Note: Front Cover -- ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- ABATEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- 1 - Bioremediation: a sustainable approach for management of environmental contaminants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Application of bioremediation for environmental pollutants cleanup -- 2.1 Bioremediation strategy for hydrocarbon contaminated water and soil -- 2.2 Bioremediation of heavy metal contaminated water -- 2.3 Bioremediation of dye contaminated water -- 2.3.1 Bioremediation approaches used for dye degradation -- 2.3.1.1 Aerobic treatment -- 2.3.1.2 Anaerobic treatment -- 2.3.1.3 Anoxic treatment -- 2.3.1.4 Sequential degradation of dyes -- 2.4 Vermi-biofiltration of wastewater -- 2.5 Bioremediation of pesticide contamination -- 2.6 Removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products by biological degradation processes -- 2.6.1 Pure cultures -- 2.6.2 Mixed cultures -- 2.6.3 Activated sludge process -- 2.7 Vermicomposting of solid wastes -- 2.8 Genetically engineered microorganism-based bioremediation -- 2.9 Factors affecting bioremediation with emphasis on petrochemical and other organic pollutants -- 2.10 Concentration of pollutant -- 2.11 Nutrients availability -- 2.12 Microbial adaptation (acclimatization) -- 2.13 Bioavailability -- 2.14 Effect of environmental conditions -- 2.14.1 Temperature -- 2.14.2 pH -- 2.14.3 Oxygen availability -- 3. Conclusion -- References -- 2 - Pollution status and biodegradation of organophosphate pesticides in the environment -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Organophosphates and other pesticides -- 3. Effect of pesticides -- 3.1 Effects on human health -- 3.1.1 Acute effect -- 3.1.2 Chronic effect -- 3.2 Environmental impact -- 3.3 Impact on nontarget organisms -- 3.4 Effects on the microbial diversity of soil -- 3.5 Pesticide resistance. , 4. Toxicological mechanism of organophosphates -- 5. Status of organophosphate pesticide pollution -- 6. Degradation of organophosphate pesticides -- 7. Conclusion -- References -- 3 - Recent trends in the detection and degradation of organic pollutants -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Persistent organic pollutants: health effects and environmental chemistry -- 3. Method of POPs analysis (soil and water) -- 3.1 Samples collection, extraction, storage, and preparation -- 3.2 Conventional techniques -- 3.3 Analytical techniques for POPs quantification -- 3.3.1 UV-Vis spectroscopy -- 3.3.2 Surface-enhanced Raman scattering -- 4. Methods for POPs degradation -- 4.1 Biological -- 4.1.1 Microbial degradation -- 4.1.1.1 Bacterial degradation -- 4.1.1.2 Fungal degradation -- 4.2 Chemical -- 4.3 Advanced oxidation approaches -- 5. Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 4 - Phytoremediation of organic pollutants: current status and future directions -- 1. Introduction -- 2. The process of phytoremediation -- 3. Physiological and biochemical aspects of phytoremediation -- 4. Strategies of phytoremediation of organic pollutants -- 4.1 Direct uptake (direct phytoremediation) -- 4.2 Phytoremediation explanta -- 5. Role of enzymes -- 6. Role of plant-associated microflora -- 7. Fate and transport of organic contaminants in phytoremediation -- 8. Genetically engineered organisms for phytoremediation -- 9. Research and development in phytoremediation -- 9.1 Current status -- 9.2 Biotechnological approaches -- 9.3 Protein engineering -- 10. Advantages and limitations of phytoremediation -- 11. Emerging challenges to phytoremediation -- 12. Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 5 - Bioremediation of dyes from textile and dye manufacturing industry effluent -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Importance of characterization of dye-containing wastewater. , 3. Factors affecting biological removal of textile dyes -- 4. Microorganisms and mechanism involved in dye bioremediation process -- 4.1 Bacteria -- 4.2 Fungi -- 4.3 Algae -- 5. Application of enzymes as biocatalyst in dye bioremediation -- 5.1 Immobilization of biological catalysts -- 5.2 Potential of biocatalysts for reusability -- 6. Advancements in bioreactor systems for dye remediation -- 7. Treatment of dye-containing industrial effluents using genetically modified microorganisms or enzymes -- 8. Current status of bioreactor application in CETPs of industrial areas for dye removal -- 9. Microbial fuel cell: a novel system for the remediation of colored wastewater -- 9.1 Microorganisms used in microbial fuel cells -- 9.2 Microbial fuel cell configuration and operation -- 10. Potential of constructed wetlands for the treatment of dye-contaminated effluents -- 11. Conclusion and suggestions -- References -- 6 - Mycoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 PAHs: