Note: GKSS School of Environmental Research -- The Climate in Historical Times -- Copyright -- Preface -- Contents -- List of Contributors -- 1 The Holocene: Considerations with Regard to its Climate and Climate Archives -- 2 Nonlinear Dynamics of the Climate System -- 3 A Discourse About Quasi-realistic Climate Models and Their Applications in Paleoclimatic Studies -- 4 Holocene Climate Variability from Model Simulations - State of the Art -- 5 Marine Paleoclimatology - Motivation, Tools, and Results -- 6 Corals as Climate Archive -- 7 Annually Laminated Lake Sediments and Their Palaeoclimatic Relevance -- 8 Interpreting Climate Proxies from Tree-rings -- 9 The Environmental and Climate Record in Polar Ice Cores -- 10 Reconstructing Large-scale Variability from Palaeoclimatic Evidence by Means of Data Assimilation Through Upscaling and Nudging (DATUN) -- 11 Mid- to Late Holocene Lake Ecosystem Response to Catchment and Climatic Changes- A Detailed Varve Analysis of Lake Holzmaar(Germany) -- 12 Holocene Palaeoclimate in the Saharo-ArabianDesert -- 13 Transfer Functions for PaleoclimateReconstructions - Theory and Methods -- 14 Transfer Functions for Paleoclimate Reconstructions - Applications -- 15 Climate Information from Stable Hydrogenand Carbon Isotopes of C3 Plants - GrowthChamber Experiments and Field Observations -- 16 Detection of Climate Modes as Recorded in a Seasonal-resolution Coral Record Covering the Last 250 Years -- 17 Phase Stability of the Solar Schwabe Cycle in Lake Holzmaar, Germany, and G ISP2, Greenland, between 10,000 and 9,000 cal. BP -- 18 Variable Freshwater Input to the Arctic Ocean During the Holocene: Implications for Large-Scale Ocean-Sea Ice Dynamics as Simulated by a Circulation Model -- 19 Forced Climate Variability During the Last Millennium with the Earth System Model CLIMBER-2. , 20 The Contribution of High-resolution Magnetostratigraphic Analyses to Paleoclimatic Reconstructions -- 21 Internal Climate Variability in Global and Regional Climate Models -- 22 Climate Diagnostics by Adjoint Modelling: A Feasibility Study -- 23 Evidence for the Climate During the Late Maunder Minimum from Proxy Data and Model Simulations Available Within KIHZ -- References -- Index.

Note: Intro -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Part I Introduction -- 1 Earth System Science---Past Experiences and Future Trends -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Review -- 3 Future Trends -- 4 Conclusion -- References -- 2 The Educational Program of the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 The Educational Program -- 2.1 Introductory Courses -- 2.2 Expert Courses -- 2.3 Seminar Series -- 2.4 Computational Skills Courses -- 2.5 Transferable Skill Courses -- 2.6 Academic Writing Courses -- 2.7 Excursions -- 2.8 Annual Retreat -- 3 International Exchange -- 3.1 International and National Meetings -- 3.2 Visit in a Foreign Lab -- 3.3 Invited Guest Scientists -- 4 Progress Assessments -- 5 Conclusions -- References -- 3 Time Evolution of a PhD Student's Mood---A Review of My Time as PhD Student of the Research School ESSReS -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Time Evolution of a PhD Students's Mood -- 3 Conclusion -- References -- 4 Progress in Earth System Science: What Does It Take to Make Our Ideas Clear? -- Abstract -- 1 Self-critical Approach -- 2 Hypothesis Testing and Models -- 3 Building of Models and Expressing the Scientific Discoveries -- References -- Part II Remote Sensing and Modelling of Atmospheric Chemistry and Sea Ice Parameters -- 5 Towards a Better Tropospheric Ozone Data Product from SCIAMACHY: Improvements in High Latitude Stratospheric Ozone -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Limb Measurements and Comparison Methodology -- 3 SCIAMACHY Limb Retrieval of Version 2.9 -- 4 SCIAMACHY Limb Retrieval of Version 3.0 and Comparison Results -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Ten-Year SCIAMACHY Stratospheric Aerosol Data Record: Signature of the Secondary Meridional Circulation Associated with the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Instrument and Data. , 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 7 Investigating the Link Between Glyoxal and Biogenic Activities -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Glyoxal Retrieval -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 8 Estimates of NOx Emission Factors from GOME-2 Measurements for the Major Types of Open Biomass Burning -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 2.1 Satellite Measurements of TVC NO2 -- 2.2 Satellite Measurements of FRP -- 2.3 Land Cover Type Product -- 2.4 Production Rate of NOx from Fire -- 2.5 Estimation of NOx Emission Factors -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions and Outlook -- References -- 9 The Use of FTIR-Spectrometry in Combination with Different Biosphere-Atmosphere Flux Measurement Techniques -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Experimental Setup -- 2.1 The Flux Gradient Technique -- 