Keywords:
Water chemistry.
;
Electronic books.
Description / Table of Contents:
This is the first comprehensive text on the theory and practice of aquatic organic matter fluorescence analysis, written by the experts who pioneered the research area. The book will be of interest to those establishing field, laboratory, or industrial applications of fluorescence, including advanced students and researchers.
Type of Medium:
Online Resource
Pages:
1 online resource (408 pages)
Edition:
1st ed.
ISBN:
9781139905831
Series Statement:
Cambridge Environmental Chemistry Series
URL:
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/geomar/detail.action?docID=1642336
DDC:
572/.435809162
Language:
English
Note:
Cover -- Half-title -- Series information -- Title page -- Copyright information -- Table of contents -- List of contributors -- About the Editors -- Preface -- Part I Introduction -- 1 The Principles of Fluorescence -- 1.1 Luminescence -- 1.2 The Relevance of Quantum Mechanics and Electronic Theory -- 1.2.1 Wave-Particle Duality and Quantization of Energy and Matter -- 1.2.1.1 Subatomic Particles -- 1.2.1.2 Quantized Matter and Energy -- 1.2.1.3 Copenhagen Interpretation -- 1.2.2 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Orbitals -- 1.2.2.1 Sigma Bonds (s Bonds) -- 1.2.2.2 Pi Bonds (p Bonds) -- 1.2.2.3 Antibonding Orbitals -- 1.2.2.4 Nonbonded Electrons -- 1.3 Understanding the Fluorescence Process -- 1.3.1 Electronic Transitions -- 1.3.1.1 Spin Multiplicity -- 1.3.1.2 Absorption -- 1.3.1.3 Franck-Condon Principle -- 1.3.2 Nonradiative Decay -- 1.3.2.1 Vibrational Relaxation -- 1.3.2.2 Internal Conversion and Intersystem Crossing -- 1.3.3 Radiative Decay -- 1.3.4 Fluorescence -- 1.3.4.1 Stokes Shift -- 1.3.4.2 Fluorescence Decay Kinetics -- 1.3.4.3 Fluorescence Efficiency (Quantum Yield) -- 1.3.4.4 Fluorescence Quenching -- 1.3.4.5 Influence of Molecular Structure on Fluorescence -- 1.3.4.6 The Effect of pH -- 1.3.4.7 Effects of Solvents on Fluorescence Emission -- 1.3.4.8 The Heavy Atom Effect -- 1.3.4.9 Fluorescence Spectra -- 1.3.4.10 Scattering of Radiation -- 1.3.4.11 Normalization of Fluorescence Intensities -- References -- 2 Fluorescence and Dissolved Organic Matter: A Chemist's Perspective -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Theory -- 2.2.1 Absorption -- 2.2.2 Fluorescence -- 2.3 DOM Fluorescence -- 2.4 Fluorophores of Interest -- 2.4.1 Amino Acids and Proteins -- 2.4.2 Simple Phenols -- 2.4.3 Indoles -- 2.4.4 Phenylpropanes -- 2.4.5 Oxygen Ring Compounds -- 2.4.6 Lignin -- 2.4.7 Quinones -- 2.4.8 Alkaloids -- 2.5 Factors Influencing DOM Fluorescence.
