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  • 1
    In: Journal of plankton research, Oxford : Oxford Univ. Press, 1979, 31(2009), 6, Seite 669-686, 1464-3774
    In: volume:31
    In: year:2009
    In: number:6
    In: pages:669-686
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: graph. Darst
    ISSN: 1464-3774
    Language: English
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  • 2
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (21 Seiten, 1,83 MB) , Diagramme
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 03F0797C , Verbundnummer 01183047
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-02-08
    Description: Deep-sea ecosystems, limited by their inability to use primary production as a source of carbon, rely on other sources to maintain life. Sedimentation of organic carbon into the deep sea has been previously studied, however, the high biomass of sedimented Sargassum algae discovered during the VEMA Transit expedition in 2014/2015 to the southern North Atlantic, and its potential as a regular carbon input, has been an underestimated phenomenon. To determine the potential for this carbon flux, a literature survey of previous studies that estimated the abundance of surface water Sargassum was conducted. We compared these estimates with quantitative analyses of sedimented Sargassum appearing on photos taken with an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) directly above the abyssal sediment during the expedition. Organismal communities associated to Sargassum fluitans from surface waters were investigated and Sargassum samples collected from surface waters and the deep sea were biochemically analyzed (fatty acids, stable isotopes, C:N ratios) to determine degradation potential and the trophic significance within deep-sea communities. The estimated Sargassum biomass (fresh weight) in the deep sea (0.07 − 3.75 g/m2) was several times higher than that estimated from surface waters in the North Atlantic (0.024 – 0.84 g/m2). Biochemical analysis showed degradation of Sargassum occurring during sedimentation or in the deep sea, however, fatty acid and stable isotope analysis did not indicate direct trophic interactions between the algae and benthic organisms. Thus, it is assumed that components of the deep-sea microbial food web form an important link between the macroalgae and larger benthic organisms. Evaluation of the epifauna showed a diverse nano- micro-, meio, and macrofauna on surface Sargassum and maybe transported across the Atlantic, but we had no evidence for a vertical exchange of fauna components. The large-scale sedimentation of Sargassum forms an important trophic link between surface and benthic production and has to be further considered in the future as a regular carbon input to the deep-sea floor in the North Atlantic.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2023-02-08
    Description: Highlights: • Micronekton ecology differed between equatorial (EQ) and low-oxygen waters (LO). • The δ15N enrichment per trophic level was lower in the productive LO than in the EQ. • Migrating fauna in the LO encounter increased competition for food resources. • The δ15N values of non-migrators increased with depth in the EQ, but not in the LO. • The δ15N values of mesopelagic micronektonivores were lower in the productive LO. Abstract: The ecology of vertically migrating mesopelagic micronekton is affected by physical properties of their environment. Increased light attenuation in particle-rich productive waters, as well as low oxygen conditions decrease the migration amplitude. This likely has implications on the trophic organisation of micronekton communities, which are predominantly governed by niche partitioning in the vertical dimension. We investigated trophic structures of pelagic communities in the eastern tropical North Atlantic by comparing micronekton species assemblages from the low-oxygen region influenced by Mauritanian upwelling between 8° and 11° N (LO) and the less productive and more oxygenated equatorial area between 0 and 4°N (EQ). We analysed stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) in body tissues of 35 species of mesopelagic fishes, four species of cephalopods, two species of cnidarians, and two species of decapods and used these values as a proxy for their trophic niche and correlated them with the traits feeding guild, migration pattern, mean depth of occurrence and body size. Our results demonstrate significant regional differences in the food web structure and vertical trophic interactions of the investigated micronekton assemblages. Diurnally migrating fishes that predominantly feed on copepods exhibited higher δ15N values in the LO (9.6‰) than in the EQ (8.9‰), reflecting changes in baseline values of pelagic tunicates. Contrary, all other Feeding – Migrator guilds show lower or similar δ15N values in the LO compared to the EQ, indicating reduced isotopic enrichment between trophic levels (TL) in the LO compared to the EQ. Further, a generally lower δ15N enrichment between TL3 – TL4 compared to TL2 – TL3 was observed (LO: TL2 – TL3: ~2.2‰, TL3 – TL4: ~1.2‰; EQ: TL2 – TL3: ~3.5‰, TL3 – TL4: ~2.2‰). Quantitative isotopic niche metrics suggest enhanced competition in trophic niche space, whereas relative isotopic niche positions indicate an increased importance of food from lower trophic levels (non-crustacean and/or gelatinous prey resources) for fishes from the LO compared to the EQ. The absence of a depth-related increase in δ15N values of partial- and nonmigrators of the LO is