2.2 The Flux Chamber Technique -- 3 Flux Gradient- and Flux Chamber Measurements -- 4 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 10 Near-Infrared Lunar Absorption Spectroscopy for the Retrieval of Column Averaged CO2 and CH4 -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Ground-Based Column Averaged Trace Gas Retrieval -- 3 Spectra from the Bremen Instrument Setup -- 4 xCO2 and xCH4 from Lunar Absorption Spectroscopy -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 11 A New Method to Filter Out Radio-Frequency Interference (RFI) from SMOS Level 1C Data for Sea Ice Applications -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Description -- 3 Filtering Procedure -- 4 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 12 Arctic Multiyear Ice Concentration Retrieval from SSM/I Data Using the NASA Team Algorithm with Dynamic Tie Points -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Method -- 3 Time Series Results -- 4 Sensitivity Study and Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References. , 13 Detecting CDOM Fluorescence Using High Spectrally Resolved Satellite Data: A Model Study -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 DOAS Retrieval Technique -- 2.2 CDOM Fluorescence Modeling -- 2.2.1 CDOM as Mixture of Humic and Fulvic Acids -- 2.2.2 Excitation-Emission Matrices Approach -- 3 Results and Discussion -- 4 Conclusions and Outlook -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part III Physical Oceanography -- 14 The Flow of Dense Water Plumes in the Western Weddell Sea Simulated with the Finite Element Ocean Model (FEOM) -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Model Setup and Experiments -- 3 Results -- 4 Summary and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 15 Data Analysis and Modeling of the Amundsen Sea Embayment -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Hydrographic Data Analysis -- 3 Modeling of the Amundsen Sea -- 4 Discussion and Outlook -- References -- Part IV Sea-ice Physics -- 16 Impact of Sea-Ice Bottom Topography on the Ekman Pumping -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Calculation of Oceanic Drag Coefficients -- 4 Ekman Pumping -- 5 Summary and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 17 Classification of CryoSat-2 Radar Echoes -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part V Earth System Modelling and Data Analysis -- 18 Integration of Passive Tracers in a Three-Dimensional Ice Sheet Model -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Present Day Control Run -- 2.2 Passive Tracer Advection -- 2.2.1 Validation of Tracer Modules -- 2.2.2 Analytical Comparison to the Nye-Vialov Solution -- 3 Discussion -- References -- Part VI Climate Archives and Geotectonics -- 19 Bivalve Shells---Unique High-Resolution Archives of the Environmental Past -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 2.1 Shell Origin and Laboratory Work. , 2.2 State of Preservation -- 2.3 Frequency Analysis -- 2.4 Stable Oxygen Isotopes ( delta 18O) -- 3 Results -- 3.1 State of Preservation -- 3.2 Frequency Analysis -- 3.3 Stable Oxygen Isotopes ( delta 18O) -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 20 Functional Diversity and Traits Assembly Patterns of Benthic Macrofaunal Communities in the Southern North Sea -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Material and Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion -- Acknowledgments -- 21 Snow Accumulation in North Greenland over the Last Millennium -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Methods -- 3 Results -- 4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 22 Seismostratigraphic Analysis and Glacial History of the Weddell Sea Region, Antarctica -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods -- 3 Results -- 3.1 Seismic Characteristics and Horizon Stratigraphy -- 3.2 Sedimentation Rates -- 4 Discussion and Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References -- Part VII Geoinformatics -- 23 Visual Analysis of Relevant Fields in Geoscientific Multifield Data -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Related Work -- 3 Field Similarity Plot -- 4 Interactive Visual Analysis -- 5 Use Cases -- 5.1 Multifield -- 5.2 Time-Varying Field -- 6 Discussion -- 7 Conclusion -- Acknowledgements -- References -- 24 A Database Language More Suitable for the Earth System Sciences -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data Model -- 3 Query Language -- 3.1 Array Construction -- 3.2 Array Inspection Operators -- 3.3 Array Aggregation -- 3.4 Derived Operators -- 3.5 Array \leftrightarrow Table Conversion -- 3.6 Array \leftrightarrow LOB Conversion -- 4 Implementation -- 5 Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 25 Towards Collaborative Exploration and Analysis of Big Data from Mars: A Noachis Terra Case Study -- Abstract -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Data and Methods. , 3 Noachis Terra Case Study -- 4 Discussion -- 5 Conclusions -- Acknowledgments -- References.

