Note: Front cover -- Half title -- Full title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Foreword -- Preface -- Chapter 1 - Drivers of the Indian summer monsoon climate variability -- 1.1 Indian Monsoon as a seasonal phenomena -- 1.2 Synoptic variability and weather systems -- 1.3 Intraseasonal variability -- 1.4 Interannual variability -- 1.5 Decadal variability and climate change -- 1.5.1 Decadal variability -- 1.5.2 Climate change -- 1.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 2 - Interannual variation of the Indian summer monsoon, ENSO, IOD, and EQUINOO -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Interaction of atmospheric convection with Pacific and Indian Ocean: ENSO, IOD, and EQUINOO -- 2.3 Monsoon and ENSO -- 2.4 Monsoon and EQUINOO -- 2.5 Monsoon and IOD -- 2.6 Triggering of the favorable phase of EQUINOO/IOD and sustenance of positive EQUINOO during the season -- 2.7 An experiment in prediction of the evolution of EQUINOO and its impact on the monsoon of 2019 -- 2.8 Concluding remarks -- References -- Part I - ENSO-Indian Summer Monsoon teleconnections -- Chapter 3 - ENSO-Indian summer monsoon teleconnections -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Data -- 3.3 El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle evolution -- 3.4 ENSO-Indian summer monsoon teleconnections -- 3.4.1 Weakening of ENSO-monsoon relationship -- 3.5 ISMR variability: ENSO and non-ENSO -- 3.6 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 - ENSO Modoki teleconnections to Indian summer monsoon rainfall-A review -- 4.1 Introduction to ENSO Modoki -- 4.2 Data and methods -- 4.2.1 Criterion for break/active spells -- 4.3 ENSO Modoki and global impacts -- 4.3.1 Characteristics of ENSO Modoki -- 4.3.2 Distinct phenomena, or diversity of ENSOs? -- 4.3.3 Global impacts -- 4.4 Interannual variability of ENSO Modoki-ISM teleconnections. , 4.5 Intraseasonal variability of ENSO Modoki-ISM teleconnections -- References -- Chapter 5 - The decaying phase of El Niño and Indian summer monsoon rainfall -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods and data used -- 5.3 Indian summer monsoon rainfall during El Niño decay -- 5.3.1 Seasonal SST anomalies -- 5.3.2 Monsoonal winds and moisture transport -- 5.4 Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 6 - El Niño-Indian summer monsoon relation-a nonlinear scale interactive energy exchange perspective -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Methodology and formulations -- 6.2.1 Scale selection of El Niño and data -- 6.3 Nonlinear scale interactions between El Niño and Indian summer monsoon -- 6.3.1 El Niño 1997-98 -- 6.3.2 El Niño 2015-16 -- 6.4 Conclusions and discussions -- Acknowledgments -- Appendix -- References -- Chapter 7 - Teleconnections between the Indian summer monsoon and climate variability: a proxy perspective -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.1.1 Monsoon variability -- 7.1.2 Speleothem -- 7.1.3 Tree rings -- 7.1.4 Marine sediments -- 7.1.5 Proxy's response to forcing mechanism -- 7.1.6 Proxy studies of Indian summer monsoon: scope of the work -- 7.2 Precipitation isotopes: a proxy for large-scale moisture source signature -- 7.3 Proxy evidence of multiple-scale oscillation in Indian summer monsoon -- 7.3.1 Marine records -- 7.3.2 Speleothem records -- 7.3.3 Pacific teleconnections with Indian summer monsoon -- 7.3.4 Atlantic Teleconnections with Indian summer monsoon -- 7.4 Summary and recommendations -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part II - Indian and Atlantic Ocean - Indian Summer Monsoon teleconnections -- Chapter 8 - Indian Ocean Dipole influence on Indian summer monsoon and ENSO: A review -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Some salient features of the Indian Ocean Dipole. , 8.3 IOD and the ENSO-monsoon teleconnections: processes at work -- 8.4 Past, present, and future IOD influence on the ENSO-monsoon teleconnection -- 8.5 Challenges and future perspectives -- 8.6 Conclusions -- Conflict of interest statement -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 9 - Influence of South Tropical Indian Ocean dynamics on the Indian summer monsoon -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Data and methods -- 9.3 Characteristics of TIO warming and its climatic influence -- 9.3.1 The Southwest Indian Ocean -- 9.3.2 Somalia-Oman upwelling -- 9.3.3 The North Indian Ocean -- 9.3.4 Impacts on Indian summer monsoon -- 9.4 Discussion and summary -- Funding -- Acknowledgements -- References -- Chapter 10 - Atlantic Niño-Indian summer monsoon teleconnections -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Methods and data -- 10.3 Atlantic Niño and ISM rainfall -- 10.4 Discussion and summary -- Acknowledgement -- References -- Chapter 11 - Teleconnections between tropical SST modes