Thiazolidine Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Single Crystal X-Ray Spectroscopic Structure Studies on T4CA Derivatives -- 2. Diastereoselectivity Calculation of 2A-T4CA Using Single Crystal X-ray Structures [8] -- 2.1. Crystal Structure of Diastereomer 2a [8] -- 2.3. Supramolecular Aggregation Assembly (3D-Pattern) in 2a [8] -- 3. Thiazolidine Derivatives with Anticancer Properties -- 4. Anti Breast Cancer Activity of N-BOC Protected 2-Aryl-Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Anilides (N-BOC-2A-T4CA) [22] -- 4.1. Synthesis of Compounds 2A-T4CA Moieties (2a-2t) -- 4.2. Synthesis and Separation of N-BOC-2A-T4CA Moieties (3a-3f) -- 4.3. Single Crystal X-Ray Crystallographic Structures of 2s, 3b, 3c, 3e and 3f [22] -- 4.4. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.4.1. Cell Viability Studies by MTT Assay [23] -- 4.4.2. Fluorescence Microscopy -- 4.5. In Vitro Anticancer Activity -- 4.6. Cell Morphology Studies by Fluorescence Microscopy -- 5. Thiazolidine Amides and Their Biological Significance -- 5.1. Cytotoxicity Study of the Thiazolidine Anilides [30] -- 5.2. Single Crystal X-ray Structures of Compounds 3, 4b and 6b -- 5.3. Anticancer Activity -- References -- Chapter 5 -- Low Molecular Mass Gelators Based on Thiazole Derivatives: Design and Function -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction. , 2. Thiazole and Its Derivatives Based on Molecular Design -- 2.1. Salts -- 2.2. Amides -- 2.3. Urea Derivatives -- 2.4. Metal Complexes -- 3. Effect of Solvent Parameters on Gelation -- 4. Characterization -- 4.1 Thixotropy -- 4.2. Small Angle Scattering -- 4.3. VT-NMR -- 4.4. FT-IR, PXRD, SEM -- 4.5. Computational Modelling -- 5. Applications -- 5.1. Template Directed Nano Particle Synthesis -- 5.2. Heavy Metal Gelation -- 5.3. Sensing -- 5.4. Other Applications -- Conclusion and Outlook -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 6 -- Impedance Spectroscopy Characterization of a Niobate Material for RF Applications -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Case Study -- 1. Samples Preparation -- 2. Material Characterization -- 3. Results and Discussion -- 3.1. Structural and Morphologic Characterization -- 3.2. Dielectric Characterization -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7 -- Nitrogen Containing Conjugated Building Blocks for Use in Organic Electronics -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Nitrogen Containing Building Blocks in Organic Electronics -- 2.1. Benzothiadiazoles and Benzoquinoxalines -- 2.2. Thienopyrazines -- 2.3. Benzobisthiadiazoles -- 2.4. Benzoselenodiazoles -- 2.5. Benzotriazoles -- 2.6. Carbazoles -- 2.7. Dithienopyrroles -- 2.8. Phthalimides -- 2.9. Thienopyrrolediones -- 2.10. Diketopyrrolopyrroles -- 2.11. Bithiophene Imides -- 2.12. Thienoisoindolediones -- 2.13. Isoindigos -- 2.14. Naphthalene Diimides and Perylene Diimides -- 2.15. Naphthobisthiadiazoles -- 2.16. Azaacenes -- Conclusion -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 8 -- Study of Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Compounds MS2 (M = Ti, Mo, W): An Ab-Initio Approach -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Computational Theory -- Results and Discussion -- Structural Optimization -- Electronic Properties -- Energy Band Structure -- Density of States. , Optical Properties -- Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9 -- Synthesis, Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acid Derivatives -- Abstract -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1. Amino Acids -- 1.2. L-Cysteine -- 1.3. Absolute and Relative Configuration of L-Cysteine -- 2. Synthesis of Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids by Reaction of L-Cysteine and Aldehydes -- 3. Mechanism of Cyclization Reaction of the L-Cysteine and Aldehyde -- 4. Biological Activities of the T4CA Derivatives -- 5. Antioxidant Activity of 2-Aryl Thiazolidine-4-Carboxylic Acids -- 6. Antibacterial Activity of T4CA -- References -- Chapter 10 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Chelating Resins -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Method -- Materials and Reagents -- Be2+ Analysis -- Testing Equipment -- Results and Discussion -- Influence of Resin Dose on the Removal of Be2+ -- Influence of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Kinetic Studies -- Isotherm Studies -- Thermodynamic Studies -- Regeneration Studies -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Biographical Sketch -- Chapter 11 -- Removal of Beryllium (Be2+) from Aqueous Solutions by Biopolymer-Enhanced Ultrafiltration -- Abstract -- Introduction -- Experimental -- Chemicals and Materials -- Membrane Preconditioning -- Dead-End Ultrafiltration Experiments -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Results and Discussion -- Characterization of Water-Soluble Polymer -- Effect of Be2+: Polymer Mole Ratio on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Initial Solution pH on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Contact Time on the Removal of Be2+ -- Effect of Interfering Ions on the Removal of Be2+ -- Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- Disclaimer -- References -- Contents of Earlier Volumes -- Index -- Blank Page.