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  • 1
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Populationsdynamik ; Euphausia superba ; Lazarev-See ; Lipidstoffwechsel
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: Online-Ressource (38 S., 11,9 MB) , Ill., graph. Darst.
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 03F0400B , Unterschiede zwischen der elektronischen Ressource und dem gedruckten Dokument können nicht ausgeschlossen werden. - Auch als gedr. Ausg. vorhanden , Systemvoraussetzungen: Acrobat reader.
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The northern Humboldt Current upwelling system (HCS) belongs to the most productive marine ecosystems, providing five to eight times higher fisheries landings per unit area than other coastal upwelling systems. To solve this “Peruvian puzzle”, to elucidate the pelagic food-web structure and to better understand trophic interactions in the HCS, a combined stable isotope and fatty acid trophic biomarker approach was adopted for key zooplankton taxa and higher trophic positions with an extensive spatial coverage from 8.5 to 16°S and a vertical range down to 1,000 m depth. A pronounced regional shift by up to ∼5‰ in the δ15N baseline of the food web occurred from North to South. Besides regional shifts, δ15N ratios of particulate organic matter (POM) also tended to increase with depth, with differences of up to 3.8‰ between surface waters and the oxygen minimum zone. In consequence, suspension-feeding zooplankton permanently residing at depth had up to ∼6‰ higher δ15N signals than surface-living species or diel vertical migrants. The comprehensive data set covered over 20 zooplankton taxa and indicated that three crustacean species usually are key in the zooplankton community, i.e., the copepods Calanus chilensis at the surface and Eucalanus inermis in the pronounced OMZ and the krill Euphausia mucronata, resulting in an overall low number of major trophic pathways toward anchovies. In addition, the semi-pelagic squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon appears to play a key role in the benthic-pelagic coupling, as indicated by highest δ13C’ ratios of −14.7‰. If feeding on benthic resources and by diel vertical migration, they provide a unique pathway for returning carbon and energy from the seafloor to the epipelagic layer, increasing the food supply for pelagic fish. Overall, these mechanisms result in a very efficient food chain, channeling energy toward higher trophic positions and partially explaining the “Peruvian puzzle” of enormous fish production in the HCS.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: Highlights: • Environmental conditions cause specific zooplankton life strategies. • No ontogenetic or diel vertical migration in the life cycle of Calanus chilensis. • Spatial expansion of Calanus chilensis secondary production far offshore. • Compacted surface biomass of Calanus chilensis allows easy foraging by anchovy. Abstract: Calanid copepods of the genera Calanus and Calanoides are key components of zooplankton communities in upwelling systems. Here, we compare the life-history traits of Calanus chilensis from the Humboldt Current Systems (HCS) off northern Peru and its counterpart Calanoides natalis from the northern Benguela Current System (BCS) off Namibia. A comprehensive data set of the distribution and abundance patterns of these species along extensive horizontal and vertical scales is presented. C. chilensis from the HCS was almost exclusively restricted to the surface layer (50–0 m) above the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), whereas C. natalis from the BCS inhabited the entire water column down to 800 m performing ontogenetic vertical migration (OVM) through the OMZ. Resting stages of C. natalis at depth accumulated high amounts of lipid (30–60% of dry mass, DM), whereas C. chilensis did not rely on lipid reserves. These findings confirm that the life cycle of C. chilensis does not include OVM with diapause at depth. Surprisingly, the regional distribution of C. chilensis secondary production extended much further offshore (〉200 km from the coast) than is typical of other coastal upwelling systems. Deviating environmental conditions forced the two key calanid species to develop specific, but different life strategies for HCS and BCS. Compacted biomass concentrations of C. chilensis in the surface layer from the shelf (≤3 g DM m−2) to offshore waters (≤1.5 g DM m−2) facilitate easy and efficient foraging by predators such as juvenile Peruvian anchovies. In contrast, a large fraction of the C. natalis biomass occurs within the OMZ and is thus out of reach for hypoxia-sensitive predators. Calanoid copepods (e.g. C. chilensis) play a crucial role as important prey for growth and recruitment of small pelagic fish. Thus, the compacted biomass and high productivity of C. chilensis at the surface derived from its adaptive life-history traits (no OVM) may explain the superior trophic transfer efficiency and hence enormous fisheries yield of the HCS compared to the BCS.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2024-02-07