contrary to results from the EQ and previously published data. Low δ15N values in partially and nonmigrating micronektonivores of the LO in comparison with those of the EQ could be due to feeding on lower trophic prey components in the LO, as is indicated by an overlap in isotopic niche with that of partially and nonmigrating mixed crustacean feeders in the LO. Alternatively, driving mechanisms could be the consumption of prey from shallower waters, regional differences in δ15N enrichment, species-specific ecological differences or a combination of these processes. Each of these explanations is likely tightly correlated to a vertical biogeochemical structuring effect of low oxygen midwater layers fuelled by high nitrate inputs from the Mauritanian upwelling region. Our study provides crucial ecological insights for a better understanding of large-scale gradients in micronekton migration patterns.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: The Humboldt Upwelling System (HUS) supports high levels of primary production and has the largest single-stock fishery worldwide. The high fish production is suggested to be related to high trophic transfer efficiency in the HUS. Mucous-mesh grazers (pelagic tunicates and gastropods) are mostly of low nutritious value and might reduce trophic transfer efficiency when they are locally abundant. Unfortunately, little is known about the spatial dynamics of mucous-mesh grazers from Peruvian waters, limiting our understanding of their potential ecological role(s). We provide a spatial assessment of mucous-mesh grazer abundance from the Peruvian shelf in austral summer 2018/2019 along six cross-shelf transects spanning from 8.5 to 16° S latitude. The community was dominated by appendicularians and doliolids. Salps occurred in high abundance but infrequently and pelagic gastropods were mostly restricted to the North. At low latitudes, the abundance of mucous-mesh grazers was higher than some key species of crustacean mesozooplankton. Transects in this region had stronger Ekman-transport, higher temperature, lower surface turbidity and a broader oxygenated upper water layer compared to higher-latitude transects. Small-scale lateral intrusions of upwelled water were potentially associated with high abundances of doliolids at specific stations. The high abundance and estimated ingestion rates of mucous-mesh grazers in the northern HUS suggest that a large flux of carbon from lower trophic levels is shunted to tunicates in recently upwelled water masses. The data provide important information on the ecology of mucous mesh grazers and stress the relevance to increase research effort on investigating their functioning in upwelling systems.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2014-07-04
    Description: In the framework of the GENUS –“Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System” research program, trophic interactions and carbon pathways throughout the food web of the coastal upwelling system are being quantified. In contrast to earlier studies, special focus is been given to lower trophic levels in higher taxonomic resolution. Energy demands of various zooplankton taxa, including copepods, euphausiids, decapods and fish larvae, have been quantified with standardized methodology via optode respirometry. Dietary spectra and trophic levels were analyzed by trophic biomarker approaches based on fatty acid composition and stable isotopes (15N, 13C), respectively. All empirical data are assembled for an Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE) food-web model. The EwE model distinguishes between shelf and offshore communities. The conceptual food‐web model consists of three groups of primary producers, i.e. diatoms, dinoflagellates, and cyanobacteria, as well as many consumers such as Calanoides carinatus as the key herbivorous copepod in the Benguela upwelling system, other copepods, Euphausia hanseni, other zooplankton, and pelagic fishes including sardine, anchovy, and horse mackerel. Empirical data show that zooplankton and particularly copepods encompass a wider range of trophic levels from herbivory to secondary or even tertiary consumers (δ15N from 4 to 12‰), while anchovy had rather low δ15N of about 7‰. Respiration rates and metabolic activities of copepods could be parameterized for the model by an energy budget approach based on ambient temperature, body mass, and activity level. Calanoid copepods consumed 78mg C m‐2 d‐1 in shelf regions and 21mg C m‐2 d‐1 in oceanic regions. Locally, C. carinatus could remove up to 90% of the diatom biomass per day. The community consumption of pelagic decapods ranged from 7 mg C m‐2 d‐1 to 〉20mg C m‐2 d‐1 with highest values in the northernmost part of the study area. Overall, pelagic decapods apparently play a more prominent role in the northern Benguela ecosystem than previously assumed and may exert a substantial predation pressure on calanoid copepods. GENUS results emphasize that the trophic interactions within zooplankton and lower trophic levels are more complex than just linking primary producers with pelagic fish and should be taken into account in the process of developing realistic food‐web models of coastal upwelling systems. Keywords: foodweb, zooplankton, trophic interactions, energy flux
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2014-07-04