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2.5.1 Quenching -- 2.5.2 pH Effects -- 2.5.3 Interactions with Metals -- 2.5.4 Charge Transfer Interactions -- 2.6 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 3 Aquatic Organic Matter Fluorescence -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.1.1 Peak Nomenclature -- 3.1.2 Humic-like EEM Components -- 3.1.3 Other EEM Components -- 3.1.4 Reconciling PARAFAC Model EEM Components -- 3.2 Fluorescence in Seawater -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 CDOM in Coastal Ocean and Estuaries -- 3.2.3 CDOM in Open Ocean Waters -- 3.3 Fluorescence in Freshwater -- 3.3.1 Temporal Variation in DOM Source and Dynamics -- 3.3.2 Anthropogenic and Land Use Impacts on DOM -- 3.3.3 Transformations and Reactivity -- 3.3.4 Rainwater DOM Fluorescence -- 3.3.5 Dissolved Organic Carbon vs. Fluorescence Relationships -- 3.4 Fluorescence in Groundwater -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Groundwater NOM Fluorescence Characteristics -- 3.4.3 Groundwater Anthropogenic Organic Matter Characteristics -- 3.5 Fluorescence of Wastewater and Drinking Water -- 3.5.1 Wastewater Fluorescence -- 3.5.2 Drinking Water Fluorescence -- References -- Part II Instrumentation and Sampling -- 4 Sampling Design for Organic Matter Fluorescence Analysis -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Sample Collection -- 4.2.1 Contamination Sources -- 4.2.2 Blanks and Replicate Samples -- 4.2.3 Equipment Cleaning -- 4.2.4 Water Samplers -- 4.3 Sample Preservation -- 4.3.1 Filtration Techniques -- 4.3.2 Effects of Filtration on Fluorescence -- 4.4 Storage -- 4.4.1 General Comments -- 4.4.2 Refrigeration and Freezing -- 4.4.3 Poisoning - Acidification -- 4.5 Summary and Future Needs -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Optical Spectroscopy Instrumentation Design, Quality Assurance, and Control: Bench-Top Fluorimetry -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Methods of Optical Spectroscopy -- 5.2.1 Absorption Spectroscopy -- 5.2.2 Optical Emission Spectroscopy.
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5.2.3 Scattering -- 5.2.4 Photoluminescence (Fluorescence and Phosphorescence) -- 5.3 The Fluorescence Spectrometer -- 5.3.1 The Ideal Fluorescence Spectrometer System -- 5.3.2 Basic Spectrofluorimeter Design -- 5.4 Measuring Fluorescence -- 5.4.1 Defining the Sensing Volume and Inner Filter Effects -- 5.4.2 Continuum Light Sources -- 5.4.3 Monochromators and Filters -- 5.4.4 Polarization Effects -- 5.4.5 Detectors -- 5.4.6 Measurement Systems: Data Acquisition Electronics and Software -- 5.4.7 Data Collection, Display, and Analysis Software -- 5.4.8 Instrument Performance Validation -- 5.4.9 Linearity, Signal to Noise, and Dynamic Range -- 5.4.10 Speed and Sensitivity -- 5.4.11 Wavelength Accuracy -- 5.4.12 Bandpass Selection -- 5.4.13 Stray Light -- 5.4.14 Cuvettes, Cleaning and Handling -- 5.4.15 Solvents and Contaminants -- 5.4.16 Background Signals: Rayleigh and Raman Scattering -- 5.4.17 Spectral Irradiance of the Excitation Channel -- 5.4.18 Correcting Excitation Signal Channels -- 5.4.19 Correcting Emission Signal Channels -- 5.4.20 Quantum Yield -- 5.4.21 Measuring Quantum Yields: The Three-Measurement Technique -- 5.4.22 Fluorescence Units - What Are They? -- References -- 6 Experimental Design and Quality Assurance: In Situ Fluorescence Instrumentation -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Historical Perspective of In Situ Sensors -- 6.2.1 Chlorophyll Field Sensors: Precursors to In Situ DOM Fluorometers -- 6.2.2 Evolution of DOM Field Sensors -- 6.3 Instrument Design Types -- 6.3.1 Sensor Configurations -- 6.3.2 Light Sources and Detectors -- 6.3.3 Optical Filters -- 6.3.4 Optical Configurations -- 6.3.5 Data Output -- 6.4 Calibration and Correction Procedures -- 6.4.1 Temperature Correction -- 6.4.2 Blank Subtraction -- 6.4.3 Standards and Intensity Calibration -- 6.4.4 Correction for Inner Filter Effects -- 6.4.5 Dynamic Range.