    Description: The Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HCS) is the most productive eastern boundary upwelling system (EBUS) in terms of fishery yield on the planet. EBUSs are considered hotspots of climate change with predicted expansion of mesopelagic oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) and related changes in the frequency and intensity of upwelling of nutrient-rich, low-oxygen deep water. To increase our mechanistic understanding of how upwelling impacts plankton communities and trophic links, we investigated mesozooplankton community succession and gut fluorescence, fatty acid and elemental compositions (C, N, O, P), and stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) ratios of dominant mesozooplankton and microzooplankton representatives in a mesocosm setup off Callao (Peru) after simulated upwelling with OMZ water from two different locations and different N:P signatures (moderate and extreme treatments). An oxycline between 5 and 15 m with hypoxic conditions (〈50 µmol L−1) below ∼10 m persisted in the mesocosms throughout the experiment. No treatment effects were determined for the measured parameters, but differences in nutrient concentrations established through OMZ water additions were only minor. Copepods and polychaete larvae dominated in terms of abundance and biomass. Development and reproduction of the dominant copepod genera Paracalanus sp., Hemicyclops sp., Acartia sp., and Oncaea sp. were hindered as evident from accumulation of adult copepodids but largely missing nauplii. Failed hatching of nauplii in the hypoxic bottom layer of the mesocosms and poor nutritional condition of copepods suggested from very low gut fluorescence and fatty acid compositions most likely explain the retarded copepod development. Correlation analysis revealed no particular trophic relations between dominant copepods and phytoplankton groups. Possibly, particulate organic matter with a relatively high C:N ratio was a major diet of copepods. C:N ratios of copepods and polychaetes ranged 4.8–5.8 and 4.2–4.3, respectively. δ15N was comparatively high (∼13 ‰–17 ‰), potentially because the injected OMZ source water was enriched in δ15N as a result of anoxic conditions. Elemental ratios of dinoflagellates deviated strongly from the Redfield ratio. We conclude that opportunistic feeding of copepods may have played an important role in the pelagic food web. Overall, projected changes in the frequency and intensity of upwelling hypoxic waters may make a huge difference for copepod reproduction and may be further enhanced by varying N:P ratios of upwelled OMZ water masses.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: text
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The Humboldt Upwelling System (HUS) supports high levels of primary production and has the largest single-stock fishery worldwide. The high fish production is suggested to be related to high trophic transfer efficiency in the HUS. Mucous-mesh grazers (pelagic tunicates and gastropods) are mostly of low nutritious value and might reduce trophic transfer efficiency when they are locally abundant. Unfortunately, little is known about the spatial dynamics of mucous-mesh grazers from Peruvian waters, limiting our understanding of their potential ecological role(s). We provide a spatial assessment of mucous-mesh grazer abundance from the Peruvian shelf in austral summer 2018/2019 along six cross-shelf transects spanning from 8.5 to 16° S latitude. The community was dominated by appendicularians and doliolids. Salps occurred in high abundance but infrequently and pelagic gastropods were mostly restricted to the North. At low latitudes, the abundance of mucous-mesh grazers was higher than some key species of crustacean mesozooplankton. Transects in this region had stronger Ekman-transport, higher temperature, lower surface turbidity and a broader oxygenated upper water layer compared to higher-latitude transects. Small-scale lateral intrusions of upwelled water were potentially associated with high abundances of doliolids at specific stations. The high abundance and estimated ingestion rates of mucous-mesh grazers in the northern HUS suggest that a large flux of carbon from lower trophic levels is shunted to tunicates in recently upwelled water masses. The data provide important information on the ecology of mucous mesh grazers and stress the relevance to increase research effort on investigating their functioning in upwelling systems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 6
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    In:  EPIC3Third International Symposium on Effects of Climate Change on the World`s Oceans, Santos City, Brazil, 2015-03-23-2015-03-27
    Publication Date: 2015-04-17