    Description: The goal of the GENUS project (Geochemistry and Ecology of the Namibian Upwelling System) is to analyse the interrelationships between climate change, oceanic nutrients, greenhouse gases and the ecosystem structure in the coastal upwelling area off Namibia. The biological/ecological work package focused on the structure of the Northern Benguela Upwelling System (NBUS) and its energy flows under changing environmental conditions. Physiological constraints and adaptations were detected in several taxonomic groups investigated within the project, such as several copepod species, euphausiids and fish larvae. Temperature and oxygen distribution in the water column were identified as main drivers in modulating the distribution and ecology of many species. The extension and position of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) seems to have a significant impact on the life cycles, vertical distribution and trophic condition of various species. In copepods we find a variety of adaptation mechanisms. While some species avoid the OMZ, others use it for resting and predator avoidance during daytime. Such vertical migrations contribute significantly to vertical carbon flux. The same holds true for decapods (4.4 mg C m‐2 d‐1). Respiration rates of 16 copepod species were determined to average 54.6 ±32.8 ml O2 d‐1 gDM‐1. Calanoides carinatus diapausing C5 stages reduced respiration at depth by 82% compared to surface activity. Further adaptations were found in euphausiid species: While Euphausia hanseni is capable to use the OMZ as a retreat by reducing its metabolic activity at lower temperatures and unfavourable trophic conditions, Nematoscelis megalops generally maintains a low level metabolism adapted to a constant life in the OMZ, and avoids crossing the thermocline. Special features of early life stages of Trachurus capensis, the fish species actually showing highest commercial landings, were analysed to elucidate their potential advantages in life performance, compared to other small pelagic species such as sardines or anchovies. The species showed short‐term hypoxia tolerance down to 30% oxygen saturation and even survived 10% saturation. Combined with the ability to switch from smaller to larger copepod prey and to surpass vulnerable early stages much faster than competitor species, this could explain the dominance of Trachurus capensis in the NBUS. In addition, competitors and predators of fish larvae such as jellyfish or chaetognaths showed little or no response to low oxygen concentrations gaining advantage over e.g. sardines and anchovies. Isotope analyses of various pelagic species and their food revealed a complex picture of the trophic levels of species including developmental stages and provide the basis for trophic flow models. The results will also serve to calibrate carbon dynamics and nutrient flux models that were developed in another GENUS work package. Data will be compared with nutrient distribution patterns and dynamics that may influence primary production and impact zooplankton distribution and higher trophic levels such as fish, seabirds or mammals. Results clearly show that continuing ocean warming coupled with expansion of the OMZ may alter horizontal and vertical distribution of species and the food web structure of the ecosystem. Keywords: Benguela Current, OMZ, Pelagic Ecosystem, Physiology
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Conference , notRev
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  • 8
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    In:  University of Bremen, Marine Zoology | Supplement to: Bode, Maya; Koppelmann, Rolf; Teuber, Lena; Hagen, Wilhelm; Auel, Holger (2018): Carbon Budgets of Mesozooplankton Copepod Communities in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean-Regional and Vertical Patterns Between 24°N and 21°S. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 32(5), 840-857, https://doi.org/10.1029/2017GB005807
    Publication Date: 2023-08-05
    Description: The copepods' impact on vertical carbon flux was assessed for stratified depth layers down to 2000 m at six stations along a transect between 24°N and 21°S in the eastern Atlantic Ocean in October/November 2012. Total copepod community consumption ranged from 202-604 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹, with highest ingestion rates in the tropical North Atlantic. Calanoids consumed 75-90% of the particulate organic carbon (POC) ingested by copepods, although the relative contribution of cyclopoids (mostly Oncaeidae) increased with depth. Net ingestion (=consumption - fecal pellet egestion) of POC varied from 106-379 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ for calanoids and 37-51 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ for cyclopoids, corresponding to 16-58% and 5-9%, respectively, of primary production (PP). In total, 9-33% and 2-5% of PP were respired as inorganic carbon by calanoids and cyclopoids, respectively. Copepod ingestion was highly variable between stations and depth layers, especially in the epi- and upper mesopelagic zone. Diel vertical migrants such as Pleuromamma enhanced the vertical flux to deeper layers, particularly in the region influenced by the Benguela Current. The impact of copepod communities on POC flux decreased below 1000 m and POC resources reaching the bathypelagic zone were far from being fully exploited by copepods. As key components, copepods are important mediators of carbon fluxes in the ocean. Their biomass, community composition and interactions strongly affect the magnitude of organic carbon recycled or exported to deeper layers. High variability, even at smaller vertical scales, emphasizes the complex dynamics of the biological carbon pump.