environmental concern -- 1.2 Effect of PAHs exposure on environment and human health -- 1.3 Bioremediation approach -- 2. Mycoremediation: intact potential -- 2.1 Ligninolytic fungi -- 2.2 Nonligninolytic fungi -- 3. Major enzymes -- 3.1 Hydrolases -- 3.1.1 Proteases -- 3.1.2 Cellulases -- 3.1.3 Lipases -- 3.2 Versatile peroxidases -- 3.3 Ligninolytic enzymes -- 3.3.1 Laccase -- 3.3.2 Heme peroxidases -- 4. Biosurfactant production by fungi and its application in bioremediation -- 5. Factors affecting growth of fungi -- 5.1 Temperature -- 5.2 Humidity -- 5.3 pH -- 5.4 Light -- 5.5 Trace elements -- 5.6 Aeration -- 6. Conclusion and future perspective -- References -- Further reading -- 7 - Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and their functional role in salinity stress management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. , 3. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in salinity stress -- 3.1 Functional aspects of PGPR under salt stress -- 4. PGPR and ACC deaminase activity -- 5. Conclusion -- References -- Further reading -- 8 - Plant growth-promoting bacteria and their role in environmental management -- 1. Introduction -- 2. Plant growth-promoting bacteria -- 3. Xenobiotic compounds and their classification -- 4. Effect of xenobiotics on the health of human beings -- 5. Effects of xenobiotics on the plant growth -- 5.1 Plant growth-promoting bacteria in bioremediation -- 5.2 Plant growth-promoting bacteria mechanism of xenobiotics degradation -- 5.3 Microbial degradation of xenobiotic compounds -- 6. Future prospective -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 9 - Fungi as potential candidates for bioremediation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Fungal enzymes for bioremediation -- 1.1.1 Extracellular oxidoreductases -- 1.2 Cell-bound enzymes -- 1.3 Transferases -- 2. Fungal bioremediation -- 2.1 Toxic recalcitrant compound -- 2.2 Heavy metal -- 2.3 Municipal solid waste -- 3. Fungi in bioremediation -- 3.1 White-rot fungi -- 3.2 Marine fungi -- 3.3 Extremophilic fungi -- 3.4 Symbiotic association of fungi with plants and bacteria -- 4. Technology advancement -- 4.1 Conclusions and future prospective -- References -- 10 - Cyanobacteria: potential and role for environmental remediation -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 General features of cyanobacteria -- 1.2 Role of cyanobacteria in agriculture management -- 1.3 The cyanobacterial potential in environmental development -- 1.4 Cyanobacteria: role in bioremediation -- 2. Conclusions and future perspectives -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- 11 - An effective approach for the degradation of phenolic waste: phenols and cresols -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Cresol production. , 1.2 Adverse effects of phenols and cresols on the environment and human health -- 2. Treatment technologies for phenolic compound removal -- 2.1 Physical method -- 2.2 Chemical method -- 2.3 Biological method -- 2.3.1 Bacteria -- 2.3.2 Biodegradation mechanism -- 2.3.3 Aerobic degradation of phenolic waste -- 2.3.4 Anaerobic degradation of phenolic waste -- 2.3.5 Fungi biodegradation -- 2.3.6 Enzymes participating in degradation of phenolic compounds -- 2.3.7 Biosurfactants -- 2.3.8 Genetically modified bacteria -- 3. Factors influencing bioremediation of phenolic waste -- 3.1 Temperature -- 3.2 Nutrient availability -- 3.3 Effect of pH on phenol degradation potential -- 3.4 Effect of additional carbon sources on phenol degradation potential -- 3.5 Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on phenol degradation potential -- 3.6 Microbial growth kinetics -- 4. Limitations of biodegradation -- 5. Photocatalytic degradation -- 5.1 Photo catalyst and its description -- 5.2 Mechanism of TiO2 in photocatalytic degradation of phenolic compounds -- 6. Factors affecting photocatalytic degradation of TiO2 -- 6.1 Light intensity -- 6.2 Reaction temperature -- 6.3 Catalyst loading -- 6.4 pH of solution -- 6.5 Inorganic ions -- 6.6 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 - Environmental fate of organic pollutants and effect on human health -- 1. Introduction -- 1.1 Persistent organic pollutants -- 1.2 General characteristics of persistent organic pollutants -- 1.3 Sources of persistent organic pollutants -- 2. Types of persistent organic pollutants -- 2.1 Pesticides -- 2.1.1 Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane -- 2.1.2 Aldrin -- 2.1.3 Chlordane -- 2.1.4 Heptachlor -- 2.1.5 Endrin -- 2.1.6 Mirex -- 2.2 Industrial chemicals -- 2.2.1 Polychlorinated biphenyls -- 2.2.2 Hexachlorobenzene -- 2.2.3 Hexachlorobutadiene -- 2.2.4 Short-chain chlorinated paraffins. , 2.3 Industrial by-products.

