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  • 1
    Online Resource
    Online Resource
    Abschlussbericht: MiKlip-Projekt TORUS : towards regionally focused modelling of decadal climate predictions : Laufzeit des Vorhabens: 01.11.2011-31.10.2015 (2016)
    Bremerhaven : Alfred-Wegener-Institut, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Polar- und Meeresforschung
    Details Availability
    Keywords: Forschungsbericht ; Klima ; Modell
    Type of Medium: Online Resource
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (28 Seiten, 2,47 MB) , Diagramme, Karten
    URL: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb16/875678254.pdf
    URL: https://doi.org/10.2314/GBV:875678254
    DOI: 10.2314/GBV:875678254
    Language: German
    Note: Förderkennzeichen BMBF 01LP1111A. - Verbund-Nummer 01097965 , Unterschiede zwischen dem gedruckten Dokument und der elektronischen Ressource können nicht ausgeschlossen werden , Zusammenfassungen in deutscher und englischer Sprache
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  • 2
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    A simulation of small to giant Antarctic iceberg evolution: Differential impact on climatology estimates (2017)
    AGU (American Geophysical Union) | Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-08
    Description: We present a simulation of Antarctic iceberg drift and melting that includes small, medium‐sized, and giant tabular icebergs with a realistic size distribution. For the first time, an iceberg model is initialized with a set of nearly 7000 observed iceberg positions and sizes around Antarctica. The study highlights the necessity to account for larger and giant icebergs in order to obtain accurate melt climatologies. We simulate drift and lateral melt using iceberg‐draft averaged ocean currents, temperature, and salinity. A new basal melting scheme, originally applied in ice shelf melting studies, uses in situ temperature, salinity, and relative velocities at an iceberg's bottom. Climatology estimates of Antarctic iceberg melting based on simulations of small (≤2.2 km), “small‐to‐medium‐sized" (≤10 km), and small‐to‐giant icebergs (including icebergs 〉10 km) exhibit differential characteristics: successive inclusion of larger icebergs leads to a reduced seasonality of the iceberg meltwater flux and a shift of the mass input to the area north of 58°S, while less meltwater is released into the coastal areas. This suggests that estimates of meltwater input solely based on the simulation of small icebergs introduce a systematic meridional bias; they underestimate the northward mass transport and are, thus, closer to the rather crude treatment of iceberg melting as coastal runoff in models without an interactive iceberg model. Future ocean simulations will benefit from the improved meridional distribution of iceberg melt, especially in climate change scenarios where the impact of iceberg melt is likely to increase due to increased calving from the Antarctic ice sheet.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Article in a Scientific Journal - peer-reviewed
  • 3
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    World ocean review: Arktis und Antarktis – extrem, klimarelevant, gefährdet (2019)
    Maribus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Die sechste Ausgabe des „World Ocean Review“ (WOR) widmet sich der Arktis und Antarktis, diesen zwei extremen und ausgesprochen gegensätzlichen Regionen der Erde. Mit profunden Informationen zur Entstehungs- und Entdeckungsgeschichte bietet der WOR 6 ein tiefes Verständnis der Bedeutung der Pole für das Leben auf unserer Erde. Er zeigt zudem die zu beobachtenden Veränderungen in der Tier-und Pflanzenwelt und analysiert die zum Teil schon dramatischen Folgen, die der Klimawandel in diesen äußerst gefährdeten Regionen bewirkt.
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Book
  • 4
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    World Ocean Review : The Arctic and Antarctic - extreme, climatically crucial and in crisis (2019)
    Maribus
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: This sixth World Ocean Review (WOR) focuses on the Arctic and the Antarctic – two regions which are, in a very real sense, polar opposites, with some of the world’s most extreme conditions. Besides presenting a wealth of facts and figures about the history and exploration of the polar regions, WOR 6 builds a deeper awareness of their key role for life on our planet. It highlights the changes that can be observed in their flora and fauna and analyses the already dramatic impacts of global warming on these extremely fragile regions.
    Type: Book , NonPeerReviewed
    Format: text
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    OceanRep: Book
  • 5
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6–FESOM. Part I: model formulation and mean climate (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 44(3), pp. 757-780, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    A simulation of small to giant Antarctic iceberg evolution: Differential impact on climatology estimates (2017)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, Wiley, ISSN: 21699275
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-05-04
    Description: We present a simulation of Antarctic iceberg drift and melting that includes small, medium-sized, and giant tabular icebergs with a realistic size distribution. For the first time, an iceberg model is initialized with a set of nearly 7000 observed iceberg positions and sizes around Antarctica. The study highlights the necessity to account for larger and giant icebergs in order to obtain accurate melt climatologies. We simulate drift and lateral melt using iceberg-draft averaged ocean currents, temperature, and salinity. A new basal melting scheme, originally applied in ice shelf melting studies, uses in situ temperature, salinity, and relative velocities at an iceberg's bottom. Climatology estimates of Antarctic iceberg melting based on simulations of small (≤ 2.2 km), 'small-to-medium'-sized (≤ 10 km), and small-to-giant icebergs (including icebergs 〉 10 km) exhibit differential characteristics: successive inclusion of larger icebergs leads to a reduced seasonality of the iceberg meltwater flux and a shift of the mass input to the area north of 58 °S, while less meltwater is released into the coastal areas. This suggests that estimates of meltwater input solely based on the simulation of small icebergs introduce a systematic meridional bias; they underestimate the northward mass transport and are, thus, closer to the rather crude treatment of iceberg melting as coastal runoff in models without an interactive iceberg model. Future ocean simulations will benefit from the improved meridional distribution of iceberg melt, especially in climate change scenarios where the impact of iceberg melt is likely to increase due to increased calving from the Antarctic ice sheet.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 7
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    Systematic Errors in Weather and Climate Models: Nature, Origins, and Way Forward (2017)
    AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC
    In:  EPIC3Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, ISSN: 0003-0007