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6.5 Environmental Considerations -- 6.5.1 Factors of Concern -- 6.5.1.1 Particles -- 6.5.1.2 Bubbles -- 6.5.1.3 Dynamic Range -- 6.5.1.4 Temperature Effects -- 6.5.1.5 Biofouling -- 6.5.1.6 Understanding NOM Sources Within Environments -- 6.5.2 Sensor Choices for Specific Environments -- 6.5.2.1 Optically Dilute Systems -- 6.5.2.2 Optically Thick Systems -- 6.5.2.3 Turbid Systems -- 6.5.2.4 Energetically Flashy Environments -- 6.6 Revolutionizing NOM Studies via High-Resolution Fluorescence Measurements -- 6.6.1 Deployment Platforms -- 6.6.1.1 Spatial Resolution -- 6.6.1.2 Temporal Resolution -- 6.6.2 Importance of Scale -- 6.6.2.1 Neponset River Estuary in Boston Harbor- Small Temporal and Spatial Scales -- 6.6.2.2 Hudson River Estuary - Large Spatial and Small Temporal Scales -- 6.6.2.3 Mississippi Bight Region - Large Spatial and Temporal Scales -- 6.7 Remotely Sensed NOM Measurements -- 6.7.1 Fluorescent CDOM and Validation of Remote Sensing Products -- 6.7.2 Active Remote Sensors -- 6.7.3 Fluorescence of CDOM and Passive Sensors -- 6.7.4 Remote Sensing Summary -- 6.8 Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Environmental Effects -- 7 Physicochemical Effects on Dissolved Organic Matter Fluorescence in Natural Waters -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 The Quenching of DOM Fluorescence -- 7.3 Effects of Molecular Weight and Fluorophore Size -- 7.4 Effect of Temperature -- 7.5 Effect of pH -- 7.6 Effect of Metals -- 7.7 Effect of Salinity (Ionic Strength) -- 7.8 Effect of Particles -- 7.9 Effect of Sunlight -- 7.10 Summary and Future Directions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Biological Origins and Fate of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter in Aquatic Environments -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2. Sources -- 8.2.1 Allochthonous versus autochthonous -- 8.2.2 Terrestrial Organic Matter -- 8.2.3 Aquatic Organic Matter.
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8.3 Microbial Degradation of Fluorescent Dissolved Organic Matter -- 8.3.1 Bioavailability of FDOM -- 8.3.1.1 Amino Acid-like Fluorescence -- 8.3.1.2 Humic-like Fluorescence -- 8.3.2 Interactions between Photochemical and Microbial Degradation -- 8.4 Future Research -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part IV Interpretation and Classification -- 9 Fluorescence Indices and Their Interpretation -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Overview of Common Fluorescence Indices -- 9.2.1 A "Humification Index" to Track Chemical Properties Developed by Kalbitz and Colleagues (HIX< -- sub> -- SYN< -- /sub> -- ) -- 9.2.2 Zsolnay's Humification Index to Identify Soil Organic Matter Properties (HIX< -- sub> -- EM< -- /sub> -- ) -- 9.2.3 Freshness Index to Identify Microbial Material in Marine DOM (the "ß/a" and "BIX" Index) -- 9.2.4 Fluorescence Index to identify Precursor Material in Freshwater DOM (FI) -- 9.2.5 The "Peak T/Peak C Ratio" to Identify Sewage Impact on Rivers -- 9.2.6 Redox Index as an Indicator of the Oxidation State of Quinone-Like Moieties -- 9.3 Applications of Fluorescence Indices -- 9.3.1 Using Fluorescence Indices to Identify Environmental Controls on Soil Organic Matter -- 9.3.2 The Development of a Fluorescence Index to Measure Organic Matter Humification Preserved in Cave Stalagmites -- 9.3.3 Understanding Controls on DOM Source and Quality in Surface Waters -- 9.3.4 Understanding DOM Changes in Estuaries -- 9.4 Spectroscopic Challenges toward Using the Indices -- 9.4.1 Instrument-Specific Effects and Proper EEM Correction -- 9.4.2 Concentration Issues and the Inner-Filter Effect -- 9.4.3 pH Effect on Fluorescence -- 9.5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Chemometric Analysis of Organic Matter Fluorescence -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Multivariate and Multiway Data Sets -- 10.3 Preprocessing of Data Matrices and Arrays.
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10.4 Exploratory Data Analysis.
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