Note: Cover -- Titlepage -- Copyright -- Contents -- Contributors -- Preface -- Section 1 Genetically modified crops: policies and politics -- Chapter 1 - Genetically Modified Crops and Agricultural Innovation: An Analysis of Law and Policy -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Evolution and development of GM crops -- 3 - Changes brought about by GM crops in agricultural framework -- 4 - GM crops and scientific uncertainty -- 5 - Risk perceptions about GM crops and realty check -- 6 - GM crops and agricultural innovation -- 7 - Policy paradigm of agricultural innovation -- 8 - Regulatory issues relating to GM crops -- 9 - IP landscape of GM crops -- 9.1 - UPOV and plant varieties -- 9.2 - Patents in agricultural biotechnology: discovery versus invention prong -- 9.3 - Patent protection to plant genetic material -- 9.4 - Overlapping of patents and plant variety legislations -- 10 - GM crops and open innovation -- 11 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 2 - GMO Policies and Practices: A Global Overview with Special Focus on Turkey -- 1 - Genetically modified crops: origin, growth, and adoption around the world -- 2 - Regulatory environment -- 3 - GM policy discussions, labeling debates, and consumers perceptions -- 3.1 - Consumers' perceptions of GMO benefits and risks -- 4 - Genetically modified crops in Turkey: historical development, regulatory, and policy environment -- 4.1 - Early debate on biotechnology in Turkey -- 4.2 - Legislative history and practices in Turkey -- 4.3 - Impact on trade -- 4.4 - Current status of biotechnology in Turkey -- 5 - Concluding remarks -- References -- Chapter 3 - Status and Policies of GM Crops in Russia -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Public and scholarly opinion -- 3 - Major case studies for genetically modified plants -- 4 - Policies framework of genetically modified organisms in Russia. , 5 - Regulation of genetically modified food crops/food products -- 6 - Regulations of research, production marketing, and biosafety issues -- 7 - Hierarchy of GM products management policy -- 8 - Future perspectives -- 9 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 4 - Genetically Modified Crops in India: Politics, Policies, and Political Economy -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Historical background of GM crops in India -- 3 - The narrative of biotechnology in India: social and political construction -- 4 - Agribiotech and intellectual property rights: consequences for marginal farmers -- 5 - Biosafety regulations in India: policies and political economy -- 6 - Biotechnology Regulatory Authority of India Bill 2013 (BRAI) -- 7 - Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 5 - Genetically Modified Crops and Intellectual Property Rights: Indian Scenario -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Patent rights and their scope -- 3 - Trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights (TRIPS) agreement -- 4 - GM crops, IP, and rural development -- 5 - Legal analysis of the Indian plant patent regime -- 6 - Plants and intellectual property protection -- 7 - Patent protection to GM crops: position in India -- 8 - Patentability of gene in India -- 9 - Infringement under PPV& -- FR Act -- 10 - Patents related to GM crops -- 11 - Conclusion -- References -- Section 2 Genetically modified crops and global food security -- Chapter 6 - Contribution of Genetically Modified Crops in Agricultural Production: Success Stories -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - GM cotton -- 3 - GM soybean -- 4 - GM maize -- 5 - GM canola -- 6 - GM rice -- 7 - GM potatoes -- 8 - GM papaya -- 9 - GM eggplant -- 10 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Genetically Modified Crops Changing the Food Insecurity Landscape of the Undernourished Regions of the World. , 1 - World food insecurity: current scenario and strategies -- 2 - Food insecurity landscape in the Asia and Africa -- 3 - Green revolution: feeding the hungry and undernourished -- 4 - Genetically engineered crops: a post green revolution -- 5 - Evaluating gene flow and its impact -- 6 - Rise of superweeds -- 7 - The clean gene technology: development of cleaner GE crops -- 8 - Steps toward sustainable agriculture -- 9 - GM crops and the sustainable world -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Further reading -- Chapter 8 - Impact of GM Crops on Agriculture Production: A Positive Reflection through Success Stories -- 1 - Introduction of GM crops in agriculture -- 2 - GM crops commercialization in different countries -- 3 - GMCs resistant to pests -- 4 - Herbicide resistant GM crops -- 5 - Crops engineered for nutritional amendments -- 6 - GMCs with enhanced biofuel production -- 7 - Status of GM crops in India -- 8 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 9 - GM Crops as a Food Security Solution -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Bottleneck of conventional methods and modern breeding technique -- 3 - Distribution of GM crops by countries -- 4 - Global acceptance of soybean, maize, cotton, and canola developed through GE technique -- 5 - GM crops and food safety -- 6 - India-global production status of GM crops -- 7 - Prominence of accepted crops obtained through GM technology used for food, feed, and cultivation -- 8 - Economic benefits of GM crops -- 9 - Contribution of Bt food crops for security and sustainability -- 10 - Summary and conclusion -- References -- Section 3 Genetically modified crops and sustainability in agriculture -- Chapter 10 - Genetically Modified Crops and Climate Change Adaptation -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Climate change: An immeasurable dynamism -- 3 - An interface of crops and climate change: A loop of feedbacks. , 4 - Genetically modified (GM) crop: An integration of green revolution or another level -- 5 - Challenges behind developing GM crops against climate change: A multifaceted problem -- 6 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 11 - Sustainable Cultivation of GM Crops in the Age of Climate Change: A Global Perspective -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Need of GMCs over conventional agricultural crops -- 2.1 - Challenges associated with large-scale agricultural production -- 2.2 - Solutions offered by GMCs -- 3 - Controversies and problems associated with GMCs -- 3.1 - Losey's disagreement -- 3.2 - Séralini controversy -- 3.3 - A flawed technology -- 4 - GMCs and climate change -- 4.1 - Dissecting linkage between climate change and GMCs -- 4.2 - Polarized global opinions -- 5 - Is genomics a solution for making climate-ready crops? -- 5.1 - Recognizing haplotypes/elite alleles -- 5.2 - Genetic analysis of environmental change adaptability traits -- 5.3 - Next-generation crop breeding approach -- 6 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 12 - Aspects of Genetically Modified Plants in Removing Heavy Metals From the Soil -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Approaches for the restoration of contaminated soil -- 3 - GM plants used for the removal of HMs from soil -- 4 - Concerns in the use of GM organisms for remediation -- 5 - Conclusion and future perspectives -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Section 4 Genetically modified food: socio-ethical issues and regulatory challenges -- Chapter 13 - Public Acceptance of GM Foods: A Global Perspective (1999-2019) -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Global overview on the acceptance level of GM foods -- 2.1 - Europe -- 2.2 - North America -- 2.3 - Latin America -- 2.4 - Asia -- 3 - Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 14 - Evolution of Genetically Modified (GM) Crops and The Scared World -- Abbreviations. , 1 - Introduction -- 2 - A brief history of GM crops -- 3 - Why do we need GM crops? -- 3.1 - Population burst and increased food demand -- 3.2 - Decreased farm-land -- 3.3 - Conventional breeding limitations under changing climate -- 3.4 - Pests and diseases -- 4 - Public perception regarding GM crops: Myths versus evidences -- 5 - Global impact of GM crops -- 5.1 - Net production and income -- 5.2 - Pesticide and herbicide use -- 5.3 - Impact on environment -- 6 - Current status of GM crops -- 7 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 15 - Assessment of the Environmental and Health Impacts of Genetically Modified Crops -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Impact of GM crops on the environment -- 2.1 - Assessing the impact of GM crops through gene flow -- 2.2 - Assessing other environmental impacts of GM crops -- 2.2.1 - Effect on beneficial microorganisms -- 2.2.2 - Effect on endophytes and epiphytes -- 2.2.3 - Indirect effects -- 3 - Impact of GM crops on human health -- 3.1 - Impact of antibiotic resistance genes -- 3.2 - Allergenicity from GM products -- 4 - Policy issues in adoption of GM crops -- 5 - Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 16 - Food Safety Issues and Challenges of GM Crops -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - What are GM crops and their advantages? -- 3 - Why GM crops have become so controversial? -- 4 - GM crops and the environment -- 5 - GM crops and biodiversity -- 6 - GM crops and their impact on health -- 7 - Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Chapter 17 - Health Risks and Environmental Concerns of GM Crop Adoption -- 1 - Introduction -- 2 - Environmental implications of GM crops -- 2.1 - Direct impact of GM crops on environment -- 2.1.1 - Transgenes transfer and genetic hazards of GM Crops -- 2.1.2 - Generation of super-weeds due to GM crops. , 2.1.3 - Effects of GM crops on non-targeted organisms.