    Description: Migrant biomass and carbon fux of vertically migrating meso- and macrozooplankton was calculated for shelf (〈 200 m bottom depth) and oceanic (〉 200 m bottom depth) regions in the northern Benguela upwelling system. Active carbon fux is based on migrant biomass and respiration rates. Especially in upwelling regions, oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) are a common feature and thus the impact of low oxygen concentrations (i.e. hypoxia) on metabolic rates also should be considered. Copepods were sampled with a 0.25 m2 multiple opening and closing net (Multinet midi), while a larger net (1 m MOCNESS) was used for the collection of euphausiids and decapods. Copepods were dominant in the upper 50 m of shelf areas with a migrant biomass between 23 and 47 mg C m-2, whereas euphausiids were more abundant at oceanic regions with up to 1437 mg C m-2. Decapods were absent at the shelf but important in greater depth at oceanic stations (〉 150 mg C m-2). Mass-specifc respiration rates of individuals from the OMZ were reduced by 46-64% as compared to metabolic rates of specimens from surface waters. The resulting active carbon fux out of the upper 100 m by vertically migrating species was estimated with 4.3 mg C m-2 d-1 for shelf regions and 11.2 mg C m-2 d-1 for oceanic areas, which is equivalent to 4% and 35% of sinking POC, respectively. These data emphasize the crucial role of the OMZ for future developments of realistic carbon budgets under climate change scenarios.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2015-04-17
    Description: Das interdisziplinäre GENUS-Projekt (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) ist ein vom BMBF gefördertes Verbundprojekt mit dem Ziel den Zusammenhang zwischen Klimavariabilität, biogeochemischen Stoffkreisläufen und der Ökosystemstruktur des nördlichen Benguelagebietes besser zu verstehen. Ein Schwerpunkt des GENUS-Projektes liegt dabei auf der Quantifizierung des aktiven Kohlenstoffflusses durch die vorherrschenden Zooplanktonarten. Das Benguelaauftriebsgebiet vor der Küste Namibias gehört zu den produktivsten Meeresgebieten weltweit und hat somit einen starken ökonomischen Einfluss auf die Anrainerstaaten und versorgt diese mit wichtigen marinen Ressourcen (Fische, Krebstiere u.a.). Im nördlichen Benguelagebiet wird das Zooplankton ganzjährig von Copepoden, Dekapoden und verschiedenen Krillarten dominiert. Viele dieser Planktonorganismen unternehmen ausgeprägte Vertikalwanderungen und transportieren dadurch Kohlenstoff, den sie während der Nacht in den oberen Wasserschichten als Nahrung aufgenommen haben, aktiv in tiefere Wasserschichten. In der Tiefe wird die Nahrung katabolisiert und der Kohlenstoff als anorganischer Kohlenstoff über die Atmung wieder ausgeschieden. Dabei ist sowohl die Horizontalverteilung des Planktons, als auch deren Wanderungsverhalten von verschiedenen biotischen und abiotischen Parametern beeinflusst. Einerseits, wahrscheinlich bedingt durch hydrographische und topographische Unterschiede, ist die Planktonbiomasse im nördlichen Bereich des Untersuchungsgebietes deutlich höher als im südlichen Bereich. Andererseits passen einzelne Arten ihr Vertikalwanderungsverhalten, d.h. die Wanderungsamplitude, an die vorherrschenden hydrographischen Bedingungen, vor allem Temperatur und Sauerstoffverfügbarkeit, an. Dies führt zu einer hohen räumlichen Variabilität in den aktiven Kohlenstoffflüssen. Zusätzlich führen Unterschiede in den Habitatpräferenzen (Schelf/Schelfhang/Offener Ozean) dazu, dass der aktive Kohlenstofftransport auf dem Schelf maßgeblich von Copepoden und einer Krillart bestimmt wird, wohingegen am Schelfhang und im offenen Ozean Krill und Dekapoden diesen Prozess dominieren. Vergleiche der aktiven mit den passiven Kohlenstoffflüssen (mittels Sedimentfallen) zeigen, dass das Zooplankton über dem Schelf in etwa 1-8% des organischen Kohlenstoffflusses ausmacht, wohingegen sie 7-73% zu den Flüssen im Hangbereich und offenen Ozean beitragen. Analysen des Einflusses der Temperatur und Sauerstoffverfügbarkeit auf das Verhalten und die Physiologie der Tiere legen dabei nahe, dass klimatische Veränderungen in den Meeresregionen auch den Beitrag des Planktons zu den Kohlenstoffflüssen regional, aber auch im globalen Maßstab, signifikant verändern werden.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2024-03-09
    Description: Increasing upwelling intensity and shoaling of the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) is projected for Eastern Boundary Upwelling Systems (EBUSs) under ocean warming which may have severe consequences for mesopelagic food webs, trophic transfer, and fish production also in the Humboldt Current Upwelling System (HUS). To improve our mechanistic understanding, from February 23, 2017 until April 14, 2017 we performed a 50 days mesocosm experiment in the northern HUS (off Callao Bay, Peru) and monitored the zooplankton development prior to and following a simulated upwelling event through the addition of deeper water of two different OMZ-influenced subsurface waters to four of in total eight mesocosms. To elucidate plankton dynamics and trophic relationships, we followed the temporal development of the mesozooplankton community in relation to that of phytoplankton, analyzed the fatty acid composition and gut fluorescence of dominant copepods, and determined the stable isotope (SI) and elemental composition (C:N) of dominant zooplankton taxa. Zooplankton samples were collected from the mesocosms over the entire experiment duration using an Apstein net (17 cm diameter, 100 µm mesh) to determine abundance and taxonomic composition of the zooplankton community, and to analyze fatty acid composition, gut fluorescence and elemental composition of dominant zooplankton. Furthermore, abundance and biomass of zooplankton groups was estimated from scanned ZooScan images.