Note: Intro -- Earth System Science: Bridging the Gaps between Disciplines -- Preface -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- 1 Introduction -- 1.1…General Aspects of Earth System Science -- 1.2…The Structural and Educational Concept in an Interdisciplinary Research School for Earth System Science -- 1.2.1 The Supervision and Mentoring Concept -- 1.2.2 The Managing Concept -- 1.2.3 The Helmholtz Certificate -- 2 Remote Sensing and Modelling of Atmospheric Chemistry and Sea Ice Parameters -- 2.1…NO2 Pollution Trends Over Megacities 1996--2010 from Combined Multiple Satellite Data Sets -- 2.1.1 Introduction -- 2.1.2 Method -- 2.1.3 Results -- 2.1.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 2.2…A Brief Example on the Application of Remotely Sensed Tracer Observations in Atmospheric Science---Studying the Impact of Stratosphere--Mesosphere Coupling on Polar Ozone Variability -- 2.2.1 Introduction -- 2.2.2 CO as Tracer in the Polar Stratosphere and Mesosphere -- 2.2.3 Measurements of CO by Microwave Radiometry -- 2.2.4 Interpretation of the KIMRA CO Time Series -- 2.2.5 Summary and Conclusion -- 2.3…Contamination of the Western Pacific Atmosphere -- 2.3.1 Introduction -- 2.3.2 Method -- 2.3.3 Results -- 2.3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 2.4…Three Dimensional Model Simulations of the Impact of Solar Proton Events on Nitrogen Compounds and Ozone in the Middle Atmosphere -- 2.4.1 Introduction -- 2.4.2 Model SimulationsModel Simulations -- 2.4.2.1 The B3dCTM -- 2.4.2.2 Model Simulations of SPEs -- 2.4.3 Model Simulation Results -- 2.4.4 Summary and Discussion -- 2.5…Evaluation of the Coupled and Extended SCIATRAN Version Including Radiation Processes Within the Water: Initial Results -- 2.6…Improving the PhytoDOAS Method to Retrieve Coccolithophores Using Hyper-Spectral Satellite Data -- 2.6.1 Introduction -- 2.6.1.1 Motivation -- 2.6.1.2 The Importance of Coccolithophores. , 2.6.1.3 Objectives -- 2.6.2 Material and Method -- 2.6.2.1 From DOAS to PhytoDOAS -- 2.6.2.2 Improvement to PhytoDOAS -- 2.6.2.3 Satellite and Modeled Data -- 2.6.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.6.3.1 Global Distribution of Coccolithophores -- 2.6.3.2 Time Series of Monitored Parameters in a Selected Region of the North Atlantic -- 2.6.4 Conclusions and Outlook -- 2.7…Primary Productivity and Circulation Patterns Downstream of South Georgia: A Southern Ocean Example of the ''Island Mass Effect'' -- 2.7.1 Introduction -- 2.7.2 Data and Methods -- 2.7.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.7.4 Conclusions -- 2.8…Summer Sea Ice Concentration Changes in the Weddell Sea and Their Causes -- 2.8.1 Introduction -- 2.8.2 Data -- 2.8.3 Results and Discussion -- 2.8.4 Conclusion -- 2.9…Validation of the Snow Grain Size Retrieval SGSP Using Six Ground Truth Data Sets -- 2.9.1 Introduction -- 2.9.2 The SGSP Retrieval -- 2.9.3 Validation Studies -- 2.9.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 3 Earth System Modelling and Data Analysis -- 3.1…The Last Interglacial as Simulated by an Atmosphere--Ocean General Circulation Model: Sensitivity Studies on the Influence of the Greenland Ice Sheet -- 3.1.1 Introduction -- 3.1.2 Model Description and Experimental Setup -- 3.1.2.1 Model Description -- 3.1.2.2 Experimental Setup -- 3.1.3 Results -- 3.1.4 Discussion and Conclusions -- 3.2…Simulated Caribbean Climate Variability During the Mid-Holocene -- 3.2.1 Introduction -- 3.2.2 Method -- 3.2.2.1 Model Description -- 3.2.2.2 Experiment Setup -- 3.2.3 Results -- 3.2.3.1 Mean Climatology -- 3.2.3.2 Climate Variability Associated with the ENSO -- 3.2.3.3 Climate Variability Associated with the AMO -- 3.2.