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-12-14
    Description: The fifth Workshop on Systematic Errors (WSE) in weather and climate models was hosted by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) on under the auspices of the Working Group on Numerical Experimentation (WGNE), jointly sponsored by the Commission of Atmospheric Sciences of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP). This major event welcomed over 200 scientists from the weather and climate communities. The workshop primary goal was to increase the understanding of the nature and cause of systematic errors in numerical models across timescales. Out of 240 abstracts submitted to the workshop, 48 talks and 132 posters were presented.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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  • 8
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    The Relative Influence of Atmospheric and Oceanic Model Resolution on the Circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean in a Coupled Climate Model (2018)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, ISSN: 1942-2466
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-08-27
    Description: It is often unclear how to optimally choose horizontal resolution for the oceanic and atmospheric components of coupled climate models, which has implications for their ability to make best use of available computational resources. Here we investigate the effect of using different combinations of horizontal resolutions in atmosphere and ocean on the simulated climate in a global coupled climate model (Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model [AWI‐CM]). Particular attention is given to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). Four experiments with different combinations of relatively high and low resolutions in the ocean and atmosphere are conducted. We show that increases in atmospheric and oceanic resolution have clear impacts on the simulated AMOC, which are largely independent. Increased atmospheric resolution leads to a weaker AMOC. It also improves the simulated Gulf Stream separation; however, this is only the case if the ocean is locally eddy resolving and reacts to the improved atmosphere. We argue that our results can be explained by reduced mean winds caused by higher cyclone activity. Increased resolution of the ocean affects the AMOC in several ways, thereby locally increasing or reducing the AMOC. The finer topography (and reduced dissipation) in the vicinity of the Caribbean basin tends to locally increase the AMOC. However, there is a reduction in the AMOC around 45°N, which relates to the reduced mixed layer depth in the Labrador Sea in simulations with refined ocean and changes in the North Atlantic current pathway. Furthermore, the eddy‐induced changes in the Southern Ocean increase the strength of the deep cell.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 9
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    Sensitivity of deep ocean biases to horizontal resolution in prototype CMIP6 simulations with AWI-CM1.0 (2019)
    Copernicus Publications
    In:  EPIC3Geoscientific Model Development, Copernicus Publications, 12(7), pp. 2635-2656, ISSN: 1991-9603
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-08-19
    Description: Models from phase 5 of the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project (CMIP5) show substantial biases in the deep ocean that are larger than the level of natural variability and the response to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations. Here, we analyze the influence of horizontal resolution in a hierarchy of five multi-resolution simulations with the AWI Climate Model (AWI-CM), the climate model used at the Al-fred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Ma-rine Research, which employs a sea ice–ocean model com-ponent formulated on unstructured meshes. The ocean grid sizes considered range from a nominal resolution of ∼ 1◦ (CMIP5 type) up to locally eddy resolving. We show that increasing ocean resolution locally to resolve ocean eddies leads to reductions in deep ocean biases, although these im-provements are not strictly monotonic for the five different ocean grids. A detailed diagnosis of the simulations allows to identify the origins of the biases. We find that two key re-gions at the surface are responsible for the development of the deep bias in the Atlantic Ocean: the northeastern North Atlantic and the region adjacent to the Strait of Gibraltar. Furthermore, the Southern Ocean density structure is equally improved with locally explicitly resolved eddies compared to parameterized eddies. Part of the bias reduction can be traced back towards improved surface biases over outcrop-ping regions, which are in contact with deeper ocean layers along isopycnal surfaces. Our prototype simulations provide guidance for the optimal choice of ocean grids for AWI-CM to be used in the final runs for phase 6 of CMIP (CMIP6) and for the related flagship simulations in the High Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP). Quite remarkably, retaining resolution only in areas of high eddy activity along with excellent scalability characteristics of the unstructured-mesh sea ice–ocean model enables us to per-form the multi-centennial climate simulations needed in a CMIP context at (locally) eddy-resolving resolution with a throughput of 5–6 simulated years per day.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 10
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    Three years of near‐coastal Antarctic iceberg distribution from a machine learning approach applied to SAR imagery (2019)
    In:  EPIC3Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-10-17
    Description: Mass loss around the Antarctic Ice Sheet is driven by basal melting and iceberg calving,which constitute the two dominant paths of freshwater flux into the Southern Ocean. Although of similarmagnitude, icebergs play an important and still not fully understood role in the balance of heat andfreshwater around Antarctica. This lack of understanding is partly due to operational difficulties inlarge-scale monitoring in polar regions, despite observational and remote sensing efforts. In this study, anovel machine learning approach, augmented by visual inspection, was applied to three SyntheticAperture Radar (SAR) mosaics of the whole Antarctic continent and its adjacent coastal zone. Althoughoriginally intended for a mapping of the Antarctic continent, the SAR mosaics allow us to document theevolution and distribution of the size (and mass) of icebergs in the pan-Antarctic near-coastal zone for theyears 1997, 2000, and 2008. Our novel algorithm identified 7,649 icebergs in 1997, 13,712 icebergs in 2000,and 7,246 icebergs in 2008 with surface areas between 0.1 and 4,567.82 km2and total masses of 4,641.53,6,862.81, and 5,263.69 Gt, respectively. Large regional variability was observed, although a zonal patterndistribution is present. This has implications for future climate modeling studies that try to estimate thefreshwater flux from melting icebergs, which demands a realistic representation of the interannuallyvarying near-coastal iceberg pattern to initialize the simulations.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
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