    Type: Dataset
    Format: application/zip, 2 datasets
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2023-08-05
    Keywords: Acartia spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Acrocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Aetideidae, c1-c3, ingestion rate of carbon; Aetideopsis spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Aetideus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Amallothrix spp., ingestion rate of carbon; ANT-XXIX/1; Arietellus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Augaptilidae, ingestion rate of carbon; Augaptilus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Brachycalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Brodskius cf. paululus, ingestion rate of carbon; Calanidae, c1-c3, ingestion rate of carbon; Calanoida, ingestion rate of carbon; Calanoida indeterminata, copepodites, ingestion rate of carbon; Calanus sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Calculated; Calocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Canarias Sea; Candacia spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Carbon, organic, particulate, flux; Centraugaptilus sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Centropages bradyi, ingestion rate of carbon; Cephalophanes spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Chiridiella smoki, ingestion rate of carbon; Chiridius poppei, ingestion rate of carbon; Chirundina streetsii, ingestion rate of carbon; Clausocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Comment; Ctenocalanus cf. vanus, ingestion rate of carbon; Cyclopoida, ingestion rate of carbon; Date/Time of event; Delibus cf. nudus, ingestion rate of carbon; Depth, bottom/max; Depth, top/min; DEPTH, water; Disco spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Disseta palumbii, ingestion rate of carbon; Elevation of event; Euaugaptilus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Eucalanus hyalinus, ingestion rate of carbon; Euchaeta spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Euchaetidae, c1-c3, ingestion rate of carbon; Euchirella spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Event label; Falsilandrumius sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Farrania spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Gaetanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Gaussia princeps, ingestion rate of carbon; Haloptilus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Hemirhabdus sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Heteramella sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Heterorhabdus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Heterstylites major, ingestion rate of carbon; Labidocera spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Latitude of event; Longitude of event; Lophothrix spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Lucicutia spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Mecynocera clausii, ingestion rate of carbon; Megacalanus princeps, ingestion rate of carbon; Mesocalanus tenuicornis, ingestion rate of carbon; Metridia spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Microcalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Mimocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Monacilla spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Mospicalanus sp., ingestion rate of carbon; MSN; Multiple opening/closing net; Nannocalanus minor, ingestion rate of carbon; Neocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Nullosetigera spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Oithona spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Oncaea spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Onchocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Paracalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Paraeuchaeta spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Paraheterorhabdus cf. compactus, ingestion rate of carbon; Paraugaptilus sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Pareucalanus cf. sewelli, ingestion rate of carbon; Phaenna spinifera, ingestion rate of carbon; Pleuromamma spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Polarstern; Pontellina spp., ingestion rate of carbon; PS81; PS81/005-6; PS81/008-6; PS81/009-4; PS81/010-3; PS81/014-4; PS81/017-7; Pseudhaloptilus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Pseudoamallothrix spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Pseudochirella sp., ingestion rate of carbon; Rhincalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Scaphocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Scolecithricella spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Scolecithrichidae, ingestion rate of carbon; Scolecithrichopsis spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Scolecithrix spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Scottocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; South Atlantic Ocean; Spinocalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Subeucalanus spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Temora stylifera, ingestion rate of carbon; Temorites spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Temoropia spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Teneriforma spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Tharybis spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Undeuchaeta spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Undinella spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Undinula vulgaris, ingestion rate of carbon; Valdiviella spp., ingestion rate of carbon; Volume
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 4888 data points
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2023-10-14
    Description: We reviewed 274 profiles of zooplankton biomass smaller than 5 mm when this information was available but always excluding macrozooplankton and micronekton. Due to the different mesh sizes (200, 300 or 500 µm) used by the different authors in our review, the obtained values are in some cases an underestimation of mesozooplankton biomass for the smaller size classes. Data not available in Tables were obtained from data points of figures using GraphClick software v3.0. This data is marked with an asterisk in the Supplementary Table 5 of Hernández-León et al. (submitted). Biomass in different units were converted to carbon using different published conversion factors (Cushing et al., 1958). Values from different depth layers were centred at the mean depth, averaged in each profile, and expressed as standing stock below one square meter.
    Keywords: bathypelagic; Biomass; Calculated using Cushing et al. (1958), integrated over layer depth; DEPTH, water; Domain, biology; global; LATITUDE; LONGITUDE; MALASPINA-2010; Malaspina circumnavigation expedition; Ocean; Province; Reference/source; Station label; SUMMER; Sustainable Management of Mesopelagic Resources; TRIATLAS; Tropical and South Atlantic climate-based marine ecosystem predictions for sustainable management; Uniform resource locator/link to reference; Year of observation; Zooplankton; Zooplankton, biomass as carbon
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 3348 data points
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