    Keywords: Abundance; Biomass; Climate - Biogeochemistry Interactions in the Tropical Ocean; Coastal Upwelling System in a Changing Ocean; CUSCO; Gut fluorescence; Humboldt Current System; KOSMOS_2017; KOSMOS_2017_Peru; KOSMOS Peru; Lipid; MESO; mesocosm experiment; Mesocosm experiment; Oxygen Minimun zone; SFB754; Stable isotopes; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 5 datasets
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2024-03-09
    Description: A combined stable isotope and fatty acid trophic biomarker approach was adopted for key zooplankton taxa and higher trophic positions of the northern Humboldt Current System to elucidate the pelagic food-web structure and to better understand trophic interactions. Samples covered an extensive spatial range from 8.5°S to 16°S and a vertical range down to 1,000 m depth. Immediately after each haul, specimens were sorted alive in the lab and apparently live and healthy individuals were stored in vials and deep-frozen at -80°C until further lipid and stable isotope analyses. The comprehensive data set covered over 20 zooplankton taxa and indicated that three biomass-rich crustacean species usually dominated the zooplankton community, i.e., the copepods Calanus chilensis at the surface and Eucalanus inermis in the pronounced oxygen minimum zone and the krill Euphausia mucronata, resulting in an overall low number of major trophic pathways toward anchovies. In addition, the semi-pelagic squat lobster Pleuroncodes monodon appears to play a key role in the benthic-pelagic coupling. By partly feeding on benthic resources and by diel vertical migration, P. monodon provides a unique pathway for returning carbon and energy from the sea floor to the epipelagic layer, increasing the food supply for pelagic fish.
    Keywords: Coastal Upwelling System in a Changing Ocean; CUSCO
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2024-03-09
    Description: Abundance and community structure of calanoid copepods of one day (stn. 16; bottom depth 5,433 m) and one night station (stn. 15; bottom depth 5,462 m) were analyzed (Fig. 1). Stratified vertical hauls were carried out within 24 h with a HydroBios Multinet Maxi (0.5 m2 net opening, 9 nets, 150 µm mesh size) from 800 m depth to the surface (strata: 800-700-600-500-400-300-200-100-50-0 m). The filtered water volume was measured with a flowmeter attached to the net opening. After retrieval, samples were preserved in a 4% borax-buffered formaldehyde in seawater solution. Calanoid copepods were sorted according to their developmental stages (copepodids C1-3 and C4/5, adult females and males), counted and identified to genus or, if possible, to species level under a dissecting microscope (Leica MZ12). Rare species (〈100 individuals per sample) were counted from the entire sample. Total length (TL) of up to 100 calanoid individuals per taxonomic category (i.e. family/genus/species) and stage was measured (~6,600 specimens in total). Dry mass (DM) of calanoids was calculated based on the median TL of each taxonomic category. Individual respiration rates were calculated from individual DM and in situ temperatures, which were then converted to carbon units and used to calculate ingestion and egestion rates.
    Keywords: calanoid copepods; South Atlantic Ocean; subtropical area; Zooplankton
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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