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 3.3…Oceanic delta 18O Variation and its Relation to Salinity in the MPI-OM Ocean Model -- 3.3.1 Introduction -- 3.3.2 Method -- 3.3.2.1 Ocean Model. , 3.3.2.2 Isotope Tracer H218O -- 3.3.2.3 Observation Database of delta 18O -- 3.3.3 Results -- 3.3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- 3.4…Ocean Adjustment to High-Latitude Density Perturbations -- 3.4.1 Introduction -- 3.4.2 Model Set-up -- 3.4.3 Results -- 3.4.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 4 Geotectonics -- 4.1…Continental Deformation of Antarctica During Gondwana's Breakup -- 4.1.1 Introduction -- 4.1.2 Method and Data -- 4.1.3 Results -- 4.1.4 Discussion and Summary -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 5 Climate Archives -- 5.1…The Inorganic Carbon System in the Deep Southern Ocean and Glacial-Interglacial Atmospheric CO2 -- 5.1.1 Introduction -- 5.1.2 Objective/Study Area/Materials and Methods -- 5.1.3 Results/Discussion -- 5.1.4 Outlook -- 5.2…The Significance of the Long Lived ( greaterthan 400 Years) Bivalve Arctica Islandica as a High-Resolution Bioarchive -- 5.2.1 Introduction -- 5.2.2 Methods -- 5.2.2.1 Effect of Sample Preparation -- 5.2.2.2 Lead, Barium, and Manganese Measurements -- 5.2.3 Results and Discussion -- 5.2.3.1 Effect of Sample Preparation -- 5.2.3.2 Lead as a Pollution Tracer -- 5.2.3.3 Barium and Manganese as Indicators of Primary Production -- 5.2.4 Conclusion -- 5.3…Sub-Annual Resolution Measurements of Dust Concentration and Size in Different Time Slices of the NorthGRIP Ice Core -- 5.3.1 Introduction -- 5.3.2 Method -- 5.3.3 Results -- 5.3.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References -- 6 Ecosystems and Climate Change -- 6.1…Predicting Habitat Suitability for Cold-Water Coral Lophelia pertusa Using Multiscale Terrain Variables -- 6.1.1 Introduction -- 6.1.2 Materials and Method -- 6.1.2.1 Study Area -- 6.1.2.2 Multiscale Terrain Variables -- 6.1.2.3 Predictive Method: Maxent -- 6.1.3 Results -- 6.1.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 7 Geoinformatics. , 7.1…Resource-Aware Decomposition and Orchestration of Geoprocessing Requests in a SOA Framework -- 7.1.1 Introduction -- 7.1.2 Query Decomposition and Orchestration -- 7.1.3 Performance Evaluation -- 7.1.4 Conclusion -- 7.2…A Specification-Based Quality Model to Improve Confidence in Web Services of Multidisciplinary Earth System Science -- 7.2.1 Introduction -- 7.2.2 Methods -- 7.2.3 Results -- 7.2.4 Discussion and Conclusion -- References -- 8 Geoengineering -- 8.1…Feasibility Study of Using a Petroleum Systems Modeling Software to Evaluate Basin Scale Pressure Evolution Associated With CO2 Storage -- 8.1.1 Introduction -- 8.1.2 Principles of Petroleum Systems Modelling -- 8.1.3 CO2 Injection Method in PetroMod -- 8.1.4 Evaluation of the Pressure Buildup in PetroMod -- 8.1.4.1 Method -- 8.1.4.2 Results -- 8.1.5 Discussion and Conclusion -- Acknowledgments -- References.