and Indian summer monsoon in observation and CMIP5 models -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Tropical ocean SST teleconnections to ISM -- 11.2.1 ISM-IOD teleconnection: Observations -- 11.2.2 ISM-IOD teleconnection: model results -- 11.2.3 ISM-ENSO teleconnection -- 11.2.4 ISM in various ENSO phases: historical period -- 11.2.5 ISM in various ENSO phases: historical vs RCP scenario -- 11.3 Mechanisms: role of natural factors -- 11.4 Discussion and summary -- Conflict of Interest -- Funding -- References -- Part III - Subtropical and Extratropical teleconnections to Indian Summer Monsoon -- Chapter 12 - Eurasian snow and the Asian summer monsoon -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 Eurasian snow and the Indian monsoon -- 12.3 Eurasian snow and the East Asian monsoon -- 12.4 Summary and discussion -- Funding -- Acknowledgement -- References. , Chapter 13 - Coupling of the Indian, western North Pacific, and East Asian summer monsoons -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Data -- 13.3 The tropical pathway -- 13.3.1 The WNP summer monsoon variability -- 13.3.2 Westward influence through atmospheric Rossby waves -- 13.4 The midlatitude pathway -- 13.4.1 The silk road pattern -- 13.4.2 Interaction with the Asian summer monsoons -- 13.5 External drivers of the intermonsoon linkages -- 13.5.1 Concurrent ENSO and the Indian Ocean Dipole mode -- 13.5.2 Decaying ENSO and the IPOC mode -- 13.5.3 External drivers of the silk road pattern -- 13.6 Concluding remarks -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 14 - Teleconnection along the Asian jet stream and its association with the Asian summer monsoon -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Influences of the SRP/CGT on the ISM and EASM -- 14.3 Influences of the ISM and EASM on the SRP/CGT -- 14.4 Some remaining issues -- 14.5 Summary -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 15 - South Asian summer monsoon and subtropical deserts -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 The monsoon-desert system: background settings -- 15.3 Monsoon influence over hot subtropical deserts -- 15.4 Potential role of deserts in modulating ISM -- 15.5 Summary and future perspectives -- Conflict of interest statement -- Funding -- References -- Chapter 16 - Interaction between South Asian high and Indian Summer Monsoon rainfall -- 16.1   Introduction -- 16.2   Methods and data -- 16.3   Interannual relationship between ISM rainfall and the SAH -- 16.4   Intraseasonal relationship between the ISM rainfall and the SAH zonal shift -- 16.5   Interactive processes on quasi-biweekly time scales -- 16.5.1   Effect of the SAH on the ISM rainfall -- 16.5.2   Effect of the ISM rainfall on the SAH -- 16.6   Summary and Discussion -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Chapter 17 - Southern annular mode teleconnections to Indian summer monsoon -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Data and methodology -- 17.3 Southern Annular Mode influence on Indian summer monsoon rainfall -- 17.4 Summary and discussion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 18 - The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Indian summer monsoon variability: a revisit -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.1.1 The Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) -- 18.2 The statistical AMO-ISM link in the past and present -- 18.3 Mechanisms of the AMO-ISM link -- 18.3.1 Meridional shifts of the ITCZ -- 18.3.2 Direct atmospheric teleconnections -- 18.3.3 Air-sea interactions and Atlantic-Pacific interbasin linkages -- 18.3.4 The role of external forcing -- 18.4 The model-simulated AMO-ISM link -- 18.5 Summary and conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 19 - Indian summer monsoon and its teleconnection with Pacific decadal variability -- 19.1 Introduction -- 19.2 Data and methods -- 19.2.1 Data -- 19.2.2 Methods -- 19.3 Pacific decadal variability and Indian summer monsoon -- 19.3.1 Pacific decadal variability -- 19.3.2 Teleconnection of ISMR with IPO -- 19.3.3 Mechanism of IPO-ISMR teleconnection -- 19.3.4 Modeling approach of IPO-ISMR teleconnection -- 19.4 Discussion and summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV - Climate change and Monsoon teleconnections -- Chapter 20 - Future changes of the ENSO-Indian summer monsoon teleconnection -- 20.1 Introduction -- 20.2 Data and methods -- 20.2.1 Model data -- 20.2.2 Observations -- 20.2.3 The ensemble-wise method -- 20.3 Past and future changes estimated by the temporal method applied to CMIP6 models -- 20.4 The forced response estimated by the ensemble-wise method for two SMILEs -- 20.5 Summary -- Acknowledgment -- References. , Chapter 21 - Response of the positive Indian Ocean dipole to climate change and impact on Indian summer monsoon rainfall.